留学Paper写作需要注意哪些问题？

　　要想写出一篇好一点的Paper，至少应当注意以下4个问题。

　　To write a better paper,you should pay attention to at least the following four issues.

　　1正确认识观点与材料的关系

　　1.Correctly understand the relationship between ideas and materials

　　2同一问题只能放在一个地方讨论

　　2 The same problem can only be discussed in one place

　　3过渡

　　3 Transition

　　4提炼大纲中的各级标题

　　4 Refine the titles at all levels in the outline

　　正确认识观点与材料的关系

　　Correctly understand the relationship between viewpoints and materials

　　所谓观点,这里泛指Paper的大小标题，也就是前面谈到的整理资料时，用白纸写下的用以聚拢材料的类目，即撰写大纲时的各级纲目。所谓材料就是前面谈到的直接材料、间接材料和发展材料。Paper的观点(亦即大纲中的各级纲目)是从大量的材料中抽象、提炼出来的，而不是凭空臆想的。这就要求写作者有较好的宏观调控能力和抽象思维能力。写Paper经常碰到的一个困的、今人的难是：脑子里装满了各种各样的材料,历史的、现实的、前人，但形不成一个清晰的概念和轮廓，构不成一个确定的见解和看法。这就牵涉到对材料的整理和消化问题,也就是“出得来”的问题。所谓“出得来”,就是让感性材料(具体的数据、事例和资料)在脑子里逐渐沉淀下去,让从感性材料中提炼出来的概念、观点和全文的轮廓逐渐清晰地浮现出来。在Paper写作中,观点与材料有一种互为表里的辩证关系。首先,观点(论点)必须来源于材料,而不能先有观点再找根据。这是一个由博而约、从感性材料升华到理性认识的过程。而后,再用观点统帅材料,把说明同一问题的事实和数据集中于一处,用以论证(证实或证谬)这一观点。

　　The so-called views here generally refer to the big and small titles of Paper,that is,the categories written on white paper to gather materials when sorting out materials,that is,the outlines at all levels when writing the outline.The so-called materials refer to the direct materials,indirect materials and development materials mentioned above.Paper's views(i.e.,the outlines at all levels in the outline)are abstracted from a large number of materials,rather than imaginary.This requires the writer to have good macro control ability and abstract thinking ability.One of the difficulties that people often encounter in writing Paper is that their minds are full of various materials,historical,realistic and predecessors,but they cannot form a clear concept and outline,or a definite opinion and view.This involves the sorting and digestion of materials,that is,the issue of"getting out".The so-called"coming out"is to let the perceptual materials(specific data,examples and materials)gradually settle down in the mind,so that the concepts,views and full text outlines extracted from the perceptual materials gradually emerge clearly.In paper writing,there is a dialectical relationship between ideas and materials.First of all,opinions(arguments)must be derived from materials and cannot be based on opinions.This is a process from erudition to agreement,from perceptual materials to rational knowledge.Then,use the opinion commanding materials to gather the facts and data that explain the same problem in one place to prove(confirm or prove)this view.

　　在写Paper时,要进行概括,就不可避免地需要“舍象”,即有条件地把研究对象从普遍联系中分离出来,暂时舍弃一些同集中讨论的主要问题没有本质联系的、或者可以暂时撇开不论的情况和关系。不懂得这个道理,写Paper时总怕论述的方面不符合现实中的复杂联系,那就很难概括,而只能陷入各种情况、成份和因素交错杂揉的混乱境地。初学写Paper时，由于不懂得这种“舍象”的道理，往往不敢有意识地撇开一些情况和问题，因此不敢也不能进行概括。

　　When writing Paper,to summarize,it is inevitable to"give up the image",that is,conditionally separate the research object from the universal connection,and temporarily abandon some situations and relationships that have no essential connection with the main issues discussed in the focus,or can be temporarily ignored.If you don't understand this truth,when writing Paper,you are always afraid that the aspects discussed do not conform to the complex links in reality,which is difficult to summarize,and you can only fall into the confusion of various situations,components and factors.When I first learned to write paper,because I did not understand the principle of"giving up images",I often dared not consciously put aside some situations and problems,so I dared not or could not summarize them.

　　同一问题只能放在一个地方讨论

　　The same issue can only be discussed in one place

　　在一篇Paper中,同一个问题只能放在某一章、某一节中讨论。在这个地方,你把这个问题的内涵和外延、本质和特征、与左邻右舍的关系等,都交代清楚了,讨论充分了,在这篇Paper的其他地方就不能再讨论这个问题。否则,会使读者觉得你的思维紊乱,东一榔头西一棒子。

　　In a paper,the same problem can only be discussed in a certain chapter or section.In this place,you have clearly explained the connotation and extension,essence and characteristics,and the relationship with the neighbors of this problem.After full discussion,you can't discuss this problem in other parts of this paper.Otherwise,it will make readers feel that your thinking is disordered,and you will be hammered in every direction.

　　在一篇Paper中,同一个问题不放在一个地方讨论。这种情况如果只出现一次,读者庶几还能容忍。如果出现二次、三次,或者更多的次数,这篇Paper必然凌乱不堪,惨不忍睹,使人无法卒读。

　　In a paper,the same problem is not discussed in one place.If this happens only once,readers can tolerate it.If there are two,three or more times,this paper will be messy and unsightly,making people unable to read it.

　　一篇好的Paper,抽出其中的任何一个部分(一章或者一节),一定能够独立成篇,表达出一个完整的意思;几个部分放在一起,又浑然一体,丝毫看不出哪一部分脱离和游移了Paper的主旨。前者主要靠“同一问题放在一个地方讨论”这个办法来解决;后者则靠下面将要介绍的“过渡”来解决。

　　A good paper,if you take out any part(a chapter or a section),you must be able to form an independent article and express a complete meaning;When several parts are put together,they are also integrated.It can not be seen that any part has deviated from the main idea of Paper.The former is mainly solved by the method of"discussing the same problem in one place";The latter is solved by the"transition"described below.

　　过渡

　　transition

　　人们阅读Paper时,有时会遇到这种现象:有些Paper单独就某一节、某一段文字看,还是颇有新意,也比较深刻的,但整篇Paper却显得支离破碎,读过以后留不下一个完整、清晰的印象。这就牵涉到一个过渡的问题。过渡,是为了使Paper前后衔接,逻辑顺畅,从而文气贯通。在Paper写作中,章与章之间,节与节之间,段与段之间,都需要过渡。尤其是表达方式由总到分或者由分到总、表述内容转换的时候,更是需要过渡。

　　When people read Paper,they sometimes encounter this phenomenon:some Papers are quite innovative and profound when they read a certain section or paragraph of text alone,but the whole paper is fragmented and cannot leave a complete and clear impression after reading it.This involves a transitional issue.The purpose of transition is to make the paper connect back and forth with smooth logic,so as to connect the culture.In paper writing,transitions are required between chapters,sections,and paragraphs.In particular,when the expression mode is changed from total to total or from sub to total,the expression content needs to be changed.

　　Paper的过渡可以用词、用句或者用一段话。常用的过渡词有表示顺接的“综上所述”“由此可见”和表示转折的“然而”“尽管如此”等关联词。在段落之间实现过渡,有时用一个过渡句,这个句子能够承上启下,使两部分文意衔接起来。写Paper时,前面已经讨论了一些问题,下面要转入另一个层次的探讨,用过渡句往往无法准确地概括前面论及的所有问题,从而顺利地过渡到下一个层次。这时,就需要以整段文字来实现过渡。

　　The transition of paper can use words,sentences or a paragraph.The commonly used transitional words include"to sum up"and"thus we can see",which are used to express order and connection,and"however"and"even so",which are used to express transition.In order to achieve transition between paragraphs,sometimes a transitional sentence is used,which can connect the preceding and the following and make the two parts of the text and meaning connect.When writing Paper,I have already discussed some problems.Now I want to turn to another level of discussion.It is often impossible to accurately summarize all the problems mentioned above with transitional sentences,so as to smoothly transition to the next level.At this time,it is necessary to achieve the transition with a whole paragraph of text.

　　有人写Paper不注意“过渡”,认为谈了前面的一些问题,自然要谈下面的问题,而不必用文字作什么交待(即过渡)。中国有句俗话,叫做“我不是你肚子里的蛔虫”。对于某个问题,也许你思考、研究了几个月,认为讨论了前面的一些事情,再讨论下面的事情是顺理成章的。然而,你不用文字把曾经考虑过的一些“潜台词”表示出来,读者在阅读Paper的一瞬间又怎么能把握你的思想呢?作者写Paper时变换一下角色站在读者的立场考虑问题,就能够对Paper写作中的“过渡”给予足够的重视。

　　Some people write that Paper does not pay attention to"transition",and they think that when talking about some of the previous issues,it is natural to talk about the following issues without any explanation in words(i.e.transition).There is a Chinese saying,"I am not a worm in your stomach".For a certain problem,you may have thought and studied for several months,and think it is reasonable to discuss the following things after discussing the previous ones.However,you don't need to express some"hidden lines"that you have considered in words.How can readers grasp your thoughts when reading Paper?When writing the paper,the author changes his role and considers the issue from the reader's standpoint,so that he can pay enough attention to the"transition"in the paper.

　　提炼大纲中的各级标题

　　在前面谈到的整理资料和撰写大纲阶段,我们曾经对Paper中的各个章、节和段给予了标题。但是,当时仅仅要求标题能够统帅这一部分的资料,而没有时间做更多的深入的思考。

　　当一篇Paper全部写完以后,应当抽出一定的时间对Paper中的大小标题重新审视一遍。一般说来,好的标题具备以下两个条件:一是能够集中地概括这一章、这一节的全部内容;二是文字简练、明确。给一篇Paper,或者一篇Paper中的章、节、段拟定标题,是一项颇见功力的工作。这项工作对于想完成任务的人至少有三个要求:一是吃透这篇Paper(或者Paper中的这一章、这一节、这一段)的全部内容;二是文字能力强;三是归纳能力强,思想比较深刻。正因为如此,报刊杂志编辑部招聘编辑时,给Paper标题几乎是一项必考的科目。评价一份报纸的质量,首先也就是看它的版面设计和Paper标题。写Paper的章法和技法很多,一一道来,一则篇幅太长,二则多中心即无中心,说多了反而不容易突出重点。初学写Paper的人,如果能够真正做到上述四点,就能写出一篇像模像样的Paper来。

　　When a piece of Paper is finished,you should take some time to review the big and small titles in the Paper again.Generally speaking,a good title meets the following two conditions:first,it can summarize all the contents of this chapter and section;Second,the words are concise and clear.It is a work of considerable skill to draw up titles for a Paper,or chapters,sections and paragraphs in a Paper.This work requires at least three requirements for those who want to complete the task:first,to understand all the contents of this paper(or the chapter,section and paragraph in the paper);Second,strong writing ability;Third,the inductive ability is strong and the thought is relatively profound.Because of this,when the editorial department of newspapers and magazines recruits editors,it is almost a required subject to give paper titles.To evaluate the quality of a newspaper,the first thing is to look at its layout and paper title.There are many ways and techniques to write Paper.One is too long,the other is that there is no center.It is not easy to highlight the key points if you say too much.If the beginner can truly achieve the above four points,he can write a decent paper.