[ 2204阅读 ] 题型专项 - 目的题

TPO-11 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

Paragraph 2: The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

1. The author mentions “an architectural setting” in the passage in order to

○ suggest that architecture was as important as sculpture to Egyptian artists

○ offer a further explanation for the frontal pose of Egyptian statues

○ explain how the display of statues replaced other forms of architectural decoration

○ illustrate the religious function of Egyptian statues

S：The author in order to 目的题 

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Begging by Nestlings

Paragraph 6: As these experiments show, begging apparently provides a signal of need that parents use to make judgments about which offspring can benefit most from a feeding. But the question arises, why don't nestlings beg loudly when they aren't all that hungry? By doing so, they could possibly secure more food, which should result in more rapid growth or larger size, either of which is advantageous. The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging—such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories—but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another. An individual's success in propagating his or her genes can be affected by more than just his or her own personal reproductive success. Because close relatives have many of the same genes, animals that harm their close relatives may in effect be destroying some of their own genes. Therefore, a begging nestling that secures food at the expense of its siblings might actually leave behind fewer copies of its genes overall than it might otherwise.

2. In paragraph 6, the author compares the energy costs of vigorous begging with the potential gain in calories from such begging in order to

○ explain why begging for food vigorously can lead to faster growth and increased size

○ explain how begging vigorously can increase an individual’s chance of propagating its own genes

○ point out a weakness in a possible explanation for why nestlings do not always beg vigorously

○ argue that the benefits of vigorous begging outweigh any possible disadvantages

S：author  in order to 目的题  compares energy costs of vigorous

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TPO-12 Which Hand Did They Use? Paragraph 5: Tools themselves can be revealing. Long-handed Neolithic spoons of yew wood preserved in Alpine villages dating to 3000 B.C. have survived; the signs of rubbing on their left side indicate that their users were right-handed. The late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the right, and was therefore tressed by a righthander.

3. In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux?

○ As an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed person

○ Because tressing is an activity that is easier for a right-handed person than for a left-handed person

○ Because the cave of Lascaux is the site where researchers have found several prehistoric tools made for right-handed people

○ As an example of an item whose construction shows that it was right handed made by a right-person

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Transition to Sound in Film Paragraph 2: Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States. In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.

4. Why does the author mention “Japanese benshi” and “original musical compositions”?

○To suggest that audiences preferred other forms of entertainment to film before the transition to sound inthe1920's

○To provide examples of some of the first sounds that were recorded for film

○To indicate some ways in which sound accompanied film before the innovation of sound films in the late 1920s

○To show how the use of sound in films changed during different historical periods

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Water in the Desert Paragraph 2: Arid lands, surprisingly, contain some of the world’s largest river systems, such as the Murray-Darling in Australia, the Rio Grande in North America, the Indus in Asia, and the Nile in Africa. These rivers and river systems are known as "exogenous" because their sources lie outside the arid zone. They are vital for sustaining life in some of the driest parts of the world. For centuries, the annual floods of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, for example, have brought fertile silts and water to the inhabitants of their lower valleys. Today, river discharges are increasingly controlled by human intervention, creating a need for international river-basin agreements. The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.

5. In paragraph 2, why does the author mention the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey?

○To contrast the Euphrates River with other exogenous rivers

○To illustrate the technological advances in dam building

○To argue that dams should not be built on the Euphrates River

○To support the idea that international river-basin agreements are needed