考点三 代词的用法
一、人称代词
1.主格作主语，宾格作动词或介词的宾语. He teaches us Chinese .
2.三种人称代词并列时，顺序为:
◆ 单数：二三一（You, she and I ）
◆ 复数：一二三(we , you and they )
3.it 的一些特别用法
①用作形式主语，常用于It’s +adj +to do sth句型中
②用在句型 It seems that …中
③用在句型It’s one’s turn to do sth中
④用在句型It’s time to do sth / for sth中
⑤用在句型It’s +adj +that 从句中
⑥用作形式宾语, 用来代替动词不定式 make /think /feel/find + it + adj./n. + to do sth
二、物主代词
1.形容词性物主代词作定语放在名词前，不能单独使用。
2.名词性物主代词，后面不能加名词。名词性物主代词常与of 连用。
Our classroom is as big as theirs .
This is a friend of mine.
【注】①名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词加一个名词（名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+ 名词） ②形容词性物主代词与own 连用时，后面可跟名词也可不跟名词
my own house = a house of my own
三、反身代词
反身代词的常用搭配：
enjoy oneself
hurt oneself
teach oneself = learn…by oneself
all by oneself
help oneself to …
look after oneself
leave sb by oneself
lose oneself in
say to oneself
for oneself
dress oneself
improve oneself
四、指示代词
1.近指: this these 远指: that those
2.用法:
①that those 常用来代替前面出现的人或物，以避免重复。that代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词，those 代替复数名词。
The weather in Guangdong is hotter than that in Qinghai .
The books in this shop are cheaper than those in that shop.
②this ,that 可代替句子或句子的一个部分：that代替前面提到的句子，this代替下面提到的句子。
He had a bad cold, that is why he didn’t come.
I shall say this to you: he is an honest man.
③在电话用语中this 代替自己，而that 代替对方。
This is Tom speaking. Who is that ?
五、不定代词的区别
1.one与it 的区别
one 代替同类事物中的一种,而it代替上文中出现的某事物。
I left my book in my drawer, but today it is gone.
I don’t like this type of CD player. Could you show me a better one?
2.some与any 的区别
一般情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于否定、疑问句、条件句中，但在表建议的疑问句中，仍用some 代any，常用于could/would /May 开头或what about/how about …. 的句中。
May I have some water ?
He asked me for some paper , but I didn’t have any .
any用于肯定句中，常意为“任何” Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。
3.many与much的区别
many+可数名词的复数，much+不可数名词，都相当于a lot of +复数名词/不可数名词
【注意】a lot of 不能用于否定句中
4.each与 every 的区别
each 表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个，而every 表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个。
There are trees and flowers on each side of the street.
【注意】each 可以与of 连用，each of 作主语时，谓语动词用单数；而every 不能与of 连用，只能放在名词前作定语。
Each of us is studying hard.
5.no one，nothing与none 的区别
◆ none可指人也可以指物，可与of连用；none用作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语用单数，若指可数名词，则谓语可用单数(较正式)也可用复数(用于非正式文体，但更符合惯用法)；
侧重指数量上“一个也没有”，一般用来 回答how many/much +n, 及含any+n 引起的疑问句，如：
None of us have/has seen him.
-How many cats are there in the room?
-None.
-How much money do you have on you?
-None.
-Is there any water in the thermos?
-None.
◆ no one通常用来指人，不与of连用；no one用作主语时，谓语动词用单数；一般用来回答who, 及含anyone、anybody引起的疑问句，如：
No one likes a person with bad manners. 没人喜欢没有礼貌的人。
-Who is in the room?
-No one.
-Is there anyone in the room?
-No one.
◆ nothing 通常用来指物。Nothing用作主语时，谓语动词用单数；一般用来回答what引起的特殊问句及含anything的一般问句，如：
-What is in the box?
-Nothing.
-Is there anything in the sky?
-Nothing.
6.both /neither /either /all / none / any 的区别
①both 的否定词是neither , all的否定词是none.
②both of 作主语时，谓语动词用复数；neither of作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
Neither of the answers is right.
Both of my parents are workers.
③词组both …and …连接两个主语时，谓语动词用复数。同义词组:not only …but also … 反义词组: neither … nor …
Not only you but also she likes watching TV.= Both you and she like watching TV.
④词组either …or … 或者……或者…… , neither…nor… 既不……也不…… 连接两个主语时，谓语动词实行就近原则。
Neither you nor he is right .
One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park. = Either Lily or Lucy is going to the park.
⑤either也可以作副词，用于否定句中，表示“也（不）” neither通常用在句子（或简略答语）的开头，表示“也不”,其后要用倒装语序（将主语放在助动词、情态动词、系动词be之后）
If she won't go, neither shall I. (＝If she won't go, I won't either．)
7.other /the other /others /the others 的区别
①one …the other … 表示两者之间的一个……另一个……
②some… others… 表示一些…… 一些……
③some...the others特指某个范围内一些人..., 剩下的人...
④another 表示三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个，只能修饰可数名词的单数。但another +数字+ 复数名词= 数字+ more +复数名词，表示“另外几个……”
Would you like another apple ?
I have two brothers. One is a teacher , the other is a worker .
Some are cleaning the classroom , and others are sweeping the window .
There are 20 teachers in our school . Eight of them are men teachers, and the others are women teachers.
8.复合不定代词
①复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Everything begins to grow in spring.
②形容词修饰不定代词时, 形容词放在不定代词之后。Is there something interesting in today’s newspaper?
③动词不定式修饰不定代词时, 动词不定式放在不定代词之后。I want something to eat.
④any ,anything ,anyone, anybody 也可用于肯定句中，表示任何……/任何物/任何人
He could mimic anybody 他可以模仿任何人。
考点四 数词的用法
基数词：表示人或事物数量多少的词
序数词：表示人或事物顺序的词
一、基数词
1.基数词是表示数目的词，一般可写为 245 或者 two hundred and forty-five
2.基数词一般是单数形式，但遇下列情况，常用复数：
①与of连用，表示概数
a hundred people 100个人
hundreds of people 好几百人
②在一些习惯用法/固定搭配中
The students arrived in twos and threes. 学生们三三两两的到了。
③in one's + 整十的基数词复数形式，表示在某人...多岁时
in one's 40s 在某人四十岁的时候
④表示“年代”
in the 1930s 在20世纪三十年代...
⑤名词(首字母要大写) + 基数词 = the +序数词 +名词
Lesson One = the first lesson
注：有些编号，一般仅用第一种表达法。Room 101 101号房间
⑥数词前加every ,表示每……/每隔……
every ten days = every ninth day 每十天(每隔九天)
注：every +基数词 +复数名词 = every + (序数词-1) +单数名词
二、序数词
1.基数词变序数词
【口诀】基变序，有规律，词尾要加th。
一二三，特殊记，词尾分别tdd(first second third )
八去t ,九去e，ve要用f替。
ty变作tie，再加th莫忘记。
若遇几十几，只变个位就可以。
2.序数词前一般加定冠词the，但序数词前与不定冠词a /an 连用时，表示 “又一，再一”。
You’ve done it three times .Why not try a fourth time ?
3.当序数词前有人称代词时, 用零冠词
That reminds me of my first dog.
三、分数
1.结构： a)分子用基数词，分母用序数词
b)当分子大于1时，分母加复数词尾 3/4--- three fourths
2.分数词的几种特殊形式：
1/2—a half/one half
1/3—one third = a third
1/4—one fourth = a quarter
3/4—three fourths = three quarters
3.分数词作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数形式根据分数词后面的名词来确定。
Two fifths of the milk has been drunk by Tom.
One third of the students are girls.
四、倍数
倍数的四种表达方法：
1.倍数/分数 + as + adj. +as
2.倍数/分数 + the size(weight, amount...) + of
3.倍数/分数 + adj.比较级 + than
4. by + 倍数
