English Writing

English Writing

高频词

gradteful

adj.
1.感恩的，感谢的。
2.愉快的，爽快的;可喜的。
adv. -ly
n. -ness

• be grateful to sb for sth 因某事感激某人
• be grateful for sth 因某事而感激
• be grateful to sb 感激某人
• make a grateful acknowledgement for sth 对…表示衷心的感谢

核心词汇

环境保护

• desertification 沙漠化
• protect forests from overexploitation 防止过度利用森林
• catastrophe 大灾难
• sustainable development strategy 可持续发展战略
• carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
• solar energy 太阳能
• enhance environmental awareness 提高环保意识
• nuclear energy 核能
• destructive and disastrous earthquake 破坏性灾难性地震
• reduce the emission of greenhouse gases 减排（减少温室气体排放）
• law enforcement inspection 执法检查
• pleasant living environment 宜人的生活环境
• endangered species 濒危物种
• undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time 限期治理
• deforestation 乱砍滥伐
• reckless exploitation 过度开发
• environmental protection 环境保护

关联词

承接观点，正面论证

• 分类论证

  • 首先

    • Firstly
    • In the first place
    • Above all
    • On the one hand 一方面
    • To begin with
    • First of all
    • First and foremost

  • 其次、此外、而且

    • In addition
    • What is more
    • Secondly
    • In the second place
    • Besides
    • Furthermore
    • On the other hand
    • For another

  • 最后

    • Lastly
    • (the) last but not (the) least
    • even worse
    • more importantly

• 举例论证

  • for example
  • for instance
  • a case in point is ....

• 解释论证

  • indeed
  • in fact
  • certainly
  • obviously
  • truly
  • in other words

观点转折，反面论证

• However
• but
• yet
• instead
• whereas
• otherwise
• in / by constrast /comparison
• conversely
• nervertheless
• unfortunately
• on the contrary 相反，反之

文章结尾，合并归纳

• 因此
  • thus
  • hence
  • therefore
  • accordingly
  • consequently
  • as a result/consequence
• 总之
  • in conclusion
  • in general
  • generally speaking
  • by and large
  • on the whole
• 简言之
  • in short/brief
  • briefly speaking
  • in a word
  • to sum up

再次

• Once again

尽管

• Although
• While

无论

• whether through

为了...

• In order to do sth

只有这样才能...

• Only by doing so can we do sth
• Only in this way can we do sth

不仅...而且

• It is vital to do sth.
  做...是极其重要的
• It is vital to not only do sth,but also to do sth.

...和...的...

• The language and literature of both English and Chinese.
  中英文的语言和文学。

短语

时间描述

1. 现如今

• nowadays
• at present

2. 然而近几十年来,...

• in recent decades,however,...

3. 在几千年的历程中,...

• Over the course of thousands of years,...

图片描述

1. The picture below illustrates the real meaning of sth love
   下面的这幅图阐释了爱的真正含义。
2. As the picture shows, ...
   正如图所示, ...

总结性观点

1. It is my view that 从句 the best way to do sth is to do sth
   我认为...的最好方式是去...

2. In my opinion/view,...
   在我看来,...

3. I assume that + 从句
   我认为...

感谢

1. Thanks for sth your congratulations!
   多谢你的祝贺！

描述数量

1. quite a number of + 可数名词复数 students
   相当多的学生

被迫做...

1. be forced to do sth

没能提早告诉某人某事

1. not be able to inform sb of sth

can 和be able to 有什么区别?

句式

委婉语气

1. I'd like to offer several constructive proposals as follow.
   我想提出以下几个建设性的建议。

期待语气

1. Looking forward to sth/doing sth your reply! (属于省略句)
   期待...你的回复！
2. sb look forward to sth/doing sth
   某人期待....
3. sb be looking forward to sth/doing sth
   某人期待...

时态

主谓一致

主谓一致即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致，语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致，意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致，就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。

• 语法一致

  主谓一致的原则是指，主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致：

  • 主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语必须采取复数形式.

    • A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.
      (主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.
    • Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.
      (主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.

  • 不定式，动名词，以及从句作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数.

    • Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习.
    • To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处.
    • What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了.

  • 不定代词及each作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数.

    • Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动.
    • Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步.
    • Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣.

  • 表示国家，机构，事件，作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数.

    • One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .
      《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说.
    • The United States is leading the world in science and technology .
      美国常在世界科技方面领先.
    • The United Nations plays an important role in the international affairs .
      联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用.

  • a series of,a kind of,the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时看作单数，谓语动词用单数.

    • A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出.
    • The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.
      目前一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命.
    • A substantial portion of the reports is missing .这些报告都没有提及实质问题.
    • A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人.

  • 由some,several,both,few,many,a number of 等词修饰主语，或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数.

    • Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛.
    • A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作.

  • 由and连接两个主语时，如指同一人或物，谓语用单数；指不同的人或物，谓语用复数.

    • On the seashore,some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海边，有些人在打排球，有些人躺着晒太阳.

  • 有些短语，如：a lot of,most of,any of,half of,three fifths of,eighty percent of,some of,none of,the rest of,all of等后接不可数名词，或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数.

    • A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然断电时，那家商店丢失了许多钱.
    • A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.
      去年出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍.

  • 主语为单数个不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句时，谓语动词一般用单数。

  • 主语为三单，或习惯用作单数名词或不可数名词的词，如：money，information，clothing等，谓语动词用单数。

• 意义一致

  这一原则是指，从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题.有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语依意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式.

  • 当主语后面接由as well as,as much as,accompanied by,including,in addition to,more than,no less than,rather than,together with等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定.在这样的句子里，这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单，复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语.也就是说，我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去.从表面上我们也可以看出，它们与主语之间有","隔开.

    • Petroleum,along with fuel gas,has recently risen in price.
      目前石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了.
    • The teacher,with all his students,is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊.
    • The students,together with their teacher,are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊.
    • The warehouse,with all its stockings,was burned last night.
      昨晚，那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了.
      我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去，因为它们在句子里是状语：
    • Petroleum has recently risen in price,along with fuel gas.
    • Along with fuel gas,petroleum has recently risen in price.
    • The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.
    • As well as the suitcase,the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.
    • The missing things have been found and returned to the owner,as well as the suitcase.

  • 表示时间，金钱，距离，体积，重量，面积，数字等词语作主语时，其意义若是指总量应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指"有多少数量"则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数.

    • Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.
      人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月.
    • Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life.
      二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期.
    • Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.八十块钱给一个学生吃一个星期的伙食是足够的了.

  • 形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时，其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数.

    • The young,on the one hand,often think of the old conservative. On the other hand,the old always consider the young inexperience.
      一方面，青年人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为青年人没有经验.
    • In many stories,the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate. 在许多故事里，好人总是有好报；坏人注定要倒霉.

  • 当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人，同一物，同一事或者同一概念时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数.另外，当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物，主语则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数.

    • War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题.
    • Chinese and Japanese silk are good quality.
    • 中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好.
    • Different people respectively welcome White and black coffee.
    • 加奶的咖啡与清咖啡都分别受到不同人们的喜爱.

  • 集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义：主语表示整体时视为单数，谓语动词用单数；主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数，谓语动词用复数.这类集体名词常见的有：army,audience,cattle,class,club,committee,crowd,family,government,group,majority,minority,part,people,police,public,staff,team等等，其中cattle,people,police一般看成复数形式.

    • The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球.
    • The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞.
    • The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.
      人民大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局.
    • The public now come to know the whole story.
      人们目前现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了.

• 就近原则

这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or,either… or …，neither… nor …，not only… but also …等.例如：

• Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
  不是我，就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任.
• Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.既不是那些不友好的话，也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧.
• Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.
  不仅仅是他，而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会.
• Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.
  他全家人和他都不知道那件事.

虚拟语气

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REFRENCE

1. 主谓一致 百度百科