英语语法学习

[toc]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jul2urONzOQ&list=PLD6t6ckHsruY_i7_rZhKcRBmXDdawiqUM&index=1
在youtube上看的Oxford Online English 的English Grammar Lessons
b站好像也有，不过听说集数不全。
在这边整理一下笔记。
（英语菜鸡求轻喷，有些地方可能觉得简单就没记下来）

Lesson One ： English Sentence Structure

Lesson Three

English Verb Tenses Guide - Learn About Simple ，Perfect，and Continuous Tenses

中间单词翻译是看字幕时不熟悉的单词 >_<

Part One :Overview of English Verb Forms

Every English verb form has two parts.

1. Time:
   past、present /现在 、future
2. Aspect
   simple一般，continuous进行，perfect，perfect continuous 现在完成进行时

插图

remember

• Verb =time + aspect
• all English verb form are made of these two parts

consistently adv. 一贯地；一致地；坚实地

Part Two: Past, Present and Future Verb Forms

English verbs have past and present forms
For example :

• be - was
• do - did
• want - wanted

to make a present form past, just change the present verb to the past verb.
将现在时的句子改为过去时，只需要将动词形式改为过去式
For example:

• I go shopping once a week -> I went shopping once a week.
• She's running in the park -> She was running in the park.
• We haven't seen it yet. -> We hasn't seen it yet.

It doesn't matter if the aspect is simple,continuous,perfect or perfect continuous.
与一般时、进行时、过去时、过去进行时无关

Using a present or a past verb decides whether the meaning is present or past 动词形式决定表达的是现在还是过去

What about the future?
There are no future verb forms.
So, adding something before the verb.
For example:

• I'll be waiting for you outside the station.
• When are you going to tell her?

It's also very common to use present verb forms with a future meaning.
For example:

• What are you doing this weekend?
• Class starts at 10:00.

So, talking about the future is more complex.

overlap 与...重叠

Every verb has only one past form and only one present form,but there are many possible future forms.

Part Three : Simple Verb Forms

• I went to Rome last year.
• I go to work by bus.
• I'll go with you.

Simple verb forms (describe two things)

1. Single actions
   • I went to Rome.
   • I'll go with you.
2. Repeated actions or states
   • I went to Rome every year until 2012
   • I'll go with you on Tuesday and Wednesday, but I can't on Thursday.
     The present simple can't generally be used to talk about single actions.

Part Four : Continuous Verb Forms

For example:

• I was eating dinner at seven o'clock last night.
• I'm eating a tuna sandwich.
• This time next week, I'll be eating fresh seafood on an islanf!

1. all continuous forms use the verb be, together with an -ing verb.
   • continuous = be+ -ing verb
2. Continuous forms describe things which are incomplete.
3. Generally, continuous forms are used to talk about one moment in time.

Part Five : Perfect Verb Forms

For example:

• He hadn't finished speaking.
• She's finished all her homework.
• We'll have finished everything by Friday
• We hadn't thoought about it.
• I had never tried miso soup before.
• I'LL have finished all by exams by this time next year.

-> have + past participle

Perfect verb forms connect two points in time.
He hadn't finished speaking s past perfect.
This connect two different times or actions in the past.

He hadn't finished speaking(1) when everybody started to leave(2).

She's finished all her homework.
time 1: She finished her homework(in the past)
time 2: Her homework is ready and can be checked (in the present)

We'll have finished everything by Friday.
Mean that you 'll finish everything in some time now and Friday.

Part Six: Perfect Continuous Verb Forms

For example:

• She'd been feeling much better.
• We've been waiting for ages.
• By the end of the day, we'll have been working without a break for 14 hours

-> have + been + -ing verb

Practise:
I walk through the forest.

• past: I had been walking through the forest.
• present: I have been walking through the forest.
• future: I will have been walking through the forest.

The meaning is a combination of the two aspects

• perfect:connect two points in time
• continuous: add the idea of something incomplete or temporary 增加了不完整或暂时的概念

I had been walking through the forest for hours before I realised I was lost.
action 1: I had been walking for hours
action 2: I realised I was lost

-> continuous = incomplete/temporary

• She'd been feeling much better.
  this suggests she was feeling ill either berfore of after she was feeling better.
• We've beeen waiting for ages.
  mean that you still haven't got what you came for.
  The action - waiting - is incomplete
• By the end of the day, we'll have been working without a break for 14 hours..
  mean that your work still won't be finished at the end of the day.

The past and future perfect continuous forms are rare , but you still need them sometions.

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Lesson Four

Modal Verbs - How to Use Must, Have to and Should
情态动词

Part One: Must vs. Have to

Must and have are both used to talk about obligations:things you cannot choose not to do.
obligation:义务

For example:

• We must talk to her efore she leaves.
  Mean that you think this is very important and you need to do it.

• I have to go into work early tomorrow.
  Mean that you have no choice.

Must: Its obligation is more personal,which is why you use must.The obligation comes from you and your feelings.

Have to: Its obligation is more situational, which is why you use have.The obligation comes from the situation, not from you.

More example:

• I must pay him backk like I promised.
  ->more personal
• He has to doo a lot of homework every week.
  ->more situational

Must 更多用于正式书写 而口语中比较少见，但不是完全没有（视频里说口语中用must谈论obligations【义务】比较少见，但must可以用在其他事情上。）
using must to talk about obligations is rare in spoken English,but you can use it for many other things.
Have to 更多用于口语。

Part Two: mustn't vs. don't have to

For example:

• Visitors must not touch the paintings.
  -> it is forbidden. you are not allowed to do this.

• You don't have to be here before ten.
  -> it's not necessary. == you can do it if you want.

must not 更多用于书写，
口语中相同表达更多使用can't

don't have to 则两者都可

Part Three : Must vs. Should

Should: give advice or express your opinion.

Example:

• Yoou should go to bad earlier, then you wouldn't feel so tired all the time.
• He should do more work if he wants to get promoted.

should 不能用于谈论obligations（义务）或者rules（规定）
You should... -> You have a choice.

must / have to 同样能表达建议的意思
Example:

• You must try the fish. It's delicious! ->stronger,more emphatic
• You have to try the fish. It's delicious! -> stronger, more emphatic
• You should try the fish. It's delicious!->neutral(中性的)

emphatic着重的；加强语气的,强调的
must 和have to 在表示建议方面的时候比should的语气更stronger（强烈）和emphatic.

Negative advice : only use shouldn't

• You shouldn't eat so much chcolate at once-you'll make yourself sick!
• You shouldn't take the job unless you your're sure it's what you want.

Part Four: Must vs. Have to vs. Should

Must:

• Obligations you feel strongerly about
• Obligations in formal, written English
• Strong advice
• Saying something is forbidden

Have to:

• Obligations which depend on rules or circumustances
• Most obligations in spoken English
• Saying something is not necessary
• Strong advice

should:

• Giving advice
• Giving negative advice
• Giving your opinion

这三个词用于谈论可能性probabelity和确定性certainty,还可用于其他方面，下次再讲。

Lesson Five

Future in English - How to Talk about the Future

Part One: How to Talk About Social Plans and Holidays

Talking about plans
using the present continuous

• What are you doing this weekend? -> I'm working in the morning.
• What are you doing tomorrow? -> I'm going for a beer with some people from work.
• What are you doing tonight? -> Next Wednesday?No idea. I haven't made any plans yet.
• What are you doing next Wednesday evening?

Asking about plans

• Are you gooing anywhere this summer?
• How long are you staying there?
• Who are you going with?

--> I'm going to Egypt for 10days with a group of friends.We're planning to do some sightseeing aroound Cairo,then we're going to do a boat trip on Nile.

using :1.planning to do 2. going to do

Part Two: How to talk About Future Plans and Goals

freelancing当自由职业者（ freelance的现在分词 ）

Talking about long-term plans
can using the present continuous

• What are you going to do now?
• I'm pllanning to take some time to rest.
• I'd like to start my own business.
• My dream is to have my own marketing firm.

Templete

• In the next few years,I'm going to..
• I'm planning to ... in the near future.
• I'd like to ... one day.
• My dream is to ...

Part Three: Talking About Schedules and Timetables

Talking about schedules
use the present simple to talo about future schedules oor timetables.

• What time does the concert start?
• The bus gets there around 7.30.
• The last bus leaves at 10.15.

talk about public transport, class time tables, work schedules,events,or anything else which runs on a timetables.

Part Four: Making Predictions

Making predictions

• Italy will win.
• I hoope Russia will win, but I don't think they actually will.
• England definitely won't win it.

You can using will or won't.
You can also use going to for predictions that are not so far in the future.

• It's going to rain - look at these clouds.
• What do you think is going to happen next?
• He's going to be unhappy when he finds out about this.

you can modify will or going to by adding an adverb.
In this way, you can show that you're more or less sure about you prediction.

• She'll definitely do it.

• There's no chance he's going to finish.

• I'm pretty sure he'll do it.

• He's unlikely to get a fast time.

• It's not likely that she'll do it that fast.

Likely has a similay meaning too probable.

• She's sure to be much faster.
• She's bound to get under four hours.

Sure to and bound to both mean that you're absolutely certain about something.

Make four sentences:

Part Five Talking About Future Possibilities

Talking about possibilities

you can use modal verb like may, might or could.

• It may be ready next week.
• That could take a few days.
• That might help.

also can use will with an adverb like perhaps or maybe

• Perhaps we won't need to chaange anything.
• Maybe I'll work overtime this weekend.
• It;s possible that we'll have to replace some of the artwork.

Lesson Six

Using Would Have, Could Have, Should Have

modal verb(would could should)
+'have'
+past participle (过去分词)
-->to talk about the past

Part One:Would Have

Using 'would have'
talking about the imaginary past.

• If I had got better exam results, I would have got into Harvard.
• I wouldn't have met my wife if I had moved to Italy seven years age.
• If I hadn't forgetten my pen that day, I wouldn't have asked to borrow yours and we wouldn't have become friends.

Part Two: Could Have

using 'could have'-->talk about imaginary past-->about possibilities
--> about opprtunities and chances which you didn't have in reality.

• If I'd had more time, I could have finished everything.
• He could have won't if he hadn't slipped at the start.

'could have' == you aren't sure about something in the past

• They could have mixed up the date.
• I've loost my keys. I could have left them at work.
• Where are they? I guess they could have missed the train.

'could have' == criticising someone 批评某人

• You could have told me sooner.
• You could have tidied up a bit.
• You could have worn something a bit nicer.

Criticise the other person for something they didn't do.

'could have' == you were lucky to avoid a bad situation in the past.

• It's just a scratch, but you could have really hurt yourself.
• We were really late, and we could have missed our plane, but luckily we just made it.

Part Three: should have

'should have' == criticising someone didn't do in the past.

• You should have called me like you promised.
• He should have checked the recipe before he started cooking.
• They should have practiced penalties before the match.

'should have' == criticising someone did in the past.

• You shouldn't have drunk so much at wedding.
• She shouldn't have left everything to the last minute.

'should have' == criticising yourself if you regret something which you did in the past.

• I should have realised what was going on.
• I shouldn't have said that.

'should have' == something which you exxpected to happen , but didn't.

• They should have been here by now.
• It should have beenready an hour ago.
• The plane should have landed at seven thirty.