夏鹏
难度：CSE8
课程导读
本节课我们将开始进入第十七章的学习，儒家思想在经历了春秋战国时期的发展后，又有了新的变化，同时也出现了继承发展了儒家思想的理论家，董仲舒就是其中一位。对于这位理论家，我们听的最多的，大概就是他“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”的建议，他为什么会提出这个建议，以及他个人对儒家思想有什么贡献呢，我们一起走入第十七章的学习。
【本课为11月17日《中国哲学简史》直播课现场剪辑版】
英文原文
CHAPTER17 THEORIZER OF THE HAN EMPIRE: TUNG CHUNG-SHU
MENCIUS once said that those who do not delight in killing men would unify the world. (Mencius, Ia, 6.) It would seem that he was wrong, because, some hundred years later, it was the state of Ch'in that unified the whole of China. Ch'in was superior to the other states in the arts of both "agriculture and war," that is, it was superior both economically and militarily. It was known at the time as "the state of tigers and wolves." By sheer force of arms, coupled with the ruthless ideology of the Legalists, it succeeded in conquering all its rivals.
The Amalgamation of the Yin-Yang and Confucianist Schools
Yet Mencius was not wholly wrong, for the Ch'in dynasty, which was established after the unification of 221 B.C., lasted only about fifteen years. Soon after the death of the First Emperor his empire disintegrated in a series of rebellions against the harsh Ch'in rule, and was succeeded by the Han dynasty (206 B.C.—A.D. 220). The Han inherited the concept of political unity of the Ch'in, and continued its unfinished work, that is, the building up of a new political and social order.
Tung Chung-shu (c. 179—c. 104 B.C.) was the great theorizer in such an attempt. A native of the southern part of the present Hopei province, he was largely instrumental in making Confucianism the orthodox belief of the Han dynasty, at the expense of the other schools of thought. He was also prominent in the creation of the institutional basis for this Confucian orthodoxy: the famed Chinese examination system, which began to take form during his time. Under this system, entry into the ranks of the government officials who ruled the country was not dependent upon noble birth or wealth, but rather upon success in a series of periodic examinations which were conducted by the government simultaneously throughout the country, and were open to all members of society with but trifling exceptions. These examinations, to be sure, were still embryonic in the Han dynasty and did not become really universal until several centuries later. It is to Tung Chung-shu's credit, however, that he was one of the first to propose them, and it is also significant that in so doing he insisted upon the Confucian classics as the ideological basis for their operation.
生词好句
1.theorizer
英 [ˈθɪəraɪzə] 美 [ˈθɪraɪzər]
n. 理论家
2.ruthless
英 [ˈruːθləs] 美 [ˈruːθləs]
adj. 无情的（merciless）
3.Amalgamation
英 [əˌmælɡəˈmeɪʃən] 美 [əˌmælɡəˈmeɪʃən]
n. 合流，合并，联合（combination）
4.disintegrate
英 [dɪˈsɪntɪɡreɪt] 美 [dɪˈsɪntəɡreɪt]
v. 分裂
5.the harsh Ch'in rule
秦朝暴政
拓展:
the harsh rule 暴政
拓展：
推荐读书：《枢纽》
6.orthodox
英 [ˈɔːθədɒks] 美 [ˈɔːrθədɑːks]
adj. 正统的
拓展:
Orthodox（东）正教的
7.institutional
adj. 制度的
拓展:
institution n. 制度
8.famed
英 [feɪmd] 美 [feɪmd]
adj. 著名的，闻名的（famous）
9.trifling
英 [ˈtraɪflɪŋ] 美 [ˈtraɪflɪŋ]
adj. 微不足道的
10.embryonic
英 [ˌembriˈɒnɪk] 美 [ˌembriˈɑːnɪk]
adj. 胚胎的
拓展:
embryo n. 胚胎