ffmpeg结构体解析-AVClass 和 AVOption

在 AVFormatContext 或者 AVCodecContext 等类里面，第一个字段都是 AVClass 指针，以AVFormatContext示例，如下：

//avformat.h
typedef struct AVFormatContext {
    /**
     * A class for logging and @ref avoptions. Set by avformat_alloc_context().
     * Exports (de)muxer private options if they exist.
     */
    const AVClass *av_class;
    //省略其它代码

根据API的介绍，AVClass 就是一个用于打印log 和AVOption的引用，由avformat_alloc_context() 函数创建。怎么理解这个引用呢？

就是说，AVClass 建立起了 AVOption 和 Context 之间的桥梁。

AVOption 结构体

那么这样一说，必须先来看下 AVOption 这个结构体。

先看 API 对 AVOption 结构体的说明，如下：

* AVOptions provide a generic system to declare options on arbitrary structs
* ("objects"). An option can have a help text, a type and a range of possible
* values. Options may then be enumerated, read and written to.
*
* @section avoptions_implement Implementing AVOptions
* This section describes how to add AVOptions capabilities to a struct.
*
* All AVOptions-related information is stored in an AVClass. Therefore
* the first member of the struct should be a pointer to an AVClass describing it.
* The option field of the AVClass must be set to a NULL-terminated static array
* of AVOptions. Each AVOption must have a non-empty name, a type, a default
* value and for number-type AVOptions also a range of allowed values. It must
* also declare an offset in bytes from the start of the struct, where the field
* associated with this AVOption is located. Other fields in the AVOption struct
* should also be set when applicable, but are not required.

AVOption 提供了一种泛型系统用于描述任意结构体的 Option。所有 AVOption 相关的信息都是存储在 AVClass 里面的。因此所以AVOption 描述的结构体的第一个字段必定是 AVClass，其次AVClass 必须包含一个静态的 AVOption 数组。

AVOption 的定义在 libutils/opts.h 头文件中，如下：

/**
 * AVOption
 */
typedef struct AVOption {
    const char *name;

    /**
     * short English help text
     * @todo What about other languages?
     */
    const char *help;

    /**
     * The offset relative to the context structure where the option
     * value is stored. It should be 0 for named constants.
     */
    int offset;
    enum AVOptionType type;

    /**
     * the default value for scalar options
     */
    union {
        int64_t i64;
        double dbl;
        const char *str;
        /* TODO those are unused now */
        AVRational q;
    } default_val;
    double min;                 ///< minimum valid value for the option
    double max;                 ///< maximum valid value for the option

    int flags;
#define AV_OPT_FLAG_ENCODING_PARAM  1   ///< a generic parameter which can be set by the user for muxing or encoding
#define AV_OPT_FLAG_DECODING_PARAM  2   ///< a generic parameter which can be set by the user for demuxing or decoding
#define AV_OPT_FLAG_AUDIO_PARAM     8
#define AV_OPT_FLAG_VIDEO_PARAM     16
#define AV_OPT_FLAG_SUBTITLE_PARAM  32
/**
 * The option is intended for exporting values to the caller.
 */
#define AV_OPT_FLAG_EXPORT          64
/**
 * The option may not be set through the AVOptions API, only read.
 * This flag only makes sense when AV_OPT_FLAG_EXPORT is also set.
 */
#define AV_OPT_FLAG_READONLY        128
#define AV_OPT_FLAG_BSF_PARAM       (1<<8) ///< a generic parameter which can be set by the user for bit stream filtering
#define AV_OPT_FLAG_RUNTIME_PARAM   (1<<15) ///< a generic parameter which can be set by the user at runtime
#define AV_OPT_FLAG_FILTERING_PARAM (1<<16) ///< a generic parameter which can be set by the user for filtering
#define AV_OPT_FLAG_DEPRECATED      (1<<17) ///< set if option is deprecated, users should refer to AVOption.help text for more information
#define AV_OPT_FLAG_CHILD_CONSTS    (1<<18) ///< set if option constants can also reside in child objects
//FIXME think about enc-audio, ... style flags

    /**
     * The logical unit to which the option belongs. Non-constant
     * options and corresponding named constants share the same
     * unit. May be NULL.
     */
    const char *unit;
} AVOption;

来看下 AVOption 结构体的字段：

const char *name：Context Struc 结构体的字段名称
const char *help：帮助说明
int offset：表示该字段在结构体中的偏移量，一般可以使用 C标准库的 offsetof(type, member-designator) 计算该字体在结构体中的偏移量
enum AVOptionType type：枚举值，表示该字段的类型，后面讲解
default_val：默认数值，可以是 int，double，字符串任意类型。
min max：这两个字段表示取值范围，限定了该字段的取值范围
int flags：类型标记位，取值如描述
const char *unit：该选项所属的逻辑单元，可以为空

AVClass

先来看 AVClass 的结构如下：

/**
 * Describe the class of an AVClass context structure. That is an
 * arbitrary struct of which the first field is a pointer to an
 * AVClass struct (e.g. AVCodecContext, AVFormatContext etc.).
 */
typedef struct AVClass {
    /**
     * The name of the class; usually it is the same name as the
     * context structure type to which the AVClass is associated.
     */
    const char* class_name;

    /**
     * A pointer to a function which returns the name of a context
     * instance ctx associated with the class.
     */
    const char* (*item_name)(void* ctx);

    /**
     * a pointer to the first option specified in the class if any or NULL
     *
     * @see av_set_default_options()
     */
    const struct AVOption *option;

    /**
     * LIBAVUTIL_VERSION with which this structure was created.
     * This is used to allow fields to be added without requiring major
     * version bumps everywhere.
     */

    int version;

    /**
     * Offset in the structure where log_level_offset is stored.
     * 0 means there is no such variable
     */
    int log_level_offset_offset;

    /**
     * Offset in the structure where a pointer to the parent context for
     * logging is stored. For example a decoder could pass its AVCodecContext
     * to eval as such a parent context, which an av_log() implementation
     * could then leverage to display the parent context.
     * The offset can be NULL.
     */
    int parent_log_context_offset;

    /**
     * Return next AVOptions-enabled child or NULL
     */
    void* (*child_next)(void *obj, void *prev);

    /**
     * Return an AVClass corresponding to the next potential
     * AVOptions-enabled child.
     *
     * The difference between child_next and this is that
     * child_next iterates over _already existing_ objects, while
     * child_class_next iterates over _all possible_ children.
     */
    const struct AVClass* (*child_class_next)(const struct AVClass *prev);

    /**
     * Category used for visualization (like color)
     * This is only set if the category is equal for all objects using this class.
     * available since version (51 << 16 | 56 << 8 | 100)
     */
    AVClassCategory category;

    /**
     * Callback to return the category.
     * available since version (51 << 16 | 59 << 8 | 100)
     */
    AVClassCategory (*get_category)(void* ctx);

    /**
     * Callback to return the supported/allowed ranges.
     * available since version (52.12)
     */
    int (*query_ranges)(struct AVOptionRanges **, void *obj, const char *key, int flags);
} AVClass;

根据 API 的意思，AVClass 就是用于描述任意包含 AVClass 的一个 Context 的信息类，并且会出现在该 Context 类的第一个字段。然后看下 AVClass 结构体的字段如下：

const char* class_name：表示Context 类的名称，一般和描述的 Context 类的类名/结构体名一致
const char* (item_name)(void ctx)：可以返回该 Context 类实例的一个函数
const struct AVOption *option：AcOption 数组
version：创建该结构体的版本号
log_level_offset_offset：表示 level_offset_offset 字段在这个结构体的偏移量，如果没有这个字段则为0
parent_log_context_offset:同上，表示的是 Parent Context 的 level_offset_offset 字段在这个结构体的偏移量
void* (*child_next)(void *obj, void *prev)：一个返回下一个 AVOption 的函数指针
const struct AVClass* (*child_class_next)(const struct AVClass *prev)
AVClassCategory category：表示 AVClass 的类型，是一组枚举类型的值，见后面备注。
AVClassCategory (get_category)(void ctx)：
int (*query_ranges)(struct AVOptionRanges **, void *obj, const char *key, int flags)：

AVoption 使用

根据之前 API 的描述， AVOption 是描述任意的结构体，提供一种泛型能力。

现在来看下怎么使用 AVOption 来描述我们自己的结构体。

首先，我们按照在头文件定义一些结构体或者 const 常量：

#include 

//定义的 Context 类型结构体，包含一个 AVClass 指针
typedef struct test_context_struct {
    AVClass aClass;
    int mId;
    char *name;
} test_struct;

//作为 AVClass 里面的 AVOption
static const AVOption test_options[] = {
        {"test_int",  "A Int filed,for id",          offsetof(test_struct,
                                                              mId), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = -1}, INT_MIN, INT_MAX},
        {"test_name", "A char array filed,for name", offsetof(test_struct, name)}

};

static const AVClass test_av_class = {
        .class_name = "test_av_class",
        .item_name = av_default_item_name,
        .option = test_options,
        .version = LIBAVUTIL_VERSION_INT

};

然后定义相关的函数：

#include 
test_struct *alloc_test_struct(void) {
    test_struct *testStruct = static_cast(av_mallocz(sizeof(*testStruct)));
    testStruct->aClass = test_av_class;
    av_opt_set_defaults(testStruct);
    return testStruct;
}

void free_test_struct(test_struct *testStruct) {
    av_opt_free(testStruct);
    av_free(testStruct);
}

最终，使用的使用，你可以使用 alloc_test_struct() 函数获得默认的一个结构体对象，如下：

test_struct* context_struct = alloc_test_struct();

AVFormatContext 分析

我们可以通过 avformat_alloc_context() 函数获取一个默认的 AVFormatContext 对象，如下：

AVFormatContext *avFormatContext;
avformat_network_init();
//ffmpeg 4.0 之后可以忽略这个函数
av_register_all();
avFormatContext = avformat_alloc_context();

avformat_alloc_context() 函数位于 libavformat/option.c 下，如下：

AVFormatContext *avformat_alloc_context(void)
{
    AVFormatContext *ic;
    AVFormatInternal *internal;
    ic = av_malloc(sizeof(AVFormatContext));
    if (!ic) return ic;

    internal = av_mallocz(sizeof(*internal));
    if (!internal) {
        av_free(ic);
        return NULL;
    }
    avformat_get_context_defaults(ic);
    ic->internal = internal;
    ic->internal->offset = AV_NOPTS_VALUE;
    ic->internal->raw_packet_buffer_remaining_size = RAW_PACKET_BUFFER_SIZE;
    ic->internal->shortest_end = AV_NOPTS_VALUE;

    return ic;
}

前面的逻辑主要是分配申请内存，关键是 avformat_get_context_defaults() 这一行代码，如下：

static void avformat_get_context_defaults(AVFormatContext *s)
{
    memset(s, 0, sizeof(AVFormatContext));

    s->av_class = &av_format_context_class;

    s->io_open  = io_open_default;
    s->io_close = io_close_default;

    av_opt_set_defaults(s);
}

这个avformat_get_context_defaults()函数里面，通过调用 av_format_context_class 这个 Const 常量对象，给 AVFormatContext 对象的类型为 AVClass 的 av_class 字段赋值，然后对 io_open 和 io_close 赋值，最后使用 av_opt_set_defaults() 对 AVFormatContex 进行初始化赋值。

其中，av_format_context_class 常量定义在 libavutil/opt.c 文件下。

static const AVClass av_format_context_class = {
    .class_name     = "AVFormatContext",
    .item_name      = format_to_name,
    .option         = avformat_options,
    .version        = LIBAVUTIL_VERSION_INT,
    .child_next     = format_child_next,
#if FF_API_CHILD_CLASS_NEXT
    .child_class_next = format_child_class_next,
#endif
    .child_class_iterate = format_child_class_iterate,
    .category       = AV_CLASS_CATEGORY_MUXER,
    .get_category   = get_category,
};

关键字段介绍如下：

item_name 调用的是 option.c 里面的 format_to_name() 函数
```
static const char* format_to_name(void* ptr)
{
    AVFormatContext* fc = (AVFormatContext*) ptr;
    if(fc->iformat) return fc->iformat->name;
    else if(fc->oformat) return fc->oformat->name;
    else return "NULL";
}
```
会依次从 iformat，oformat 里面取出name 字段，作为 AVFormatContext 的name，因为每一个 AVFormatContext 只能是Input 或者 Output 其中一个。

option 调用的是 avformat_options函数，位于 libavformat/options_table.h.

static const AVOption avformat_options[] = {
{"avioflags", NULL, OFFSET(avio_flags), AV_OPT_TYPE_FLAGS, {.i64 = DEFAULT }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D|E, "avioflags"},
{"direct", "reduce buffering", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVIO_FLAG_DIRECT }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D|E, "avioflags"},
{"probesize", "set probing size", OFFSET(probesize), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT64, {.i64 = 5000000 }, 32, INT64_MAX, D},
{"formatprobesize", "number of bytes to probe file format", OFFSET(format_probesize), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = PROBE_BUF_MAX}, 0, INT_MAX-1, D},
{"packetsize", "set packet size", OFFSET(packet_size), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = DEFAULT }, 0, INT_MAX, E},
{"fflags", NULL, OFFSET(flags), AV_OPT_TYPE_FLAGS, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_AUTO_BSF }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D|E, "fflags"},
{"flush_packets", "reduce the latency by flushing out packets immediately", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_FLUSH_PACKETS }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, E, "fflags"},
{"ignidx", "ignore index", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_IGNIDX }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "fflags"},
{"genpts", "generate pts", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_GENPTS }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "fflags"},
{"nofillin", "do not fill in missing values that can be exactly calculated", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_NOFILLIN }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "fflags"},
{"noparse", "disable AVParsers, this needs nofillin too", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_NOPARSE }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "fflags"},
{"igndts", "ignore dts", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_IGNDTS }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "fflags"},
{"discardcorrupt", "discard corrupted frames", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_DISCARD_CORRUPT }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "fflags"},
{"sortdts", "try to interleave outputted packets by dts", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_SORT_DTS }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "fflags"},
#if FF_API_LAVF_KEEPSIDE_FLAG
{"keepside", "deprecated, does nothing", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_KEEP_SIDE_DATA }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "fflags"},
#endif
{"fastseek", "fast but inaccurate seeks", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_FAST_SEEK }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "fflags"},
#if FF_API_LAVF_MP4A_LATM
{"latm", "deprecated, does nothing", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_MP4A_LATM }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, E, "fflags"},
#endif
{"nobuffer", "reduce the latency introduced by optional buffering", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_NOBUFFER }, 0, INT_MAX, D, "fflags"},
{"bitexact", "do not write random/volatile data", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_BITEXACT }, 0, 0, E, "fflags" },
{"shortest", "stop muxing with the shortest stream", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_SHORTEST }, 0, 0, E, "fflags" },
{"autobsf", "add needed bsfs automatically", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = AVFMT_FLAG_AUTO_BSF }, 0, 0, E, "fflags" },
{"seek2any", "allow seeking to non-keyframes on demuxer level when supported", OFFSET(seek2any), AV_OPT_TYPE_BOOL, {.i64 = 0 }, 0, 1, D},
{"analyzeduration", "specify how many microseconds are analyzed to probe the input", OFFSET(max_analyze_duration), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT64, {.i64 = 0 }, 0, INT64_MAX, D},
{"cryptokey", "decryption key", OFFSET(key), AV_OPT_TYPE_BINARY, {.dbl = 0}, 0, 0, D},
{"indexmem", "max memory used for timestamp index (per stream)", OFFSET(max_index_size), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = 1<<20 }, 0, INT_MAX, D},
{"rtbufsize", "max memory used for buffering real-time frames", OFFSET(max_picture_buffer), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = 3041280 }, 0, INT_MAX, D}, /* defaults to 1s of 15fps 352x288 YUYV422 video */
{"fdebug", "print specific debug info", OFFSET(debug), AV_OPT_TYPE_FLAGS, {.i64 = DEFAULT }, 0, INT_MAX, E|D, "fdebug"},
{"ts", NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = FF_FDEBUG_TS }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, E|D, "fdebug"},
{"max_delay", "maximum muxing or demuxing delay in microseconds", OFFSET(max_delay), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = -1 }, -1, INT_MAX, E|D},
{"start_time_realtime", "wall-clock time when stream begins (PTS==0)", OFFSET(start_time_realtime), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT64, {.i64 = AV_NOPTS_VALUE}, INT64_MIN, INT64_MAX, E},
{"fpsprobesize", "number of frames used to probe fps", OFFSET(fps_probe_size), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = -1}, -1, INT_MAX-1, D},
{"audio_preload", "microseconds by which audio packets should be interleaved earlier", OFFSET(audio_preload), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = 0}, 0, INT_MAX-1, E},
{"chunk_duration", "microseconds for each chunk", OFFSET(max_chunk_duration), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = 0}, 0, INT_MAX-1, E},
{"chunk_size", "size in bytes for each chunk", OFFSET(max_chunk_size), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = 0}, 0, INT_MAX-1, E},
/* this is a crutch for avconv, since it cannot deal with identically named options in different contexts.
 * to be removed when avconv is fixed */
{"f_err_detect", "set error detection flags (deprecated; use err_detect, save via avconv)", OFFSET(error_recognition), AV_OPT_TYPE_FLAGS, {.i64 = AV_EF_CRCCHECK }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "err_detect"},
{"err_detect", "set error detection flags", OFFSET(error_recognition), AV_OPT_TYPE_FLAGS, {.i64 = AV_EF_CRCCHECK }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "err_detect"},
{"crccheck", "verify embedded CRCs", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AV_EF_CRCCHECK }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "err_detect"},
{"bitstream", "detect bitstream specification deviations", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AV_EF_BITSTREAM }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "err_detect"},
{"buffer", "detect improper bitstream length", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AV_EF_BUFFER }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "err_detect"},
{"explode", "abort decoding on minor error detection", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AV_EF_EXPLODE }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "err_detect"},
{"ignore_err", "ignore errors", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AV_EF_IGNORE_ERR }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "err_detect"},
{"careful",    "consider things that violate the spec, are fast to check and have not been seen in the wild as errors", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AV_EF_CAREFUL }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "err_detect"},
{"compliant",  "consider all spec non compliancies as errors", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AV_EF_COMPLIANT | AV_EF_CAREFUL }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "err_detect"},
{"aggressive", "consider things that a sane encoder shouldn't do as an error", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AV_EF_AGGRESSIVE | AV_EF_COMPLIANT | AV_EF_CAREFUL}, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D, "err_detect"},
{"use_wallclock_as_timestamps", "use wallclock as timestamps", OFFSET(use_wallclock_as_timestamps), AV_OPT_TYPE_BOOL, {.i64 = 0}, 0, 1, D},
{"skip_initial_bytes", "set number of bytes to skip before reading header and frames", OFFSET(skip_initial_bytes), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT64, {.i64 = 0}, 0, INT64_MAX-1, D},
{"correct_ts_overflow", "correct single timestamp overflows", OFFSET(correct_ts_overflow), AV_OPT_TYPE_BOOL, {.i64 = 1}, 0, 1, D},
{"flush_packets", "enable flushing of the I/O context after each packet", OFFSET(flush_packets), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = -1}, -1, 1, E},
{"metadata_header_padding", "set number of bytes to be written as padding in a metadata header", OFFSET(metadata_header_padding), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = -1}, -1, INT_MAX, E},
{"output_ts_offset", "set output timestamp offset", OFFSET(output_ts_offset), AV_OPT_TYPE_DURATION, {.i64 = 0}, -INT64_MAX, INT64_MAX, E},
{"max_interleave_delta", "maximum buffering duration for interleaving", OFFSET(max_interleave_delta), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT64, { .i64 = 10000000 }, 0, INT64_MAX, E },
{"f_strict", "how strictly to follow the standards (deprecated; use strict, save via avconv)", OFFSET(strict_std_compliance), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = DEFAULT }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D|E, "strict"},
{"strict", "how strictly to follow the standards", OFFSET(strict_std_compliance), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = DEFAULT }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D|E, "strict"},
{"very", "strictly conform to a older more strict version of the spec or reference software", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = FF_COMPLIANCE_VERY_STRICT }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D|E, "strict"},
{"strict", "strictly conform to all the things in the spec no matter what the consequences", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = FF_COMPLIANCE_STRICT }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D|E, "strict"},
{"normal", NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = FF_COMPLIANCE_NORMAL }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D|E, "strict"},
{"unofficial", "allow unofficial extensions", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = FF_COMPLIANCE_UNOFFICIAL }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D|E, "strict"},
{"experimental", "allow non-standardized experimental variants", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = FF_COMPLIANCE_EXPERIMENTAL }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, D|E, "strict"},
{"max_ts_probe", "maximum number of packets to read while waiting for the first timestamp", OFFSET(max_ts_probe), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64 = 50 }, 0, INT_MAX, D },
{"avoid_negative_ts", "shift timestamps so they start at 0", OFFSET(avoid_negative_ts), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = -1}, -1, 2, E, "avoid_negative_ts"},
{"auto",              "enabled when required by target format",    0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_AVOID_NEG_TS_AUTO },              INT_MIN, INT_MAX, E, "avoid_negative_ts"},
{"disabled",          "do not change timestamps",                  0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = 0 },                                    INT_MIN, INT_MAX, E, "avoid_negative_ts"},
{"make_non_negative", "shift timestamps so they are non negative", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_AVOID_NEG_TS_MAKE_NON_NEGATIVE }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, E, "avoid_negative_ts"},
{"make_zero",         "shift timestamps so they start at 0",       0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, {.i64 = AVFMT_AVOID_NEG_TS_MAKE_ZERO },         INT_MIN, INT_MAX, E, "avoid_negative_ts"},
{"dump_separator", "set information dump field separator", OFFSET(dump_separator), AV_OPT_TYPE_STRING, {.str = ", "}, 0, 0, D|E},
{"codec_whitelist", "List of decoders that are allowed to be used", OFFSET(codec_whitelist), AV_OPT_TYPE_STRING, { .str = NULL },  0, 0, D },
{"format_whitelist", "List of demuxers that are allowed to be used", OFFSET(format_whitelist), AV_OPT_TYPE_STRING, { .str = NULL },  0, 0, D },
{"protocol_whitelist", "List of protocols that are allowed to be used", OFFSET(protocol_whitelist), AV_OPT_TYPE_STRING, { .str = NULL },  0, 0, D },
{"protocol_blacklist", "List of protocols that are not allowed to be used", OFFSET(protocol_blacklist), AV_OPT_TYPE_STRING, { .str = NULL },  0, 0, D },
{"max_streams", "maximum number of streams", OFFSET(max_streams), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64 = 1000 }, 0, INT_MAX, D },
{"skip_estimate_duration_from_pts", "skip duration calculation in estimate_timings_from_pts", OFFSET(skip_estimate_duration_from_pts), AV_OPT_TYPE_BOOL, {.i64 = 0}, 0, 1, D},
{"max_probe_packets", "Maximum number of packets to probe a codec", OFFSET(max_probe_packets), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64 = 2500 }, 0, INT_MAX, D },
{NULL},
};

可以看到，这里大量的初始化代码。

其它Context 也是类似的，例如 AVCodecContext 也是类型的，这里不再一一概述。

ffmpeg结构体解析-AVClass 和 AVOption

AVOption 结构体

AVClass

AVoption 使用

AVFormatContext 分析

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