我们之前在HTML页面中利用form表单向后端提交数据时,都会写一些获取用户输入的标签并且用form标签把它们包起来。与此同时我们在好多场景下都需要对用户的输入做校验,比如校验用户是否输入,输入的长度和格式等正不正确。如果用户输入的内容有错误就需要在页面上相应的位置显示对应的错误信息.。
Django form组件就实现了上面所述的功能。主要功能如下:
- 生成页面可用的HTML标签
- 对用户提交的数据进行校验
- 保留上次输入内容
# views.py
def login(request):
error_msg = ""
if request.method == "POST":
username = request.POST.get("username")
pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
if username == "jack" and pwd == "123456":
return HttpResponse("OK")
else:
error_msg = "用户名或密码错误"
return render(request, "login.html", {"error_msg": error_msg})
# login.html
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>logintitle>
<style>
.error {
color: red;
}
style>
head>
<body>
<form action="/login/" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<p>
<label for="username">用户名label>
<input type="text" name="username" id="username">
p>
<p>
<label for="pwd">密码label>
<input type="password" name="pwd" id="pwd">
<span class="error">span>
p>
<p>
<input type="submit">
<span class="error">{
{ error_msg }}span>
p>
form>
body>
html>
# views.py
# 先定义好一个LoginForm类。
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(min_length=8, label="用户名")
pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=6, label="密码")
def login2(request):
error_msg = ""
form_obj = LoginForm()
if request.method == "POST":
form_obj = LoginForm(request.POST)
if form_obj.is_valid():
username = form_obj.cleaned_data.get("username")
pwd = form_obj.cleaned_data.get("pwd")
if username == "Q1mi" and pwd == "123456":
return HttpResponse("OK")
else:
error_msg = "用户名或密码错误"
return render(request, "login2.html", {"form_obj": form_obj, "error_msg": error_msg})
# login2.html
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>logintitle>
<style>
.error {
color: red;
}
style>
head>
<body>
<form action="/login2/" method="post" novalidate>
{% csrf_token %}
<p>
{
{ form_obj.username.label }}
{
{ form_obj.username }}
<span class="error">{
{ form_obj.username.errors.0 }}span>
p>
<p>
{
{ form_obj.pwd.label }}
{
{ form_obj.pwd }}
<span class="error">{
{ form_obj.pwd.errors.0 }}span>
p>
<p>
<input type="submit">
<span class="error">{
{ error_msg }}span>
p>
form>
body>
html>
网页效果验证了form的功能:
- 前端页面是form类的对象生成的 –>生成HTML标签功能
- 当用户名和密码输入为空或输错之后 页面都会提示 –>用户提交校验功能
- 当用户输错之后 再次输入 上次的内容还保留在input框 –>保留上次输入内容
创建Form类时,主要涉及到 【字段】 和 【插件】,字段用于对用户请求数据的验证,插件用于自动生成HTML;
初始值,input框里面的初始值。
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(
min_length=8,
label="用户名",
initial="张三" # 设置默认值
)
pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=6, label="密码")
错误信息。
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(
min_length=8,
label="用户名",
initial="张三",
error_messages={
"required": "不能为空",
"invalid": "格式错误",
"min_length": "用户名最短8位"
}
)
pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=6, label="密码")
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
...
pwd = forms.CharField(
min_length=6,
label="密码",
widget=forms.widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={
'class': 'c1'}, render_value=True)
)
单radio值为字符串
lass LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(
min_length=8,
label="用户名",
initial="张三",
error_messages={
"required": "不能为空",
"invalid": "格式错误",
"min_length": "用户名最短8位"
}
)
pwd = forms.CharField(min_length=6, label="密码")
gender = forms.fields.ChoiceField(
choices=((1, "男"), (2, "女"), (3, "保密")),
label="性别",
initial=3,
widget=forms.widgets.RadioSelect
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
...
hobby = forms.fields.ChoiceField(
choices=((1, "篮球"), (2, "足球"), (3, "双色球"), ),
label="爱好",
initial=3,
widget=forms.widgets.Select
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
...
hobby = forms.fields.MultipleChoiceField(
choices=((1, "篮球"), (2, "足球"), (3, "双色球"), ),
label="爱好",
initial=[1, 3],
widget=forms.widgets.SelectMultiple
)
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
...
keep = forms.fields.ChoiceField(
label="是否记住密码",
initial="checked",
widget=forms.widgets.CheckboxInput
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
...
hobby = forms.fields.MultipleChoiceField(
choices=((1, "篮球"), (2, "足球"), (3, "双色球"),),
label="爱好",
initial=[1, 3],
widget=forms.widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple
)
关于choice的注意事项:
在使用选择标签时,需要注意choices的选项可以从数据库中获取,但是由于是静态字段 获取的值无法实时更新,那么需要自定义构造方法从而达到此目的。
方式一:
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
class MyForm(Form):
user = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
initial=2,
widget=widgets.Select
)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(MyForm,self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
# self.fields['user'].choices = ((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),)
# 或
self.fields['user'].choices = models.Classes.objects.all().values_list('id','caption')
方式二:
from django import forms
from django.forms import fields
from django.forms import models as form_model
class FInfo(forms.Form):
authors = form_model.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all()) # 多选
# authors = form_model.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all()) # 单选
Field
required=True, 是否允许为空
widget=None, HTML插件
label=None, 用于生成Label标签或显示内容
initial=None, 初始值
help_text='', 帮助信息(在标签旁边显示)
error_messages=None, 错误信息 {
'required': '不能为空', 'invalid': '格式错误'}
validators=[], 自定义验证规则
localize=False, 是否支持本地化
disabled=False, 是否可以编辑
label_suffix=None Label内容后缀
CharField(Field)
max_length=None, 最大长度
min_length=None, 最小长度
strip=True 是否移除用户输入空白
IntegerField(Field)
max_value=None, 最大值
min_value=None, 最小值
FloatField(IntegerField)
...
DecimalField(IntegerField)
max_value=None, 最大值
min_value=None, 最小值
max_digits=None, 总长度
decimal_places=None, 小数位长度
BaseTemporalField(Field)
input_formats=None 时间格式化
DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:2015-09-01
TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:11:12
DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式:2015-09-01 11:12
DurationField(Field) 时间间隔:%d %H:%M:%S.%f
...
RegexField(CharField)
regex, 自定制正则表达式
max_length=None, 最大长度
min_length=None, 最小长度
error_message=None, 忽略,错误信息使用 error_messages={
'invalid': '...'}
EmailField(CharField)
...
FileField(Field)
allow_empty_file=False 是否允许空文件
ImageField(FileField)
...
注:需要PIL模块,pip3 install Pillow
以上两个字典使用时,需要注意两点:
- form表单中 enctype="multipart/form-data"
- view函数中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
URLField(Field)
...
BooleanField(Field)
...
NullBooleanField(BooleanField)
...
ChoiceField(Field)
...
choices=(), 选项,如:choices = ((0,'上海'),(1,'北京'),)
required=True, 是否必填
widget=None, 插件,默认select插件
label=None, Label内容
initial=None, 初始值
help_text='', 帮助提示
ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField
queryset, # 查询数据库中的数据
empty_label="---------", # 默认空显示内容
to_field_name=None, # HTML中value的值对应的字段
limit_choices_to=None # ModelForm中对queryset二次筛选
ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField
TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField)
coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的值进行一次转换
empty_value= '' 空值的默认值
MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField)
...
TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField)
coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的每一个值进行一次转换
empty_value= '' 空值的默认值
ComboField(Field)
fields=() 使用多个验证,如下:即验证最大长度20,又验证邮箱格式
fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),])
MultiValueField(Field)
PS: 抽象类,子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值,要配合MultiWidget使用
SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField)
input_date_formats=None, 格式列表:['%Y--%m--%d', '%m%d/%Y', '%m/%d/%y']
input_time_formats=None 格式列表:['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M']
FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件选项,目录下文件显示在页面中
path, 文件夹路径
match=None, 正则匹配
recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹
allow_files=True, 允许文件
allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹
required=True,
widget=None,
label=None,
initial=None,
help_text=''
GenericIPAddressField
protocol='both', both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式
unpack_ipv4=False 解析ipv4地址,如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1时候,可解析为192.0.2.1, PS:protocol必须为both才能启用
SlugField(CharField) 数字,字母,下划线,减号(连字符)
...
UUIDField(CharField) uuid类型
方式一:
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
class MyForm(Form):
user = fields.CharField(
validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', '请输入数字'), RegexValidator(r'^159[0-9]+$', '数字必须以159开头')],
)
方式二:
import re
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
# 自定义验证规则
def mobile_validate(value):
mobile_re = re.compile(r'^(13[0-9]|15[012356789]|17[678]|18[0-9]|14[57])[0-9]{8}$')
if not mobile_re.match(value):
raise ValidationError('手机号码格式错误')
class PublishForm(Form):
title = fields.CharField(max_length=20,
min_length=5,
error_messages={
'required': '标题不能为空',
'min_length': '标题最少为5个字符',
'max_length': '标题最多为20个字符'},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={
'class': "form-control",
'placeholder': '标题5-20个字符'}))
# 使用自定义验证规则
phone = fields.CharField(validators=[mobile_validate, ],
error_messages={
'required': '手机不能为空'},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={
'class': "form-control",
'placeholder': u'手机号码'}))
email = fields.EmailField(required=False,
error_messages={
'required': u'邮箱不能为空','invalid': u'邮箱格式错误'},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={
'class': "form-control", 'placeholder': u'邮箱'}))
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<title>logintitle>
head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<form action="/login2/" method="post" novalidate class="form-horizontal">
{% csrf_token %}
<div class="form-group">
<label for="{
{ form_obj.username.id_for_label }}"
class="col-md-2 control-label">{
{ form_obj.username.label }}label>
<div class="col-md-10">
{
{ form_obj.username }}
<span class="help-block">{
{ form_obj.username.errors.0 }}span>
div>
div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="{
{ form_obj.pwd.id_for_label }}" class="col-md-2 control-label">{
{ form_obj.pwd.label }}label>
<div class="col-md-10">
{
{ form_obj.pwd }}
<span class="help-block">{
{ form_obj.pwd.errors.0 }}span>
div>
div>
<div class="form-group">
<label class="col-md-2 control-label">{
{ form_obj.gender.label }}label>
<div class="col-md-10">
<div class="radio">
{% for radio in form_obj.gender %}
<label for="{
{ radio.id_for_label }}">
{
{ radio.tag }}{
{ radio.choice_label }}
label>
{% endfor %}
div>
div>
div>
<div class="form-group">
<div class="col-md-offset-2 col-md-10">
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">注册button>
div>
div>
form>
div>
div>
<script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.min.js">script>
<script src="/static/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js">script>
body>
html>
可通过重写form类的init方法来实现。
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(
min_length=8,
label="用户名",
initial="张三",
error_messages={
"required": "不能为空",
"invalid": "格式错误",
"min_length": "用户名最短8位"
}
...
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(LoginForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
for field in iter(self.fields):
self.fields[field].widget.attrs.update({
'class': 'form-control'
})
# Create your views here.
class RegForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(
min_length=3,
label="用户名",
help_text=‘‘,
error_messages={
"required": "不能为空",
"invalid": "格式错误",
"min_length": "用户名最短8位"
}
)
password = forms.CharField(
min_length=3,
label="密码",
help_text=‘6~16个字符,区分大小写‘,
error_messages={
"required": "不能为空",
"invalid": "格式错误",
},
widget=forms.widgets.PasswordInput
)
re_password = forms.CharField(
min_length=3,
label="确认密码",
help_text=‘请再次填写密码‘,
error_messages={
"required": "不能为空",
"invalid": "格式错误",
},
widget=forms.widgets.PasswordInput)
gender = forms.fields.ChoiceField(
choices=((1, "男"), (2, "女"), (3, "保密")),
label="性别",
initial=3,
widget=forms.widgets.RadioSelect
)
phone = forms.fields.CharField(
label="电话",
error_messages={
"required": "不能为空",
},
)
email = forms.fields.CharField(
label=‘邮箱‘,
help_text=‘6~18个字符,可使用字母、数字、下划线‘,
widget=forms.widgets.EmailInput,
error_messages={
"required": "不能为空",
"invalid": "格式错误",
},
)
# 批量给form表单里的字段加样式
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
for field in iter(self.fields):
field_obj = self.fields[field]
if not isinstance(field_obj, forms.fields.ChoiceField):
field_obj.widget.attrs.update({‘class‘: ‘form-control‘})
# 全局钩子,此处用来判断两次输入的密码
def clean(self):
pwd = self.cleaned_data.get(‘pwd‘)
re_pwd = self.cleaned_data.get(‘re_pwd‘)
if pwd != re_pwd:
self.add_error(‘re_pwd‘, ‘两次密码不一致‘)
raise ValidationError(‘两次密码不一致‘)
else:
return self.cleaned_data
# 局部钩子函数,写给phone的校验函数
def clean_phone(self):
phone = self.cleaned_data.get(‘phone‘)
if not re.findall(‘^1[0-9]{
10}$‘, phone):
raise ValidationError("格式错误!")
else:
return phone
调用过程:
调用is_valid()或errors属性 —> 调用full_clean() —> 调用 clean_fields() —> 调用clean_form()