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Basic of Supply Chain Management

Content Outline

内容大纲

1. Business-wide Concepts 业务范围概念

   • Supply Chain Fundamentals 供应链基本原理

     The concept of a global network used to deliver products and services from raw materials to end consumers through an engineered flow of information,physical distribution,and cash.
     It includes managing conflicts that occur within the supply chain.Businesses are also called upon to voluntarily demonstrate social responsibility in operating their supply chains.

     全球网络的概念用于通过规划过的信息流、物流、现金流来管理从原材料到最终客户的产品和服务的交付。包括管理供应链中的冲突。企业也被呼吁自愿在操作他们供应链过程中起到
     社会责任的示范作用。

     A supply chain is a network of retailers,distributors,transporters,storage facilities,and suppliers that participate in the production, delivery and sale of a product or service to the consumer.
     It also includes moving items from the consumer back to the producers.

     供应链是零售商、分销商、运输商、仓储设施以及参与产品或服务的生产、交付和销售给消费者的供应商的网络。它还包括将产品从消费者退回生产者。

     Supply chain conflicts and risks exist among trading partners that need to be identified,analyzed,and addressed.Some examples include disruption of supply,synchronizing supply with demand,minimizing inventory investment,maximizing customer service,and managing total cost.

     供应链冲突和风险存在于需要识别、分析和解决的贸易伙伴之间。一些例子包括供应中断、供应与需求同步、最小化库存投资、最大化客户服务和管理总成本。

     Organizational conflicts exist between finance, sales,production,marketing,engineering,and planning functions within a business.Some examples include excessive inventory versus inventory stockout; setup cost versus economy of scales expediting versus not expediting.

     企业内部的财务、销售、生产、营销、工程和计划职能之间存在着组织冲突。比如库存过剩与库存缺货;启动成本与规模经济是否加速。

     The United Nations Global Compact addresses corporate sustainability in the world economy by asking companies to embrace, support, and enact a set of core values in the areas of human rights, labor standards, the environment, and anticorruption.

     《联合国全球契约》通过要求企业在人权、劳工标准、环境和反腐败等领域拥抱、支持并实施一系列核心价值观，来解决企业在世界经济中的可持续性问题。

   • Operating Environments 操作环境

     The global, domestic,enviromental,and stakeholder influences that affect the key competitive factors, customer needs,culture,and philosophy of each individual company.This environment becomes the framework in which business strategy is developed and implemented.

     全球、国内、环境和利益相关者的影响力影响着每个公司的关键竞争因素、客户需求、文化和哲学。这个环境成为开发和实现业务策略的框架。

     The definition and impact of the operating environment depend on customer expectations, cumulative lead times, inventory,sustainability,product design, and life cycles.

     操作环境的定义和影响取决于客户期望、累计交付时间、库存、可持续性、产品设计和生命周期。

     Process choices for products and services include flow, intermittent, and project.

     产品和服务的流程选择包括流程、间歇和项目。

     Production environment strategies include engineer-to-order,make-to-order,assemble-to-order,make-to-stock,and remanufacturing.

     生产环境策略包括:工程师到订单，制造到订单，组装到订单，制造到库存，再制造。

   • Financial Fundamentals 财务基础

     Basic financial statements define the financial reporting common to most businesses.Underlying costs and analysis terms provide further understanding of statement information and often serve as the basis for management decisions.

     基本的财务报表定义了大多数企业的财务报告。基础成本和分析术语提供了对报表信息的进一步理解，并经常作为管理决策的基础。

     Balance sheets, income statement, and cash flow statement make up the standard financial reporting tools.

     资产负债表、损益表和现金流量表组成了标准的财务报告工具。

     Financial reporting must take into account the cost of goods sold, general and administrative costs, and fixed versus variable costs.

     财务报告必须考虑到所售货物的成本、一般费用和行政费用以及固定成本和可变成本。

     Financial data are used to analyze cash flow, profit and loss, margin and throughput, inventory velocity, and the make-or-buy decision as it relates to total cost.

     财务数据用于分析现金流、盈亏、利润率和产量、库存速度以及与总成本相关的“造与买”决策。

   • ERP

     ERP is a framework for organizing, defining, and standardizing the business processes necessary to effectively plan and control and organization so that it can use its internal knowledge to seek external advantage.The objective for using ERP is the cross-functional integration of planning, executing, controlling, and measuring functions required to effectively operate a business organization to meet customer expectations.

     ERP是一个组织、定义和标准化业务流程的框架，这些流程是有效计划、控制和组织所必需的，以便它能够利用内部知识来寻求外部优势。使用ERP的目标是将计划、执行、控制和度量功能的跨功能集成起来，从而有效地运作一个业务组织以满足客户的期望。

     Key characteristics of ERP include its use as an integrated knowledge and decision-making tool,cross-functional alignment of the organization, the closed loop(feedback) mechanism,what-if simulation capabilities, and integrated financial data and performance measurement functions.

     ERP的关键特征包括它作为一个集成的知识和决策工具的使用，组织的跨功能对齐，闭环(反馈)机制，what-if仿真功能，以及集成的财务数据和绩效度量功能。

     • Lean 精益

     Lean is a philosophy that emphasizes the minimization of the amount of all the resources(including time) used in the various activities of the enterprise.

     精益是一种强调最小化企业各种活动中使用的所有资源(包括时间)的哲学。

     Lean objectives area comprised of the elimination of waste, providing value from the customer's perspective and continuous improvement.

     精益目标领域包括消除浪费，从客户的角度提供价值和持续改进。

     Key characteristics include flow manufacturing, process flexibility, quality at the source, supplier partnerships, employee involvement, total productive maintenance, pull systems, and work cells.

     关键特征包括流程制造、流程灵活性、来源的质量、供应商伙伴关系、员工参与、全面生产维护、拉取系统和工作单元。

   • Quality Fundamentals 质量基础

     Quality management causes on customer needs using a variety of tools and techniques.The objective of quality management is to increase profitability and customer satisfaction. It incorporates concepts such as:quality control tools, quality costs, quality function deployment, employee involvement and empowerement,continuous process capability and control, and benchmarking.

     质量管理利用各种工具和技术来满足客户的需求。质量管理的目标是提高盈利能力和客户满意度。它包含的概念包括:质量控制工具、质量成本、质量功能部署、员工参与和授权、持续过程能力和控制以及基准。

   • Theory of Constraints(TOC) 约束理论

     A philosophy that focuses the resources of an organization on managing throughput and financial performance.Key characteristics and techniques include product flow analysis ; throughput accounting; constraints management ;and continuous improvement.

     将组织资源集中在管理产能和财务绩效上的一种哲学。关键特性和技术包括产品流分析;产出会计;约束管理;持续改进。

2. Demand Management 需求管理

   This section covers sources of demand for goods and services, including a basic understanding of markets, voice of customer, and an overview of demand planning.

   本节介绍商品和服务的需求来源，包括对市场的基本理解、客户声音和需求规划的概述。

   • Market Driven:Consumer needs, competitive sources, economic conditions, and government regulations determine the demand experienced by suppliers.

     市场驱动:消费者需求、竞争来源、经济状况和政府法规决定了供应商的需求。

   • Voice of the Customer.Actual customer word descriptions of the functions and features that customers' desire for goods and services.

     客户的声音。实际客户对产品和服务的功能和特点的描述。

   • Demand Management:Demand management is the function of recognizing all demands for goods and services to support the marketplace.Demand management serves as a key input into the sales and operations plan and master production schedule.

     需求管理:需求管理是识别所有商品和服务需求以支持市场的功能。需求管理是销售和运营计划和主生产计划的关键输入。

     1. Sources of independent demand that must be considered are forecasts along with customer, service, replenishment, and inter-company orders.

        必须考虑的独立需求来源包括预测、客户、服务、补充和公司间的订单。

     2. Forecast management consists of understanding the principles of forecasting, the characteristics of demand, various forecasting techniques, forecast error measurement, and managing the variability of demand.

        预测管理包括理解预测的原理、需求的特性、各种预测技术、预测误差测量和管理需求的变异性。

     3. Order processing occurs upon receipt of a customer's order.Goods or services will be fulfilled based on the operating environment.

        订单处理发生在收到客户的订单之后。货物或服务将根据操作环境履行。

3. Transformation of Demand into Supply 将需求转化为供给

   This section includes the design of products and services, capacity management, planning, execution and control, and performance measurements.

   本部分包括产品和服务的设计、容量管理、计划、执行和控制以及绩效衡量。

   • Product and Process Design:Design affects product and process; the resulting framework of planning system parameters; and the requirement for data appropriate in source, content, and accuracy. Collaboration with customers and suppliers will improve product and process design.

     产品和流程设计:设计影响产品和流程;规划系统参数的结果框架;以及对数据在源、内容和准确性方面的要求。与客户和供应商合作将改进产品和流程设计。

     1. Products and the processes used to make them are designed to create products more appealing to customers, to improve productivity,competitiveness,and sustainability.

        产品和制造过程的目的是为了创造对客户更有吸引力的产品，以提高生产力、竞争力和可持续性。

     2. Participative design/engineering ensures that the final design meets all the needs of the stakeholders and should ensure products or services can be quickly brought to the marketplace while maximizing quality and minimizing costs.

        参与式设计/工程确保最终设计满足利益相关者的所有需求，并应确保产品或服务能够快速进入市场，同时最大化质量和最小化成本。

     3. Information systems should follow product and process design.Data governance is necessary to ensure data record accuracy.

        信息系统应遵循产品和流程设计。数据治理对于确保数据记录的准确性是必要的。

   • Capacity Management: The function of establishing, measuring, monitoring, and adjusting limits or levels of capacity to execute all schedules.Capacity management encompasses resource requirements planning, rough-cut capacity planning, capacity requirements planning,input/output controls and constraints management.

     产能管理:建立、测量、监控和调整能力范围或水平以执行所有计划的功能。能力管理包括资源需求规划、粗略的产能规划、产能需求规划、输入/输出控制和约束管理。

   • Planning: The process of setting goals for the organization and choosing how to use the organization's resources to achieve them. These different planning techniques vary depending on traditional, leaner theory of constraints operating environments.

     计划:为组织设定目标并选择如何利用组织资源来实现目标的过程。这些不同的规划技术取决于传统的、更简洁的约束操作环境理论。

     1. Strategic planning/hoshin planning
        战略规划/方针计划

     2. Business planning
        商业计划

     3. Sales and operations planning, production planning, and resource requirements planning
        销售和运营计划，生产计划，资源需求计划

     4. Master production scheduling and rough cut capacity planning
        主生产排程和粗能力计划

     5. Material requirements planning and capacity requirements planning
        物料需求计划和产能需求计划

     6. Final assembly scheduling and input/output control
        最终装配计划和输入/输出控制

     7. Advanced planning and scheduling
        先进规划排程系统

     8. Project management
        项目管理

   • Execution and Control: The interrelationships between production activity control techniques(input/output control,kanban,constraints management) and planning schedules are synchronized to meet customer service requirements.

     执行和控制:生产活动控制技术(输入/输出控制、看板、约束管理)和计划进度之间的相互关系是同步的，以满足客户服务需求。

     1. The output of material requirements planning is used to execute the production plan and material releases.
        物料需求计划的输出用于执行生产计划和物料发布。

     2. Operations are executed using forward, backward, finite, infinite, mixed model,kanban,or drum-buffer-rope and constraint scheduling.
        使用正向、逆向、有限、无限、混合模型、看板或限制驱导式排程法（鼓-缓冲-绳）和约束调度来执行操作。

     3. Techniques for maintaining and communicating shop floor order status include capacity control, production reporting, priority control, and flow control.
        维护和沟通车间订单状态的技术包括容量控制、生产报告、优先级控制和流程控制。

     4. An important part of execution and control is focusing on quality assurance by measuring quality, monitoring process variation, and improving process control.

        执行和控制的一个重要部分是通过测量质量、监控过程变化和改进过程控制来关注质量保证。

   • Performance Measurements: Key performance indicators are metrics used to assess organizational performance against strategic and tactical goals.

     绩效指标:关键绩效指标是用来根据战略和战术目标评估组织绩效的指标。

4. Supply

   This section includes the actual or planned provision of a product, component, or service and its sustainability.

   本节包括产品、组件或服务的实际或计划供给及其可持续性。

   • Inventory:Those stocks or items used to support production(raw materials and work-in-process items),supporting activities(maintenance, repair, and operating supplies),and customer service(finished goods and service parts).

     库存:用于支持生产的库存或项目(原材料和在制品)、支持活动(维护、修理和操作用品)和客户服务(成品和服务部件)。

     1. Inventories can be classified according to their functions.This includes buffer, transportation, lot size, anticipation,fluctuation,hedge,as well as maintenance, repair, and operating supplies(MRO).
        存货可按其功能分类。这包括缓冲，运输，批量，预期，波动，对冲，以及维护，修理和操作供应(MRO)。

     2. Inventories are monitored using the following methods:ABC classification, physical inventory, cycle counting, record accuracy, days of supply, and inventory turns.
        存货监控使用以下方法:ABC分类、实物库存、循环盘点、记录准确性、供应天数和库存周转率。

     3. Inventories can be replenished using push or pull systems.
        库存可使用推系统或拉系统补货。

     4. Inventory management decisions must consider:item costs, carrying costs, ordering costs, stockout costs, and capacity-associated costs.These include strategies and policies related to customer service and return on investment.
        库存管理决策必须考虑:商品成本、持有成本、订购成本、缺货成本和与能力相关的成本。这些包括与客户服务和投资回报相关的策略和政策。

     5. There are four methods accounting uses to value inventory:first in first out,last in first out, average cost, and standard cost.
        会计核算存货的方法有四种:先出先出，后进先出，平均成本和标准成本。

   • Purchasing Cycle:The function and responsibility for understanding demand; sourcing, procuring materials, supplies, or services; receiving goods; and approving invoices for payment.
     采购周期:理解需求的功能和责任;采购、材料采购、供应或服务;收货;批准付款发票。

     1. The purchasing process begins with any of the following signals:requsition,MRP output,kanban,and buffer.
        采购过程从以下信号开始:、采购申请、MRP输出、看板和缓冲区。

     2. Sourcing includes supplier selection,certfication,agreements,and partnerships, including vendor-managed inventory(VMI).Total acquisition costs must be considered.
        采购包括供应商选择、认证、协议和伙伴关系，包括供应商管理的库存(VMI)。必须考虑总购置费用。

     3. Order processing includes purchase release,defining terms and conditions, and monitoring supplier performance.
        订单处理包括采购核发，定义条款和条件，以及监控供应商绩效。

     4. Order completion includes receipt of goods and approval of invoice.
        订单完成包括收货和批准发票。

   • Distribution:The activities associated with the movement of material between the supplier,manufacturer,and customer.These activities encompass the functions of transportation,warehousing,inventory control, material handling, order administration, site and location analysis, industrial packaging, data processing, and the communications network necessary for effective management. It includes all activities related to physical distribution, as well as the return of goods to the manufacturer.

     分销:与物料在供应商、制造商和客户之间的移动相关的活动。这些活动包括运输、仓储、库存控制、材料处理、订单管理、站点与位置分析、工业包装、数据处理和有效管理所需的通信网络的功能。它包括所有与物流有关的活动，以及向制造商退货。

   1. Global distribution encompasses the movement of goods around the world.Decision factors include lead time,tariffs and regulatory compliance.
      全球分销包括世界各地的商品流通。决策因素包括交货时间、关税和法规遵从性。

   2. Transportation is the function of planning, scheduling, and controlling activities related to mode, carrier type, and movement of inventories across the supply chain.
      运输是计划、调度和控制与供应链中库存模式、承运商类型和移动相关的活动的功能。

   3. Warehousing consists of the activities related to receiving, sorting, and shipping materials.
      仓储包括与收货、分拣和运输物料相关的活动。

   4. Distribution inventory typically consists of service parts and finished goods located in a distribution system.
      分销库存通常由配送系统中的服务部件和成品组成。

   5. A distribution channel is the route, from raw materials through consumption,along which products travel.A transaction channel is a distribution network that deals with change of ownership of goods and services including the activities of negotiation, selling, and contracting.
      分销渠道是一个从原材料到消费的路由，产品沿着这个路由行进。交易渠道是一个分销网络，处理货物和服务所有权的变化，包括谈判、销售和签订合同。

   6. Reverse logistics is a complete supply chain dedicated to the reverse flow of products and materials for the purpose of returns, repair,remanufacture,of recycling.
      逆向物流是一个完整的供应链，致力于产品和材料的逆向流动，目的是为了退货、维修、再制造、再循环利用。

   7. The total-cost concept takes the position that all logistical decisions providing equal service levels should favor the option that minimizes the total logistical costs across all areas versus a cost reduction in a single area.
      总成本概念认为，提供同等服务水平的所有物流决策都应选择将所有地区的总物流成本降至最低，而不是在单一地区降低成本。