最强最全面的大数据SQL面试题和答案【三—持续更新】

本文目录:

一、行列转换
二、排名中取他值
三、累计求值
四、窗口大小控制
五、产生连续数值
六、数据扩充与收缩
七、合并与拆分
八、模拟循环操作
九、不使用distinct或group by去重
十、容器--反转内容
十一、多容器--成对提取数据
十二、多容器--转多行
十三、抽象分组--断点排序

十四、业务逻辑的分类与抽象--时效
十五、时间序列--进度及剩余
十六、时间序列--构造日期
十七、时间序列--构造累积日期
十八、时间序列--构造连续日期
十九、时间序列--取多个字段最新的值

二十、时间序列--补全数据
二十一、时间序列--取最新完成状态的前一个状态
二十二、非等值连接--范围匹配
二十三、非等值连接--最近匹配
二十四、N指标--累计去重


十四、业务逻辑的分类与抽象--时效

日期表:d_date
表字段及内容:

date_id      is_work
2017-04-13       1
2017-04-14       1
2017-04-15       0
2017-04-16       0
2017-04-17       1

工作日:周一至周五09:30-18:30

客户申请表:t14
表字段及内容:

a      b       c
1     申请   2017-04-14 18:03:00
1     通过   2017-04-17 09:43:00
2     申请   2017-04-13 17:02:00
2     通过   2017-04-15 09:42:00

问题一:计算上表中从申请到通过占用的工作时长
输出结果如下所示:

a         d
1        0.67h
2       10.67h 

参考答案:

select 
    a,
    round(sum(diff)/3600,2) as d
from (
    select 
        a,
        apply_time,
        pass_time,
        dates,
        rn,
        ct,
        is_work,
        case when is_work=1 and rn=1 then unix_timestamp(concat(dates,' 18:30:00'),'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss')-unix_timestamp(apply_time,'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss')
            when is_work=0 then 0
            when is_work=1 and rn=ct then unix_timestamp(pass_time,'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss')-unix_timestamp(concat(dates,' 09:30:00'),'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss')
            when is_work=1 and rn!=ct then 9*3600
        end diff
    from (
        select 
            a,
            apply_time,
            pass_time,
            time_diff,
            day_diff,
            rn,
            ct,
            date_add(start,rn-1) dates
        from (
            select 
                a,
                apply_time,
                pass_time,
                time_diff,
                day_diff,
                strs,
                start,
                row_number() over(partition by a) as rn,
                count(*) over(partition by a) as ct
            from (
                select 
                    a,
                    apply_time,
                    pass_time,
                    time_diff,
                    day_diff,
                    substr(repeat(concat(substr(apply_time,1,10),','),day_diff+1),1,11*(day_diff+1)-1) strs
                from (
                    select 
                        a,
                        apply_time,
                        pass_time,
                        unix_timestamp(pass_time,'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss')-unix_timestamp(apply_time,'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss') time_diff,
                        datediff(substr(pass_time,1,10),substr(apply_time,1,10)) day_diff
                    from (
                        select 
                            a,
                            max(case when b='申请' then c end) apply_time,
                            max(case when b='通过' then c end) pass_time
                        from t14
                        group by a
                    ) tmp1
                ) tmp2
            ) tmp3 
            lateral view explode(split(strs,",")) t as start
        ) tmp4
    ) tmp5
    join d_date 
    on tmp5.dates = d_date.date_id
) tmp6
group by a;
十五、时间序列--进度及剩余

表名:t15
表字段及内容:

date_id      is_work
2017-07-30      0
2017-07-31      1
2017-08-01      1
2017-08-02      1
2017-08-03      1
2017-08-04      1
2017-08-05      0
2017-08-06      0
2017-08-07      1

问题一:求每天的累计周工作日,剩余周工作日
输出结果如下所示:

date_id      week_to_work  week_left_work
2017-07-31      1             4
2017-08-01      2             3
2017-08-02      3             2
2017-08-03      4             1
2017-08-04      5             0
2017-08-05      5             0
2017-08-06      5             0

参考答案:
此处给出两种解法,其一:

select 
 date_id
,case date_format(date_id,'u')
    when 1 then 1
    when 2 then 2 
    when 3 then 3 
    when 4 then 4
    when 5 then 5 
    when 6 then 5 
    when 7 then 5 
 end as week_to_work
,case date_format(date_id,'u')
    when 1 then 4
    when 2 then 3  
    when 3 then 2 
    when 4 then 1
    when 5 then 0 
    when 6 then 0 
    when 7 then 0 
 end as week_to_work
from t15

其二:

select
date_id,
week_to_work,
week_sum_work-week_to_work as week_left_work
from(
    select
    date_id,
    sum(is_work) over(partition by year,week order by date_id) as week_to_work,
    sum(is_work) over(partition by year,week) as week_sum_work
    from(
        select
        date_id,
        is_work,
        year(date_id) as year,
        weekofyear(date_id) as week
        from t15
    ) ta
) tb order by date_id;
十六、时间序列--构造日期

问题一:直接使用SQL实现一张日期维度表,包含以下字段:

date                 string               日期
d_week               string               年内第几周
weeks                int                  周几
w_start              string               周开始日
w_end                string               周结束日
d_month             int                  第几月
m_start             string               月开始日
m_end               string               月结束日
d_quarter            int                    第几季
q_start             string               季开始日
q_end               string               季结束日
d_year               int                    年份
y_start             string               年开始日
y_end               string               年结束日

参考答案:

drop table if exists dim_date;
create table if not exists dim_date(
    `date` string comment '日期',
    d_week string comment '年内第几周',
    weeks string comment '周几',
    w_start string comment '周开始日',
    w_end string comment '周结束日',
    d_month string comment '第几月',
    m_start string comment '月开始日',
    m_end string comment '月结束日',
    d_quarter int comment '第几季',
    q_start string comment '季开始日',
    q_end string comment '季结束日',
    d_year int comment '年份',
    y_start string comment '年开始日',
    y_end string comment '年结束日'
);
--自然月: 指每月的1号到那个月的月底,它是按照阳历来计算的。就是从每月1号到月底,不管这个月有30天,31天,29天或者28天,都算是一个自然月。

insert overwrite table dim_date
select `date`
     , d_week --年内第几周
     , case weekid
           when 0 then '周日'
           when 1 then '周一'
           when 2 then '周二'
           when 3 then '周三'
           when 4 then '周四'
           when 5 then '周五'
           when 6 then '周六'
    end  as weeks -- 周
     , date_add(next_day(`date`,'MO'),-7) as w_start --周一
     , date_add(next_day(`date`,'MO'),-1) as w_end   -- 周日_end
     -- 月份日期
     , concat('第', monthid, '月')  as d_month
     , m_start
     , m_end

     -- 季节
     , quarterid as d_quart
     , concat(d_year, '-', substr(concat('0', (quarterid - 1) * 3 + 1), -2), '-01') as q_start --季开始日
     , date_sub(concat(d_year, '-', substr(concat('0', (quarterid) * 3 + 1), -2), '-01'), 1) as q_end   --季结束日
     -- 年
     , d_year
     , y_start
     , y_end


from (
         select `date`
              , pmod(datediff(`date`, '2012-01-01'), 7)                  as weekid    --获取周几
              , cast(substr(`date`, 6, 2) as int)                        as monthid   --获取月份
              , case
                    when cast(substr(`date`, 6, 2) as int) <= 3 then 1
                    when cast(substr(`date`, 6, 2) as int) <= 6 then 2
                    when cast(substr(`date`, 6, 2) as int) <= 9 then 3
                    when cast(substr(`date`, 6, 2) as int) <= 12 then 4
             end                                                       as quarterid --获取季节 可以直接使用 quarter(`date`)
              , substr(`date`, 1, 4)                                     as d_year    -- 获取年份
              , trunc(`date`, 'YYYY')                                    as y_start   --年开始日
              , date_sub(trunc(add_months(`date`, 12), 'YYYY'), 1) as y_end     --年结束日
              , date_sub(`date`, dayofmonth(`date`) - 1)                 as m_start   --当月第一天
              , last_day(date_sub(`date`, dayofmonth(`date`) - 1))          m_end     --当月最后一天
              , weekofyear(`date`)                                       as d_week    --年内第几周
         from (
                    -- '2021-04-01'是开始日期, '2022-03-31'是截止日期
                  select date_add('2021-04-01', t0.pos) as `date`
                  from (
                           select posexplode(
                                          split(
                                                  repeat('o', datediff(
                                                          from_unixtime(unix_timestamp('2022-03-31', 'yyyy-mm-dd'),
                                                                        'yyyy-mm-dd'),
                                                          '2021-04-01')), 'o'
                                              )
                                      )
                       ) t0
              ) t1
     ) t2;
十七、时间序列--构造累积日期

表名:t17
表字段及内容:

date_id
2017-08-01
2017-08-02
2017-08-03

问题一:每一日期,都扩展成月初至当天
输出结果如下所示:

date_id    date_to_day
2017-08-01  2017-08-01
2017-08-02  2017-08-01
2017-08-02  2017-08-02
2017-08-03  2017-08-01
2017-08-03  2017-08-02
2017-08-03  2017-08-03

这种累积相关的表,常做桥接表。

参考答案:

select
  date_id,
  date_add(date_start_id,pos) as date_to_day
from
(
  select
    date_id,
    date_sub(date_id,dayofmonth(date_id)-1) as date_start_id
  from t17
) m  lateral view 
posexplode(split(space(datediff(from_unixtime(unix_timestamp(date_id,'yyyy-MM-dd')),from_unixtime(unix_timestamp(date_start_id,'yyyy-MM-dd')))), '')) t as pos, val;
十八、时间序列--构造连续日期

表名:t18
表字段及内容:

a             b         c
101        2018-01-01     10
101        2018-01-03     20
101        2018-01-06     40
102        2018-01-02     20
102        2018-01-04     30
102        2018-01-07     60

问题一:构造连续日期
问题描述:将表中数据的b字段扩充至范围[2018-01-01, 2018-01-07],并累积对c求和。
b字段的值是较稀疏的。

输出结果如下所示:

a             b          c      d
101        2018-01-01     10     10
101        2018-01-02      0     10
101        2018-01-03     20     30
101        2018-01-04      0     30
101        2018-01-05      0     30
101        2018-01-06     40     70
101        2018-01-07      0     70
102        2018-01-01      0      0
102        2018-01-02     20     20
102        2018-01-03      0     20
102        2018-01-04     30     50
102        2018-01-05      0     50
102        2018-01-06      0     50
102        2018-01-07     60    110

参考答案:

select
  a,
  b,
  c,
  sum(c) over(partition by a order by b) as d
from
(
  select
  t1.a,
  t1.b,
  case
    when t18.b is not null then t18.c
    else 0
  end as c
  from
  (
    select
    a,
    date_add(s,pos) as b
    from
    (
      select
        a, 
       '2018-01-01' as s, 
       '2018-01-07' as r
      from (select a from t18 group by a) ta
    ) m  lateral view 
      posexplode(split(space(datediff(from_unixtime(unix_timestamp(r,'yyyy-MM-dd')),from_unixtime(unix_timestamp(s,'yyyy-MM-dd')))), '')) t as pos, val
  ) t1
    left join t18
    on  t1.a = t18.a and t1.b = t18.b
) ts;
十九、时间序列--取多个字段最新的值

表名:t19
表字段及内容:

date_id   a   b    c
2014     AB  12    bc
2015         23    
2016               d
2017     BC 

问题一:如何一并取出最新日期
输出结果如下所示:

date_a   a    date_b    b    date_c   c
2017    BC    2015     23    2016    d
参考答案:
此处给出三种解法,其一:

SELECT  max(CASE WHEN rn_a = 1 THEN date_id else 0 END) AS date_a
        ,max(CASE WHEN rn_a = 1 THEN a else null END) AS a
        ,max(CASE WHEN rn_b = 1 THEN date_id else 0 END) AS date_b
        ,max(CASE WHEN rn_b = 1 THEN b else NULL  END) AS b
        ,max(CASE WHEN rn_c = 1 THEN date_id  else 0 END) AS date_c
        ,max(CASE WHEN rn_c = 1 THEN c else null END) AS c
FROM    (
            SELECT  date_id
                    ,a
                    ,b
                    ,c
                    --对每列上不为null的值  的 日期 进行排序
                    ,row_number()OVER( PARTITION BY 1 ORDER BY CASE WHEN a IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE date_id END DESC) AS rn_a
                    ,row_number()OVER(PARTITION BY 1 ORDER BY CASE WHEN b IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE date_id END DESC) AS rn_b
                    ,row_number()OVER(PARTITION BY 1 ORDER BY CASE WHEN c IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE date_id END DESC) AS rn_c
            FROM    t19
        ) t
WHERE   t.rn_a = 1
OR      t.rn_b = 1
OR      t.rn_c = 1;

其二:

SELECT  
   a.date_id
  ,a.a
  ,b.date_id
  ,b.b
  ,c.date_id
  ,c.c
FROM
(
   SELECT  
      t.date_id,
      t.a
   FROM  
   (
     SELECT  
       t.date_id
       ,t.a
       ,t.b
       ,t.c
     FROM t19 t INNER JOIN    t19 t1 ON t.date_id = t1.date_id AND t.a IS NOT NULL
   ) t
   ORDER BY t.date_id DESC
   LIMIT 1
) a
LEFT JOIN 
(
  SELECT  
    t.date_id
    ,t.b
  FROM    
  (
    SELECT  
      t.date_id
      ,t.b
    FROM t19 t INNER JOIN t19 t1 ON t.date_id = t1.date_id AND t.b IS NOT NULL
  ) t
  ORDER BY t.date_id DESC
  LIMIT 1
) b ON 1 = 1 
LEFT JOIN
(
  SELECT  
    t.date_id
    ,t.c
  FROM    
  (
    SELECT  
      t.date_id
      ,t.c
    FROM t19 t INNER JOIN t19 t1 ON t.date_id = t1.date_id AND t.c IS NOT NULL
  ) t
  ORDER BY t.date_id DESC
  LIMIT   1
) c
ON 1 = 1;
其三:

select 
  * 
from  
(
  select t1.date_id as date_a,t1.a from (select t1.date_id,t1.a  from t19 t1 where t1.a is not null) t1
  inner join (select max(t1.date_id) as date_id   from t19 t1 where t1.a is not null) t2
  on t1.date_id=t2.date_id
) t1
cross join
(
  select t1.date_b,t1.b from (select t1.date_id as date_b,t1.b  from t19 t1 where t1.b is not null) t1
  inner join (select max(t1.date_id) as date_id   from t19 t1 where t1.b is not null)t2
  on t1.date_b=t2.date_id
) t2
cross join 
(
  select t1.date_c,t1.c from (select t1.date_id as date_c,t1.c  from t19 t1 where t1.c is not null) t1
  inner join (select max(t1.date_id) as date_id   from t19 t1 where t1.c is not null)t2
  on t1.date_c=t2.date_id
) t3;

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