十六、介词

介词 (prep.)

  • 介词属于虚词,不能单独做句子成分,只有转化成介词短语(介词+宾语)才能扮演表语、定语、状语等角色。
  • 介词同样没有情景变形,所以从介词短语功能和常用介词成员两个维度展开
  1. 介词成员分类:
    • 表关系
      • 表所有关系 :of
      • 表包含关系:包括(inclusive of,including)除...外,还有(apart from,besides,in addition to)
      • 表排除关系:除了,不包括(but,other than,exclusive of);除....外 (except,except for,apart from)
      • 表替代关系:in place of,instead of
      • 关于...:about,as for,as to,on,concerning,with regard to,regarding
    • 表目的
      • 以...为目标:with the aim of 如:with the aim of taking it back,we should hurry
      • 以防:in case of 如:all exits must be kept clear in case of fire
    • 表原因
      • 因为:because of 如:The game was postponed because of rain
      • 因为:due to 如:The train had stopped due to a mechanical problem
      • 因为:owing to 如:He was out of work owing to a physical injury
      • 多亏:thanks to 如:Thanks to that job I became an avid reader
      • 由于:by virtue of 如:The article stuck in my mind by virtue of on detail
    • 表条件
      • 万一:in case of 如:In case of difficultly,just call on me
      • 如果有:with 如:With your help,we can do it
      • 如果没有:without 如:Without your help,we can't do it
      • 要不是:but for 如:But for your help,we can't do it
    • 表方式
      • A with B:B是A的附属
      • 根据:according to=according with
      • 凭借:by;by means of 如:The drawing is transferred onto the wood by means of carbon paper
      • 用这个方法: in this way
      • 按照:in terms of ;in the light of,in accordance with 如:It can not be measured in terms of money
      • 凭借...工具 如:by bus;in a car;on foot
    • 表让步
      • 尽管...;不管...;无论... ;in spite of ,irrespective of ,notwithstanding,regardless of
    • 表程度
      • 大约:about 如:about half an hour
      • 过量:to excess 如:don't drink to excess
      • 到...程度:to the extent of 如:the debt to the extent of 1000 dollars
      • 极度:to the extreme 如:poor to the extreme
    • 时间介词
      • 某个时间点
        • 某个时间点前:before,by,by the end of ,till,until,to ,prior to 如:by the end of 2020
        • 某个时间点中:at 如:at noon
        • 某个时间点后:after,since,from 如:since 2020
      • 某个时间段
        • 某个时间段前:age
        • 某个时间段中:among,between,during,for,in,within,from...to... 如:within two days
        • 某个时间段后:in 如:in two weeks
    • 空间介词
      • 从'真实空间'与'虚拟空间','静态空间关系','动态空间关系'(介词中有动作成分)四个维度归纳:
        • 虚拟空间
          • 在...方面:in this aspect,in this respect,in this regard ,in terms of 如:in this regard nothing has changed
          • 在这个角度:at this angle
          • 从这个角度:from this angle
          • 从你的立场:in your shoes
        • 静态空间关系:
          • 在...上 :on(接触) over(不接触) above(不接触)
          • 在...上部: at the top of
          • 在...下:beneath(接触) under(不接触静止) below(不接触不静止)
          • 在...下部:at the bottom of
          • 在...里:in inside at the center of
          • 在...外:outside of,outside
          • 在...左:in the left of (里) on the left of (接触) to the left of (不接触)
          • 在...右:同上
          • 在...前:before,in front of (前方) in the front of (前部)
          • 在...后:behind(后方) at the back of (后部)
          • 在...旁边:next to by/beside
          • 在...附近:near/close to
          • 在....方向:in the east of (内部东面) on the east of (外部东面,接触) to the east of (不接触)
          • 在两者或三者以上之间:between from to among
          • 在...周围:around
          • 在...对面:opposite
        • 动态空间关系
          • 到...上:onto upon
          • 从...上越过:over
          • 离开:off
          • 到...里面:into
          • 到...外面: out of
          • 经过...:past
          • 超出:beyond
          • 沿着:along
          • 通过,穿过:through
          • 到...对面:across
          • 顺着:for
          • 逆着:against
          • 朝向:toward,towards
  2. 介词短语功能:
    • 状语:I put a book on the table
    • 表语:This book is on the table
    • 后置定语:a book on the table

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