在使用Scrapy爬取数据时,有时会碰到需要根据传递给Spider的参数来决定爬取哪些Url或者爬取哪些页的情况。
例如,百度贴吧的放置奇兵吧的地址如下,其中 kw参数用来指定贴吧名称、pn参数用来对帖子进行翻页。
https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=放置奇兵&ie=utf-8&pn=250
如果我们希望通过参数传递的方式将贴吧名称和页数等参数传给Spider,来控制我们要爬取哪一个贴吧、爬取哪些页。遇到这种情况,有以下两种方法向Spider传递参数。
方式一
通过 scrapy crawl 命令的 -a 参数向 spider 传递参数。
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import scrapy class TiebaSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'tieba' # 贴吧爬虫 allowed_domains = ['tieba.baidu.com'] # 允许爬取的范围 start_urls = [] # 爬虫起始地址 # 命令格式: scrapy crawl tieba -a tiebaName=放置奇兵 -a pn=250 def __init__(self, tiebaName=None, pn=None, *args, **kwargs): print('< 贴吧名称 >: ' + tiebaName) super(eval(self.__class__.__name__), self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.start_urls = ['https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%s&ie=utf-8&pn=%s' % (tiebaName,pn)] def parse(self, response): print(response.request.url) # 结果:https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%E6%94%BE%E7%BD%AE%E5%A5%87%E5%85%B5&ie=utf-8&pn=250
方式二
仿照 scrapy 的 crawl 命令的源代码,重新自定义一个专用命令。
settings.py
首先,需要在settings.py文件中增加如下配置来指定自定义 scrapy 命令的存放目录。
# 指定 Scrapy 命令存放目录 COMMANDS_MODULE = 'baidu_tieba.commands'
run.py
在指定的命令存放目录中创建命令文件,在这里我们创建的命令文件为 run.py ,将来执行的命令格式为:
scrapy run [ -option option_value]
。
import scrapy.commands.crawl as crawl from scrapy.exceptions import UsageError from scrapy.commands import ScrapyCommand class Command(crawl.Command): def add_options(self, parser): # 为命令添加选项 ScrapyCommand.add_options(self, parser) parser.add_option("-k", "--keyword", type="str", dest="keyword", default="", help="set the tieba's name you want to crawl") parser.add_option("-p", "--pageNum", type="int", action="store", dest="pageNum", default=0, help="set the page number you want to crawl") def process_options(self, args, opts): # 处理从命令行中传入的选项参数 ScrapyCommand.process_options(self, args, opts) if opts.keyword: tiebaName = opts.keyword.strip() if tiebaName != '': self.settings.set('TIEBA_NAME', tiebaName, priority='cmdline') else: raise UsageError("U must specify the tieba's name to crawl,use -kw TIEBA_NAME!") self.settings.set('PAGE_NUM', opts.pageNum, priority='cmdline') def run(self, args, opts): # 启动爬虫 self.crawler_process.crawl('tieba') self.crawler_process.start()
pipelines.py
在BaiduTiebaPipeline的open_spider()方法中利用 run 命令传入的参数对TiebaSpider进行初始化,在这里示例设置了一下start_urls。
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import json class BaiduTiebaPipeline(object): @classmethod def from_settings(cls, settings): return cls(settings) def __init__(self, settings): self.settings = settings def open_spider(self, spider): # 开启爬虫 spider.start_urls = [ 'https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%s&ie=utf-8&pn=%s' % (self.settings['TIEBA_NAME'], self.settings['PAGE_NUM'])] def close_spider(self, spider): # 关闭爬虫 pass def process_item(self, item, spider): # 将帖子内容保存到文件 with open('tieba.txt', 'a', encoding='utf-8') as f: json.dump(dict(item), f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2) return item
设置完成后,别忘了在settings.py中启用BaiduTiebaPipeline。
ITEM_PIPELINES = { 'baidu_tieba.pipelines.BaiduTiebaPipeline': 50, }
启动示例
大功告成,参照如下命令格式启动贴吧爬虫。
scrapy run -k 放置奇兵 -p 250
参考文章:
https://blog.csdn.net/c0411034/article/details/81750028
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_24760381/article/details/80361400
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38282706/article/details/80991196
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