翻译的技巧

400字左右的文章中划出5个句子， 30分钟内将其翻译成中文，分值10分。文章的题材大多是有关政治、经济、文化、教育、科普以及社会生活，议论文为主，说明文为辅，结构严谨，逻辑性强，长难句较多。不仅要求考生对词汇、语法、语篇以及文化知识等有较好的掌握，还要求考生有很强的语言组织能力。
长（大约35词）、难、怪
语法→词汇→删冗余
把握主干—主谓宾表状
近10年50句背诵，分析考察的语言点、语法点
定语从句，状语从句，同位语，虚拟语气需要看。
定，状语，分词，名词从句，介词后置
被动语态，虚拟语气
指代、强调、there be
　　不看参考书动笔写翻译并自己改正总结最重要，背诵历年翻译中的单词。
　　第一，分不清主谓宾，对特殊结构的理解和翻译有困难。
　　第二，对某些关键词词义理解有偏差。
　　第三，翻译语句生硬，不流畅，逻辑结构松散。
　　第一步是：看结构，译主干。即使遇到不懂的单词也不用慌，因为英语有特定的构词 法，很多词汇都是由词根派生出来的，所以遇到生词时先看其结构。
　　第二步是：找关系，加修饰。修饰关系可以是一个定语从句的修饰关系，或者是状语从句的修饰 关系，依照它的修饰关系，再把修饰中心词往前放，或者往后加，适当调整一下顺序。
　　第三步是：调整顺序使得句子流畅，逻辑通顺。用修改汉语病句的方式审视它是不是一句正常的汉语句子。在完成翻译以后，不要急着看答案，先自我修改。这一步骤可以查词典， 翻阅语法工具书，分析英语句子的关系。在查字典的过程中，还可以训练自己的联想组织能力，即假定一个状态，题目的单词都能看懂，但是连起来就不知道是什么意思。
　　
　　先略读全文，从大体上把握文章的意思，然后分析需要翻译的句子，找出主干，并明确代词如it、this、that、these等所指代的内容。接着，进一步分析句子在整篇文章中的作用及整体意思，分析完后开始翻译，使语句尽量通顺，并与上下文意思相符合。最后是检查，看拼写有无错误，时态是否正确，标点符号是否正确，数字、年份有无错误，以及有无自己的主观增减。

翻译标准
　　通顺、忠于原文，和上下文表达的意思一致。
　　The importance of English language in communication cannot be overestimated.
　　刚看到这个句子时，很多考生可能马上会翻译成：“英语语言在交流中的作用不能被过高估计。”但是，根据上下文来理解，这个翻译是不对的。事实上，这个英语句子本身就有歧义，有两种截然相反的理解方式，这时，考生要根据上下文的提示，认识到这个句子应当是讲英语的重要性，必须翻译成：“英语在交流中的重要性，怎么高估也不过分。”所以，翻译不能扭曲原意，这是考研翻译的基本标准。
　　
翻译过程
　　沃吉林的循序渐进翻译方法：①逐词对译;②整理成符合译语规范的句子;③删除多余及不搭配的成分;④增添译文所需的成分;⑤语言加工。
　　奈达则把翻译分成三阶段：①找核心句;②译核心句;③由核心句生成译语表层句。由于考研英语翻译大部分句型都是长难句，这一过程显得尤为重要。简而言之，首先要找出句子的主干部分，然后再处理其余的细枝末节，如修饰成分之类的。
　　
翻译技巧
　　1.直译和意译
　　所谓直译，是既忠于原文意思又保留原文形式的翻译;所谓意译，是不受原文词语的限制，不拘泥于原文句子的结构，用不同于原文的表达方式，把原文意思表达出来。在考研英语翻译中，由于题材基本上是关于自然科学和社会科学的文章，所以我们遵循的方法是：能直译就直译，既能直译又能意译的以直译为主，不能直译的采用意译，一般情况下直译与意译相结合。
　　(1)能直译就直译
　　例：In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say," United we stand, divided we fall ".(2006年真题)
　　译文：在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来;分裂，我们就会倒下去”。
　　(2)不宜直译就意译
　　例：The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters.
　　译文：关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选民。
　　分析：原文表层信息——关于增税的谈论对选民来说是一面红旗(红旗对中文读者来说象征着革命)。
　　原文深层信息——a red flag是令人生气的事物，源于西班牙的斗牛民俗。斗牛场上，人们用红布来激怒牛。
　　(3)直译与意译相结合
　　例：The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject. The world won’t end if you don’t pass a test. So don’t worry excessively about a single test.
　　译文：考试的目的在于显示你对某一科目的掌握程度。一次考试不及格天是不会塌下来的。因此不必为一次考试过分担心。
　　另外，我们不能忽视词语词组的翻译应以适应上下文为主要标准。例如“work”，在考研翻译中往往不能翻译成“工作”，而要翻译成“研究工作”;作为名词，也不能翻译成“作品”，而应当翻译成“研究成果”。这是考研翻译的一些具体要求和得分点之所在。
　　2.增译
　　作为翻译的一个普遍原则，译者不应该对原文的内容随意增减。不过，由于英汉两种语言文字之间存在着巨大差异，在实际翻译中，为了忠于原文，不能减损意思的表达。例如1994年真题中有这样一个词组“great man of genius”，许多考生翻译成了“天才”或者“伟人”，只取其一，都被酌情扣分，译文应是“天才(的)伟人”，这样才算忠于原文。又如2001年真题中出现的“doll”，不能翻译成“玩具”，而必须翻译成“玩具娃娃”才能得分。所以，在考研翻译中，不妨奉行“只加不减原则”，当然也不要加得太多，把一句简单的“I can’t sleep”翻译成“长夜漫漫，无心睡眠”就万万不可。但是，如果在文中遇到了省略句，那就必须“只加不减”。例如1998年真题出现的这个句子：“It’s the farthest that the scientists can see into the past.”就必须翻译成：“这是科学家看到的最远的过去(的景象)。”又如这句：“We don’t retreat, we never have and never will.”就翻译成：“我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不会后退。”所以，为了在保证信息覆盖率的基础上，使译文通顺流畅，符合汉语的表达习惯，一般都采用“只加不减”原则。
　　3.转译
　　在翻译过程中，由于汉语和英语两种语言在语法和表达习惯上的差异，有时必须改变原文某些词语的词性或句子成分才能有效地传达原文的准确意思。这就涉及到转译法。转译法分为两种：词性的转换和句子成分的转换。
　　(1)词性的转换
　　例：The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.
　　译文：数以百万计的非洲人已逐渐意识到他们的生活状况异常贫穷落后，这就促使他们采取坚决措施去创造新的生活条件。
　　分析：原文当中的名词转换为译文中的动词。
　　(2)句子成分的转换
　　例：Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.(2007年真题)
　　译文：传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律看作是律师专有的特权，而不是每一个受过教育的人必备的知识才能。
　　分析：原文的被动结构式主语变成了译文中的宾语，符合汉语表达习惯。
　
英语三大从句的译法：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句。
　　(1)名词性从句的译法
　　名词性从句通常表达一种具体的概念，如“how things stand”实际上是表达“情况”这一概念，如果直译为“事物是如何站着的”就不准确，同时也违背了原意。所以通常采用概略法来翻译，使从句陈述的内容更明确化。
　　例：While we converse with what is above us, we do not grow old, but grow young.
　　译文：与高于自己的思想进行交流，人不会变得年老，只会变得年轻。
　　(2)定语从句的译法
　　在翻译英语的定语从句特别是复杂的定语从句时，最基本的方法是把它从整个句子结构中解放出来，即把原文的定语从句从其修饰地位中分离出来，使其相对独立地叙述所要表达的信息。从结构上分，英语定语从句可以译为前置定语、并列分句、状语从句、独立句子等。在2007年的真题中有这样一个句子：
　　On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
　　译文：另一方面，法律以一种方式把这些观念同日常实际联系起来——这种方式类似于新闻记者在报道以及评论新闻时根据日常规则所形成的联系方式。
　　我们可以看出这个定语从句已从整个句子结构中脱离出来，并用破折号表明。
　　(3)状语从句的译法
　　英语的状语从句无论在结构外形上还是内涵表意上都与汉语的状语从句大致对等，这里只强调几个应该注意的问题：
　　①连词能省则省，只要能把意思说清楚，尽量不使用连词。
　　②如果条件或让步状语从句在整句中语气较弱，可以把主句译在前面，从句译在后面。
　　③状语从句的位置可以灵活变动，以便使译文更流畅。
　　另外，不常见的人名、地名可以保留原文。万一遇到不认识的词，最好忽略不译，切忌胡乱翻译。

---

2020 年考研
翻译强化讲义（英语一）

第二章 解题步骤及核心考点
第一节 做题步骤
一、找出句子主干，剥离修饰成分；
二、确定主干与修饰成分之间的逻辑关系，连词成句；
三、校对润色；
第二节 核心考点
一、 词的翻译
1、专有名词的翻译方法:
Canadian 加拿大
Darwin 达尔文
Beethoven 乔姆斯基
Chomsky 贝多芬
2、多义词
means 方式；mean 第三人称单数（意味着）
groups 小组；集团
charge 收费；指控；负责；充电
notion 概念；观点
very 非常；恰好是，正是
train 火车；训练
game 游戏；猎物
wrong 错误的；被误会
trace 追查；轨迹
strike 击打；罢工
urge 催促；欲望
by all counts 据大家说
3、代词的翻译方法：

1. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact
   underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than
   50% took a loss in 1989.(2005)
2. First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? I shall define him
   as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of
   thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.(2006)
3. Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve
   the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless”
   species.(2010)
   二、短语和句子的翻译
   1、定语的翻译
   【翻译方法】
   （1）词
4. special responsibilities (2007)
5. evolutionary or cognitive terms (2012)
6. established conventions (2007)
   （
   2）短语
7. obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible
8. a fact underlined by statistics
9. the charge made by some of his critics
   （
   3）句子
10. …the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed…(2005)
11. … human problems which involve moral judgment.(2006)
12. it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists
    forge on a daily basis…(2007)
    【真题演练】
13. in the recent events in Europe（2005）
    【译】最近的欧洲事务中
14. the garden created by the homeless（2013）
    【译】无家可归者所创造的花园
15. human problems which involve moral judgment.（2006）
    【译】涉及道德判断的人类问题
16. he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him
    to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in
    reasoning and in his own observations. （2008）
    【译】他相信，正是这种困难可以扬长避短（补偿性优势），迫使他长时间专注地思考每一
    句话，从而，使他在推理和观察中发现自己的错误。（此部分为比较复杂的介词短语来修饰
    前面的 the compensating advantage，由于定语的结构和语义都比较复杂所以后置。）
17. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life
    the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.（2006）
    【译】我会把知识分子定义为这样的人，他把以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题作为人生中
    的首要任务和乐趣。（此部分为定语从句修饰 an individual，结构复杂语义复杂，所以后置）
    Tips: 定语的翻译在考试中有着举足轻重的地位，一定要透彻掌握定语的翻译方法（结构简
    单，语义简单的结构前置翻译；结构复杂，语义复杂的结构则需要后置翻译；更要对于从句
    的引导词有足够的敏感度 which，who，that，where，when，why）
    2、状语的翻译
    【翻译方法】
    （1）词
18. multi-media groups have been increasingly successful…(2005)
19. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of
    lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.(2007)
    （
    2）短语
20. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the
    links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. (2007)
21. He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things
    which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”（2008）
    （
    3）句子
22. I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of
    moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects
    of those problems.(2006)
23. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists
    to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. (2007)
    【真题演练】
24. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot
    help considering …(2009)
    【译】我们的主要任务是使他们在日常生活中懂得分享，但我们禁不住要考虑…
25. While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in
    reality we are continually faced with a question …(2011)
    【译】尽管我们通过有意识的思维活动就可以维持这种控制自己思想的幻觉，但事实上我们
    却不断地面对一个问题…
26. A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, …(2013)
    【译】不管它有多么的粗陋，一个和平圣地明显是人类所需要的，…
27. Most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some
    psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the oppression
    vanish as if by magic (2013)
    【译】多数人会变得精神萎靡，我们通常把这种萎靡归咎于某种心理状态，直到有一天，我
    们发现自己身处花园，竟奇迹般地感到压力全无。
28. He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things
    which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”(2008)
    【译】他谦卑的补充道，或许在注意到容易被忽略的事物，并对其加以仔细观察方面，他要
    比普通人更有优势。
29. Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one
    that , for all （尽管）their diversity of styles, these gardens speak so various other
    fundamental urges, …(2013)
    【译】然而当我们看到这样的照片，看到那些无家可归者所创建的花园之时，感到了深深的
    震撼：尽管他们风格多样，但这些花园诉说了人类还有其他的根本需求，而非停留在装饰或
    是创造性的表达上。
    Tips：状语与定语在考试中的地位同样重要，状语的作用有两个，一是修饰谓语动词部分，
    即说明动作发生的状态，二是负责整句话，说明整句话发生的状态，所以大家在调整语序的
    时候，要先完整的理解状语部分表达的语义，然后进行判断其位置。
    3、主语的翻译
    【翻译方法】
    （1）词
    circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us, and if we feel that we have been
    “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation. (2011)
    （
    2）短语
30. A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to
    shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.(2013)
31. To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex
    cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.（2012)
    （
    3）句子
    It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and
    improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (2009)
    【真题演练】
32. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for
    journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. (2007)
    【译】虽然律师所提供的评论和反馈可能会提高新闻报道的质量，但是记者要依靠自己的价
    值观作出判断则更加难能可贵。
33. yet, when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one
    that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges,
    beyond that of decoration and creative expression. (2013)
    【译】然而当我们看到这样的照片，看到那些无家可归者所创建的花园之时，感到了深深
    的震撼：尽管他们风格多样，但这些花园诉说了人类还有其他的根本需求，而非停留在装
    饰或是创造性的表达上。
34. Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly
    following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.
    （2014)
    【译】贝多芬习惯用及其强烈的力度来提高音乐的音量，然后又出人意料地突然跟上一个轻
    柔的乐段，他之前的作曲家极少采用这种作曲方式。
35. Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it
    seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained
    beginnings. (2012)
    【译】在这，达尔文似乎给出了一种更合理的说法，因为如果全人类的起源相同，那么似乎
    有理由认为文化多样性也可以追溯到更有限的开端。
    4、宾语的翻译
    【翻译方法】
    （1）词
    By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an
    essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works. (2014)
    （
    2）短语
    One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but
    the courage to fight it renders life worth living.(2014)
    （
    3）句子
    He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him
    to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning
    and in his own observations. (2008)
    【真题演练】
36. …Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change…（2012）
    【译】乔姆斯基的语法应该表明语言变化的模式…
37. he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage …(2008)
    【译】他认为正是这种困难有一种补偿性优势…
38. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life
    the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. (2006)
    【译】我会把知识分子定义为这样的人，他把以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题作为人生中
    的首要任务和乐趣。（select…as… 把…看做…）
39. His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as
    obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006)
    【译】他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明白清楚的方式来展示自己的
    做出决定的推理过程。
40. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,
    it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.(2009)
    【译】虽然在我们与年轻人接触时，很容易忽略我们的行为对他们性格产生的影响，但这并
    不像与成年人打交道那么简单。
    三、特殊结构的翻译
    1、并列的翻译方法
41. He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things
    which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”(2008)
42. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no
    independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (2006)
43. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists
    to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.(2007)
44. Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we
    therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. (2011)
    2、被动的翻译方法
45. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was
    this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.(2009)
46. We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far
    considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling. (2009)
    3、比较的翻译方法
47. I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of
    moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects
    of those problems.（2006）
48. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more
    than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in
    business.（2006）
    4、强调的翻译方法
    It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in
    a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. (2013)
    5、倒装的翻译方法
49. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed – and perhaps
    never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events
    in Europe. （2005）
50. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was
    this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.（2009）
    6、常用翻译技巧
    词性转化
51. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging
    and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. （2009）
52. This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of
    the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.（2011）
    增词法
53. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the
    activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.(2006)
54. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists
    to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.(2007)
    四、篇章翻译
    【翻译方法】
    2009 年
55. (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in
    enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
56. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still
    was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
57. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their
    disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.
58. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot
    help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.
59. (50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so
    far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling.