Lesson 14 Do you speak English?
【New words and expressions】(7)
★amusing adj.好笑的, 有趣的
The story is
amusing. (好笑的)
amused adj.感到好笑的(要笑出声)
amuse v.使发笑，使愉快The story amused me.
funny adj.好笑的(不一定要笑出声可以指贬义)，开心的，令人开心的interesting / funny story
★experience n.经历(可数)；经验(不可数)
① n. 经历(可数)He has a lot of experiences.
② n. 经验，体验(不可数)Does she have any experience in teaching?③ vt. 经验，体验Thevillage has experienced great changes since 1980.
experienced adj.有经验的，经验丰富的
He is an experienceddoctor.
★wave v.招手wave to sb. 向某人招手
★lift n.搭便车A give B a lift. 让某人搭便车
take abus/taxi/lift 乘公共汽车/乘出租汽车/搭便车B wants to take a lift. 某人想搭便车
thumb lift 拇指便车(向过路车辆竖起拇指表示要求免费搭车)
★reply v.回答
reply与answer的区别：
①作为不及物动词是一样的:He answered/replied.
②作为及物动词就不一样了:
answer sth. answerthe letter 回信
reply to sth. I
will reply to the letter. 回信
★language n.语言
native language 母语mother
tongue 母语(口语中用)
My mother tongue isChinese.
★journey n.旅行 所有的旅行，偏重于陆地旅行
go on a journey；3 days' journey(三天路程)
trip n.短距离旅行或出差(时间或距离上较短)
go on a trip = goon business
travel n.周游(长途旅行)tour n.游玩(为了玩)
tourist n.游客voyage n.旅行(海上)
flight n.空中飞行
【课文讲解】
1、After I hadleft a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town.
after引导的从句如果一个是过去时，一个是过去完成时，那一定是从句用过去完成时；before引导的从句表示“在……之前”，主句发生在从句之前, 主句用过去完成时。
drive on 继续开往(on加在动词的后面表示继续)
My heart will go on《我心永恒》
副词on紧跟在动词后面时可以表示“向前”、“继续下去”等意义：He talked on until everybody had gone. 他滔滔不绝地讲到大家都走了。
表达方位的表达方式一共有3个介词, in(在……里面),on(接壤)，to(没有相接的, 是相离的)
A is to the east ofB (A B不相接)A is on the east of B (A B接壤)A is in the east of B (A在B里面)
2、On the way,a young man waved to me.
on the way 在路上, 在途中
wave to sb. 冲某人挥手
3、As soon ashe had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied inthe same language. as soon as 一……就……，后面一定要加一个句子(时间状语从句), 强调两个动作几乎是连在一起的，“一”后面的先发生
只要是状语从句, 一旦遇到将来时, 变为一般现在时As soon as you arrive,you must callme.
表示用某种语言作为交际手段时介词用in，表示讲某种语言时可以不加介词。
I speak English. Isay a word in Chinese.
reply 要想加宾语要加 to (+要回答的内容)，而in the same language 在句中作状语, 不是replay所应回答的问题(宾语), 故用in
4、Apart from afew words, I do not know any French at all. apart from… 除……以外
not … at all 一点都不，表强调
5、I had nearlyreached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, "Do youspeak English?'
nearly 将要
when的翻译要看具体情况, 在这里译为“就在此时”
I had nearlyreached home when I found my mother standing there.
Do you speakEnglish? 你说英语吗? 你是说英语国家的人吗?(问的是一个事实，不是问会说英语吗)Doyou swim? 你去游泳吗?
Can you swim? 你会游泳吗?
6、As I soonlearnt, he was English himself!'
I learn 我得知；I know 我知道(我本来就知道)
As+主语+动词，从句(As my mother said/As I heard/ As I learnt) 正如……
As we know,the NewConcept English is very good. 正如我们所知……
As I think,it isthe coldest day in the year.
As he said, Englishis easy to learn.
himself反身代词单独放在句尾, 起强调作用
I read Englishmyself.
【Key structures】
过去完成时
过去完成时：由had+过去分词构成，它表示过去某时或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作或情况，即“较早的过去”。过去完成时一定要以一个过去时态作铺垫, 这个动作一定要发生在had done之后。
在用过去完成时态的句子中，常用连词when，after，as soon
as，until，by that time等。常与现在完成时连用的副词如already，just，never，never…before也常与过去完成时连用，以强调事件发生的先后次序：I didn’tknow that she was a famous actress until you had told me.
在那些用过去完成时的句子中没有明确的时间状语，但通过上下文可以看出动作发生的先后。
Exercises D (用正确的时态填空)
1 The momenthe had said this, he ______ (regret) it.
the moment = assoon as 一……就……，后面直接加从句2 It ______ (begin) to rain before she took a taxi.before从句用一般过去时, 主句用过去完成时
【Special Difficulties】
Ask与Ask For：
ask v.问，询问；请求，要求，邀请
ask a question/ask sb. 问(一个问题)/问某人
I asked (Mary) aquestion.
They asked Tony to sing a song.
ask for 要，要求(某样东西)
I asked for a cupof coffee, but they gave me a cup of tea./You are always asking for help.
Except, Except for与Apart from
三者都表示“除……以外”，有时可以互换，但except不用于句首，except for和apart from则可以。
Everyone has helped in some way apartfrom/except for/except you.
Apart from/Except for you, everyone hashelped in some way. apart from习惯上喜欢放句首, apart from=except/besides
如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，还有这个人也做了(包括)，是加号=besides；如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，这个人没有做(排除)，是减号=except；如果放在句首，统一用apart from代替except/besides
All the passengersare millionaire except us. (减号)
I invited everyoneexcept George. / Except for George I invited everyone.
Except for/apartfrom this, everything is in order.
except for含有对整体中的某一个方面不满意，except for 可以不放在句首, 强调整体当中某一方面除外, 剩下的整体都不错
The article is verygood except for his handwriing.
Except for hisheight, he is very excellent.
Which of，Either of，Neigher of与Both of
上面这些短语都可用于指两个人或两件事
either of 两者当中的任何一个neither of 两者都不which of 那一个both of 两者都
①当询问在两个或更多的人或事物中偏爱哪一个或选择哪一个时，可用which .I like both of these bags. Which of the two do you prefer?
② either与neither都是对两个人或物而言(后接单数名词)。either指one or the other(不是这个就是那个)，either和neither后跟of时则指两个事物中的每一个
either of sb. 当中的任何一个
neither of sb. ……当中的任何一个都不.
③ both只指两个人或物。当它用在名词前时，of 可有可无；当用在代词前面时，其后必须加of
Both books/Both ofthe books are interesting.
Both of us/themleft early.
④none of 三者或三者以上之间都不
Exercise
5 He could notanswer(neither of)(either of)the questions I (asked)(asked for).
either of(前面有not, 故只能选either of) , asked
【Multiple choice questions】
6 I speak afew words of French. I don't know ___b_ French
a. many b.much c. plenty of d.a little
plenty of 足够多的；not…plenty of 不够多
not much = alittle 一些not a little = much 很多
7 Neither ofus spoke. We ___c___ .
a. neither spoke b.either spoke
c. both didn'tspeak d. neither didn't speak
11 He repliedin French. He ___b___ the writer in French.a. responed b. answered c. returned. remarked
responded和replied用法一样，replied后面加宾语一定要加to，answer可以直接加宾语
9 The youngman waved to the writer. He ___c___ him.a. salute b. greeted c. signalledto d. nodded
salute v.行军礼, 军人的问候
The soldier salutedhis officer. 士兵的问候
greet v.问候 ；signal v.发出信号
10 He askedfor a lift. He was a ___b___.
a. tramp b. hitch hiker c. passenge d. foreigner
tramp n. 流浪汉 ；hitchhiker 搭便车的人 ；passenger n.乘客(指要付车钱的那种)
12 The writerhad ___b___ reached the town when the young man spoke.
a.often b.almost c.sometimes d.just as
almost=nearly just
as+时间从句 正当……时候
Lesson 15 Good news
【New words and expressions】(5)
Secretary/secret n.秘密
★nervous adj.精神紧张的
① adj. 神经质的，神经紧张的
She is a nervouswoman. Do you see that nervous smile on her face?
②紧张的，担心的，情绪不安的
He had never spokenin public, so he was very nervous. nervous adj.精神紧张的(事情发生时)
worried adj.担心的(为以后的事情)
upset adj.不安的 (对以前的事情)
irritable adj.易怒的，急躁的
Mary is an irritableold lady. She gets angry easily.
★afford v.负担得起
① vt. 买得起(常与can/can’t连用)afford sth.
② vt. 担负得起(损失、后果等)，花得起(时间)(常与can/can’t连用)afford money/time
I can afford thehoilday. (有时间去)
I can only affordone week for the trip.
afford to do sth..
I can’t afford tobe ill again. 我不能再病了。
③ vt. 提供，给予
Joe afforded us aroom for the night.
★interrupt v.插话, 打断
disturb v.打扰某人Sorry to disturb you.
interruption n.中断，打断
【课文讲解】
1、The
secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see me.would在这里不是表示单纯的过去将来时，而是表示“想……”、“要……”的意思：
What would you liketo have?
2、He did notlook up from his desk when I entered.
look up表示原先在埋头干什么，之后抬头看
He looked up (from his book) when he heard anoise.
look down 往地上看(look up的反义词)
look down upon/onsb. 瞧不起某人
3、He told methat the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.
collect salary 领薪水paysalary 支付薪水
large一般指东西的数量大
so的后面加形容词或副词；such的后面加名词, 容许在该名词前面加修饰词
4、I knew thatmy turn had come.
turn n.轮流，轮班，(依次轮流时各自的)一次机会It is my turn. 轮到我了(口语常用形式)
5、'Mr.Harmsworth,'I said in a weak voice.
in a … voice 用……的声音
in a loud(大声)/low (低声)/weak(强调心里不踏实)/strong(理直气壮) voice
6、Then hesmiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year!
以下词都可表示 “再, 又” 的意思, 注意用法:
① an extra thousand(作名词看)
数量+extra+名词 再有多少
On Sundays, Iusually get some extra sleep.
Last month, he waspaid an extra hundred pounds.
② two others = two
other +名词
③two more
Give me two
extra/other/more books.再给我两本书。
once more: 再一次
④another threedays 另外三天(只有another 的数词在后面)
【Key structures】
间接引语
把某人所说的话告诉另外一个人时，应该使用间接引语。间接陈述句的时态往往受引述动词的影响。引述陈述句时最常用的动词是say和tell，tell后面必须跟表示人称的间接宾语(tell sb.)，而say后面则可跟或不跟to+讲话对象。
1、主从一致 : 主句和从句的时态一致
①主句的动词为一般现在时,从句为任意时态
②主句的动词为一般过去时,从句为相对应的过去时态(时态倒移)
2、人称变化：主要是第一和第二人称变化
3、只要属于宾语从句, 引导词that可以省略
【Special Difficulties】
Office, Study, Desk
office n.办公室studyn. 书房desk n.课桌
Exercises :1 We shall use the spare room in our new house as a ______ .study
5 Since hisillness he has been very ______ . He is always losing his temper. (irritable)
【Multiple choice questions】
10 It's yourturn ___c___ .
a.It's your line b.It's your row
c.You're next d.It's your chance
12 The writer
would receive an extra ￡1,000 a year. He would get ￡1,000 a year ___b___ .
a. less b. more c. over d. up
more可以放数词和名词之间, 甚至可放在整个名词的后面two more eggs,once more；extra和other一定放在数词和名词之间, another一定放在数词前面
over sth. 超过(多余)什么东西
【语法精粹】
间接引语：如果是现在进行时在直接引语当中变成间接引语, 极有可能选用过去完成时
1.My brother__Ａ__whilehe____his bicycle and hurt himself. A.fell/wasriding B.feel/was riding
C.had fallen/rode D.hadfallen/was riding
fell(跌下来),ride(骑自行车)
2.He__ C __his legas he_____in a football match.
A.broke/played B.was breaking/was playing
C.broke/wasplaying D.was breaking/played
3.My father will behere tomorrow.
I thought that he__ A __today.
A.was coming B.is coming C.willcome D.comes
be coming表示将要
跟go，come，leave，arrive相连的词一定会用进行时态表示将来时态，它们过去进行时态很有可能表达过去将来时态的含义
4.Jack was goingout of the shop when he collided with an old woman who__ B __. Collide
A.come B.wascoming C.hadbeencoming D.hadcome
5.Mikecouldn't come to the telephone when Mr.Smith called her because she___C__in thelab.
A.had beenworking B.hasbeen working
C.was working D.worked
Lesson16 Apolite request
【New words and expressions】(9)
★park v.停放(汽车) parkingarea 停车场
★traffic n.交通traffic police 交通警
traffic lights 交通灯,另义为拐弯口, 红绿灯, 十字路口trafficjam 交通堵塞
I spend a lot oftime in traffic jam
heavy traffic 繁重的交通
I was ordered to
drive in heavy traffic. (交通拥挤)
first crossing/turning 叉路口, 拐角
★note n.便条； n. 纸条, 纸钞
make notes 做笔记message n.消息
★area n.地段
area n.场地, 地段(一块对方), 大地点, 小地点都可以place n.地点region n.地区(交战, 开火)In this region, there were a lot of
wars. 战火连绵
★reminder n.提示(可以指人，也可以指物,
remind v.提示, 提醒
remind sb. of sth.You remind me of your mother.
remind sb. to dosth.
★fail v.无视, 忘记，失败
① vi. 失败fail+宾语 做某事失败
fail (in) doingsth. 在某些方面失败 (in可省略)
He failed (in)examination.
② vi. 不及格③ vt. 使……不及格
The teacher said hewould fail me if I don’t work harder.
④ vt. 未能……，不能……，忘记……(后接不定式)failto do sth. 没有能够做某事，忘记做……
not fail to do sth. 一定能够某事
You can not fail todrive it. 你一定能够驾驶
If you arrived inBeijing, you cannot fail to find the New Oriental School.
【课文讲解】
1、If you park yourcar in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it.
英语中指每个人/任何人的不定代词通常是one，但在日常会话中，非正式的you更为常用。
One can never know what will happentomorrow.
If you make a journey around the world,you’ll see many beauty spots.
in the wrongplace 不合适的地方
wrong adj.不合适的, right adj.合适的
He is the rightperson who you are looking for.
the wrong person inthe wrong place at the wrong time.
2、You will be
very lucky if he lets you go without a ticket. let (sb.) go 放开，释放，使自由让(sb)去The man won’t let go (of) my arm.抓住胳膊不放。
without a ticket=without giving you a ticket
If 引导的叫条件句,
without后面的名词也叫条件
without+n. 如果没有Withoutwater,fish cannot live.
3、However,this does not always happen.
however=but 然而，however常常放在句首或句子中都可以，but习惯放在两个句子之间；but转折性语义比较强，however转折语义比较弱
4、During aholiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car: 'sir, we welcome you to ourcity. This is a "No Parking" area. You will enjoy your stay here ifyou pay attention to our street signs. This note is only a reminder.' on my car 指车的外面
welcome sb. to+地点 欢迎某人来某地
Enjoy your stayhere. 祝你玩得开心
only areminder==not a ticket
“No Parking”在句中作area的定语，由若干个词合成的词组型定语有：
a never-to-be-forgotten
day一个永远也不能忘掉的日子a well-to-do family 一个富裕的家庭
【Key structures】
条件句(Conditionalsentences)
if引导的条件从句指能够发生、可能发生或可能发生过的事件。如果认为将来的事件很可能会发生，那么if从句中要用一般现在时(有时也用其他形式的现在时)，主句中用will(或shall)加动词形式或其他形式的将来时。
If he issleeping,don't wake him up.
条件句的主句中的will表示肯定如此或几乎可以肯定会如此。如果觉得其“肯定”程度达不到使用will的程度，或者如果想表达建议等其他意思，就可以用别的情态助动词来代替will；条件句中的主句还可以用祈使语气等表示请求、建议等。
You can post these letters if you want to.
Exercises C
5 If he
______ (enjoy) concerts, why doesn't he come with us?.enjoys, why doesn't跟第三人称连用, 是一种建议; why not连在一起表示建议
【Special Difficulties】
Police and Traffic
Police traffic police 交通警
police n.警察
① n. 警察部门，警方(与the连用)
Ring the police ifthere is a burglary.
②警察(复数)
The police arequestioning a foreign tourist.
③如果要单指一名警察，可以用policeman或policewoman
There is a trafficpoliceman over there.
Pay attentionto,Care,Take care of,Look after
pay attentionto (思想上)注意
notice (眼睛上的)注意
care 关心, 在意I don'tcare. 我不在乎。
Who cares？ 我不在乎(谁在乎!)
I don’t care if hebreaks his neck! 他就是折断颈骨，我也不在乎！take care of==look after 照顾, 照料
Remind and Remember
remind v.提醒
remind sb. of sth.,remind sb. to do sth.
remember v.记起, 记得
Remember? 记得吗?(可以单独用)
remember to dosth. 记得要去做……
remember doingsth. 记得已经做了
remember sb. tosb. 前者向后者表示问候
Remember me to yourmother. 代我向你母亲问好
Exercise (选择正确的词)
1 You canonly learn if you(look after)(pay attention).
【Multiple choice questions】
6‘No Parking’means___a___ .
a. don't leave yourcar here b. without parking
c. don't stop d.there's no room to park here
park v.停放(侧重放)
stop v.让运动中的东西停下来
leave v.离开, 留下来, 丢在某地(一定要加宾语和地点) leave sth. Here/I left keys athome.
7 This noteis only a reminder. It's ___d___ .
a. nothing b. noone c. nothing extra d. nothing more
nothing是不定代词，修饰词要放在不定代词的后面
It is nothing. 他什么都不是.
extra做定语时，一定要放在被修饰词前面，如one extra thousand；而more可以放在被修饰词前面或后面，如two more.../...more
nothing extra: × ；nothingmore : √
9 You willenjoy your stay. It will ___d___ you.
a.amus b.enjoy c.laugh at d.please
enjoy的典型用法是“主语从宾语身上得到享受”
laugh at(sb.) 嘲笑某人 amuse(sb.) 让某人笑出来
please(sb.) 让某人高兴; 取悦
可以直接加人的动词：shock，surprise，amuse，please，worry，其共同特征是和人的感觉相连
be worriedabout 为……担心
Lesson 17 Always young
【New words and expressions】(5)
★appear v.登场, 扮演
① vi. 出现，显露(反义词是disappear)
The plane appeared./Theplane disappeared.
② vi. 当众露面；登场(演出等)
I can’t appear inthis dress at the party.
appear as 扮演……角色
He appeared as aprince. (prince n.王子)
appear on the stageas… (扮演的确切表达)
My aunt appeared onthe stage as a young girl.
③ vi. 似乎，看起来好象(与seem同义)，显得(系动词，后面直接加形容词)
He appearsnervous. 他显得很紧张(看起来)
She appears to know you.
★stage n.舞台on the stage 在舞台上
in the stage 在某一阶段(时期)
★bright adj.鲜艳的bright red 鲜红色；brightyellow
明黄色；brightblue 宝蓝色
【课文讲解】
1、My auntJennifer is an actress.
以-ess结尾的是女性；以-or、-er结尾的是男性
Actor/ actress waiter /waitress
prince 王子/princess 公主lion/ lioness
doctor /woman doctor god神/ goddess 女神 (God上帝,注意 “G” 大写)
2、She must beat least thirty-five years old.
年龄的两种表示方法：
①数字+years old，作表语thirty-five years old
②数字+-year-old，作定语my four-year-old daughter
must + 动词原形 不得不, 必须；(对现在的)推测
She must be amodel.
She must be fifteenyears old. 她很可能五岁
She must be at mostfifteen years old. 她最多十五
at least 至少, 最少atmost 最多
3、In spite ofthis, she often appears on the stage as a young girl.
in spite of 不管，尽管 (“of” 为介词, 后面一定会加名词、代词或从句)
In spite of this, I
still like school.(school前不加“the”表示上学，加“the”只表示学校)
4、Jennifer will have to take part in a new playsoon.
join 参加了某一种团体
join sb./sth. join the army参军join the party 入党
join us (口语)加入我们(这个团体)中来
take part in 参加某一种活动take part in the race 参加比赛take part in aplay
attend 出席attend the meeting 参加会议, 出席会议attend the party 出席宴会
attend theclass 上课
Thank you for your
attending.谢谢大家的出席(到来)
5、This time,she will be a girl of seventeen.
两种年龄的表达：
She is eighteenyears old./She is a girl of eighteen.
6、In the play,she must appear in a bright red dress and long black stockings.
in (+颜色、衣服) 穿着……样的衣服，用介词短语取代动词，避免了一句话中出现两个动词
7、If anyoneever asks her how old she is, she always answers, 'Darling, it must be terribleto be grown up!'
ever = at anytime 任何时候(时间副词)
be grown-up 作为一个成年人
grow up (人)成长
当有人问你年龄时，你可以这样回答：
It is a secret. /It is privacy./I forget it.
【Key structures】
情态助动词must
Must译为“必须”，可以表示“必要，命令或强制，邀请，决心，不可推卸的责任”等多处含义。它没有时态和人称变化，通常只用于现在时和将来时。在其他时态时，must的有些含义可以用have to或have got to。这三种形式一般可以互换，但用于第一人称时，have to(have got to)强调客观的要求或外在的原因，must则强调主观的要求或表示说话的人认为自己有权做某事。
have to和have got to往往可以互换，但与always，sometimes等频度副词连用时，用have to往往比用havt got to好。have got to比have to更口语化。
在过去时的句子中, 要用have to 来表示 “必须”，have to可以有任意时态have to作为实义动词, 否定式为don't have to；will
not have to；didn't have to
在表达“难道你不能不(做……)”时，一般用“Must
you…?”，而不用“Do you have to…?”
Must you leave now? 难道你非得现在就走吗？
I’m afraid so. I have to study for an exam.
must可以表示推测，must
do表示对现在的推测；must have done表示对过去的推测
在 I think…/he thinks…的从句中，一定要用事实说话. (不能说成“I think he must be a fool.” )
must be的否定式为can’t
be(不可能)：
Someone’s using the phone, it must be John.Itcan’t be John. He promised me he wouldn’t use it today.
【Special Difficulties】
As的用法
①作为介词，可以表示“作为”、“以……身份”等
As a mechanic, hecan’t always keep himself clean.
②作为连词，可以表示“因为”、“正当……时候”、“以……方式”或“如同……那样”等
You must take care
of the bady tomorrow as I am going to London.(因为，由于)
As we were talkingabout him, he knocked at the door.
Do as you aretold.
③ “担任……工作”I work as an engineer.
Dress, Suit,Costume
dress n.裙子，晚礼服，连衣裙(女式)
suit n.套装(男式)Mybrother never wears ready-made suits. 我的弟弟从来不穿成衣。
costume n.演出服,民族服装,某一年代所穿的服装All the actors wore fifteenth-century costumes. 所有演员都穿着15世纪的服装。
Grow and Grow up
grow vi.生长，成长，发育
Trees of the kind don’t grow in our country.
How tall you’ve got! You’ve grown a lot.
grow up 长成，成熟(其被动态表示长大成人)
Lucy has grown up a lot since I last sawher.
Exercises
3 She hireda(suit)(costume)for the fancy-dress party.
Costume fancy-dress-party 化妆舞会；
【Multiple choice questions】
3 She must beat least thirty-five years old. In my opinion she ____b__ . a.has b. is c. can d. must
in one's opinion
=sb. think 就某人看来(后面一定是事实)in one's opinion 常常取代sb. think, I think太强调个人观点
8 She oftenappears as a young girl. She ___a___ on the stage as a young girl.
a. is presented b.points c. show d.seems
appear v.扮演,本意为 “出现, 显示” ；seems v.看起来, 似乎show v.显示, 给……看
be on show 展览, 演出
be presented 出席 √(过去的习惯用法)
be
present
12 She isgrown up. She is ____d__ .
a. very old b. an adolescent c. ateenager d. an adult
grown adj.长大的，成年的，长满某物的
grown up adj.成年的,成熟的；n. 成年人
grow up 成长
adolescent adj.青春期的(13-16岁)，青春的；n. 青少年adolescent criminal 青春期犯罪
teenage n.十几岁的人(10-20岁)男女青少年
adult n.成年人
Lesson18 He often does this!
【New words and expressions】(3)
pub n. 小酒店landlord
n. 店主bill n.帐单
【课文讲解】
1、After I had
had lunch at a village pub, I looked for my bag.Pub是public
house(酒店，酒店)的缩写
2、I had left it on a chair beside the door and
now it wasn't there!leave除了“离去，离开，出发”的意思，还可以表示“把(人、物)留下，遗留，丢下”等。
Have you left anything in the car?
3、'I'm verysorry,' he said. 'My dog had taken in into the garden. He often does this!'
he指店主的狗，英语国家人士常用人称代词he或she指自己喂养的宠物。
【Key structures】
have的用法
1、have作为助动词构成各种完成时和完成进行时
2、have还可以作完全动词，当作“具有、拥有”讲时，它和have got通常可以互换。have做 “有, 患病” 概念时, 可作为实义动词, 也可作为非实义动词。在英国英语中的疑问句和否定句中have(具有)的用法与be相同，即可以不用助动词do或did；在美国英语中，常用do助动词和have一起构成疑问句和否定句。
I don’t have apen/a headache.
I haven’t a pen /aheadache.
三种情况have 可以用 have got取代
have to==have got to
have作“具有，拥有”讲时是状态动词，不能用于进行时态或被动语态，通常用于一般现在时。在其它时态中，一般用have而不用have got。
You can have these apples if you want them.I’ve got a lot more.
He must be very fond of animals to have fivedogs. 他一定非常喜欢动物，才会养五条狗。
3、have作完全动词时，还可以表示eat，drink，enjoy，take等意思，这时它是行为动词，可以用于包括进行时的各种时态。当have用于表示这些含义时，它必须与助动词do等连用以构成疑问句或否定句。
have dinner，have acigarette/ coffee/a holiday/a good time/a swim/a rest
Exercises C
在下面哪几句话中可用have
got来代替have?
1 He had a
drink before dinner. ⑴...不换...
2 Mrs.
Sullivan has a lot of money. ⑵...换... 有钱
3 He had to
leave early. ⑶...换...
4 We have had
a long conversation. ⑷...不换...进行
5 My mother
has a headache. ⑸...换... 患病
6 They had a
good time at the party. ⑹...不换...
have a good/long
time : 过的愉快(固定短语)
7 This sock
has a hole in it. ⑺...换...
8 She has to
be patient with him. ⑻...换... has to
I have a bath every
day. ⑼...不换...
10 This room
has four windows. ⑽...换...
11 He has a
farm. ⑾...换...
12 We had a
letter from Jill yesterday. ⑿...不换...
have a letter
from==receive a letter from 收到
【Special Difficulties】
give的几个固定搭配
give常用含义是“给予，交给”
gave away 赠送give in上交呈交，屈服，让步，投降He gave away all his books to the library.
Give in yourexamination papers after you’ve finished. You can do what you like. I willnever give in.
give up doing sth. 放弃，抛弃 give up交出，让出
Jack has given up the watch he stole lastweek.
Three of our officers gave themselves up tothe enemy. 我方的三名军官向敌人投降了。
Beside and Besides
beside pron.在……旁边，在……附近
Come and sit beside us.
besides adv.而且，并且，此外；pron. 除……之外(还)I’m quitebusy. Besides, I’ve got a bad cold.
There were a lot of people at the partybesides us.
Lesson 19 Sold out
【New words and expressions】(6)
★hurry v.匆忙
① vi. 赶紧，赶快，匆忙hehurried to the office.
② n. 急忙，匆忙，仓促
In his hurry, hedropped some coins on the floor.
in a hurry 匆忙 (时间、动作上的紧急)
If you are notbusy. 如果你不忙(行为上的匆忙)
in no hurry 不匆忙I am in no
hurry. 我不急
hurry up 快点hurryto 匆匆忙忙地去
come in 进来hurry in 匆匆忙忙地进来
go out 出去hurry out 匆匆忙忙地出去
★pity n.令人遗憾的事
What a pity! 真遗憾!
It is a pity to be
grown up. (it做形式主语)
I am sorry to hear that.听到这个消息我很遗憾
注意 sorry 与 pity 词性上的区别
★exclaim v.大声说
① vt.&vi.(由于痛苦、愤怒、惊异、欣喜等)叫喊，惊叫When she saw the gift, she exclaimedin delight.
② vi.(表示抗议等)大声叫喊
She exclaimedagainst the rudeness of the young man.
shout =cry =callout 大声喊
★return v.退回
① vi. 回，返回Tim hasjust returned from Australia.
return to 回来 returnto China/Beijing回到中国
② vt. 把.送回，归还，退回return to you 退回你
He returned thebooks to the library.
return money ＝pay back=repay 还钱
★sadly adv.悲哀地, 丧气地
涵盖了所有悲哀
【课文讲解】
1、'The playmay begin at any moment,' I said.
at any moment 在任何时候, 随时
It may/might rain (at) any moment.
at the moment ＝now
at that moment ＝justthen 就在那时
I will help you atany time. 我随时都会帮你
must，can't，may+动词原形, 表示对现在、未来的推测;+ have done，表示对过去的推测
2、I hurried to the ticket office. 'May I havetwo tickets please?' I asked.
Can(May) I...? 我……可以吗?(表示“……可以吗?”，第一人称可以和can或may相连)
May I have a ticket
? (英文中的问句, 常常起礼貌作用)May I have your name? (比 “What’s your
name?” 更有礼貌些)Could I...? 我现在可以...吗?
(在问句中更委婉的说法, 比can I 更礼貌些，但在时间上与can没区别)
Can you...? 你可以...吗? (第二人称不能用may来表示“……可以吗?”，只能用can)
have 是最活跃的词, 可以指任何的意思.
havecoffee 喝咖啡have
ticket买票(习惯用法)
I'll
have/take sth.我买……(一般不用“buy”，用“have”习惯用法)
3、'I'm sorry,we've sold out,' the girl said.
sell out (店主)售完(某种货物)，(货)被售完
They have sold out of eggs.
Tickets for tonight’s performance are soldout.
4、'Certainly,'the girl said, 'but they're for next Wednesday's performance. Do you still wantthem?'
for next
Wednesday's performance，用名词所有格来取代时间，“……时间的”
用介词for, 起修饰作用ticket for+事情 ……的票ticket to+地点 去……的票
still adv.还，可以和任意时态连用
still, yet 都和完成时态连用(原先认为)
5、'I might aswell have them,' I said sadly.
may/might as well+动词原形 还是……好(无可奈何)，不妨…I might aswell take the umbrella with me.
had better+动词原形 最好……(积极心态)
【Key structures】
Can and May
1、can和may都可以表示请求，can可以用could，may可以用might代替，语气更委婉，更有礼貌，但时间上没有区别
Can /Could I useyour phone please? May I use your phone please?/Might I use your phone please?
含有情态动词的普通回答：
肯定：Of course you can/may.
否定：No, you can’t/ may not.
2、may和might还可以表示推测，“可能……”。may可以用might代替，语气更委婉，更有礼貌，但时间上没有区别may/might +动词原形：表示对现在或未来事情的推测may/might +have动词过去分词：表示对过去事情的推测
3、may/might as
well+动词原形：还是……好(无可奈何)，不妨……
Do you think he’llpass that exam?
He’ll never pass.He might as well give up.
【Multiple choice questions】
2 The writer___d___ .
d. wasn't toopleased to get tickets for next Wednesday's performance
be pleased todo 对做什么事感到很开心
文中用了“mightas well”
be too pleasedto 太高兴
not too…to… 太怎么样以至于还是做了
not too old tolearn 不是太老还可以学
3 The playmay begin at any moment. It ___c___ .
a. has begun b.won't begin for a long time
c. hasn't begun yet d. began a long time ago
may+动词原形；对现在或未来动作的推测
has begun 已经完成，说明已经做了；won’t
begin for a long time 好久都不会开始；
Lesson20 One man in a boat
【New words and expressions】(5)
★catch v.抓到
① vt. 捉住，逮住，捕获
The police havecaught the thief.
② vt. 抓住，握住Can youcatch the ball?
③ vt. 及时赶到，赶上catcha bus 赶车
④ catch的一些固定用法
catch a cold 染上感冒catch
one's breath 摒住呼吸
catch sight of =see 看见catch fire 着火
catch one'seyes 吸引某人注意力
★boot n. 靴子a pair ofboots 一双靴子
★waste n.浪费
① n. 浪费a wasteof… 浪费……
It is a waste oftime/money/food/water.
② vt. 浪费You arewasting time.
★realize v.意识到
① v. 认识，知道，明白，意识到
I went into thewrong room without realizing it.
② v. 实现(希望、目标、愿望等)
realize one'sdream 实现某人的梦想
③使变为事实，使发生(常用于被动语态)
This plan can neverbe realized.
【课文讲解】
1、Fishing ismy favourite sport.
fishing动名词，可以作主语或宾语★fish
① n. 鱼(不可数名词)，鱼的种类(可数)
There are a lot of
fishes(表示种类)in the sea.
② v. 钓鱼, 捕鱼
2、I often fishfor hours without catching anything.
for+时间 表示一段时间
for hours=for somehours 数小时
without catching
anything作为状语而出现, 表示结果状语。without是介词，后面一定要加宾语, 动名词catching作without的宾语，without 后面的动作是主语来做的。动名词也有动词的特性，可以有自己的宾语。
without通常表示“缺乏、没有”；当它位于动名词前时，表示“不曾、不”
I can’t repair the car without your help.
They tried to leave the restaurant withoutpaying.
3、But thisdoes not worry me.
★worry
① v. 烦恼，担扰
worry sb. 某人为……烦恼，担扰(作动词一定要加人作宾语, 翻译时从后往前翻，宾语担心)
The house worriedme. / My daughter worried me.
① adj. 担心be worriedabout ……为……担心
4、Instead ofcatching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish.instead of… 我原准备做……但是后来做了……(instead of 后面的词一定是没有做的, 可以放在主句后面)without强调没有做某件事, instead of强调这件事没做成而做成了另外一件事
副词instead“作为替代，反而”，单独使用时一般出现在句尾If you don’t want a holiday inEngland, why don’t you go to Australia instead?
5、I am evenless lucky.
less是little的比较级，意为“不及，不如，更少”
I spend less time on English than on French.
less+原形A isless…than B A不如B
6、After havingspent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag.
spend+时间+在某地 在某地度过……时间
after
after
After I go to
school, I learned a lot of knowledge. (用一般式表示一个事实, 不用“went to” )
After going toschool, I learned a lot of knowledge.
介词after的宾语的动名词having spent所表示的动作发生在谓语动词go之前，所以用完成形式。
with an empty bag注意连读
with sth. 有……的，持有……的，随身带着……(状语)Who’s the man with the beard?
without sth. 没带……
I always go home
without angthing. 什么都没带回家
7、'You mustgive up fishing!' my friends say.
give up doing sth.= stop doing sth. 放弃做某事
8、I'm notreally interested in fishing.
be intersted insth. / doing sth. 对……感兴趣
【Key
structures】动名词
动词+ing作名词时称为动名词，它仍有动词的属性，可以接宾语，动名词可以代替名词做主语和宾语或介词宾语。1、动名词作主语2、动名词作宾语
3、利用介词/副词+动名词可以把两个句子连成一个句子apologize for (not) doingsth. 为什么事情而道歉Imust apologize. I interrupted you.
I must apologizefor interrupting you.
(for interrupting强调interrupt这个动词)
I must apologize
for having interrupted you.(for having interrupted强调interrupt这个动词先发生，强调时间(having done))
以上两者为时间概念不同，意思相同
congratulate (sb.)on doing sth. 因……祝贺(某人)
动名词用表示完成时的having+过去分词结构往往强调动名词的动词发生在前面。
4、跟动名词的短语
be keen on doing
sth.(热忠于……),be fond of,be interested in,enjoy doing sth.，congratulations on doing sth. (祝贺……)beafraid of
be up to=be capable
of (capable adj.有能力的, 能干的, 有可能的, 可以...的)可以带动名词的介词有：before，after，without，instead
of等
5、动名词的否定式是在它前面直接加not。
Exercises C(用括号中的词来连接下列句子,如需要可对原句进行必要的改动)
2.She bought a pairof boots. (instead of) She did not get a pair of shoes.
4.(After) She heardthe news. She fainted.
after+从句；afterprep.+doing
6.(On) I saw theplane coming towards me. I dashed for cover
on(prep.)+doing 一……就……(两个动作必须是同一个人)as soon as 一……就……
the moment +从句 一……就……
以上两个主语不一定是同一个人
【Special Difficulties】
Interested andInteresting. Excited and Exciting.
大多数现在分词和许多过去分词都可以作形容词用。以-ed结尾的形容词常与人称主语连用，表示人的情绪、状态、喜好等；以-ing结尾的形容词则常与非人称主语连用，表事物的某种特征、性质等。
Fishing is notinteresting. I am not interested in it.
Realize and Understand
realize vt.意识到……
He didn't realizethat he had made a mistake. understand vt.明白……I don't understand English.
Exercises(选择正确的词填空)
3.There was some(excited) (exciting) news on the radio. excitingnews
on the radio 在广播上
I got news on the radio/on
TV/on the telephone/on the line(在线，在电话里).
5.He is anexplorer. He leads an (excited) (exciting) life. anexciting life
explorer n.探险家, 探测者, 探测器
lead a life 过着……日子lead ahappy life
【Multiple
choice questions】
6 His bag isempty. He has ___b___ .
a.a empty bag b.anempty bag c.empty bag
d.one empty bagan指一个, 强调名词；one一个,强调数量I sent aletter. (强调信)
I wrote oneword. (强调一个字)
His bag isempty. 强调包是空的而不是一个空包。
7 I am onlyinterested in doing nothing. That's __c_ I'm interested in. a.only b.the one c.all d.the only
(that's/the) only一般加名词
that+从句, 从句往往以特殊疑问词引导
that's why…；that's when…
that's all 那就是一切That'sall I can remember.
the one 指东西, 不指事情
11 He alwaysgoes ___d___ with an empty bag.
a.to home b.tohouse c.to the house d.home
go home 习惯用法, 最佳答案
go to the house语法正确
没有规则与语法相提并论时，语法为大；语法与习惯用法相提并论时，习惯用法为大。
Where are yougoing? (更习惯这么说)
Where are you goingto?
Lesson 21 Mad or not?
【New words and expressions】(4)
★mad adj. 发疯sb. ismad
“为……而疯狂(着迷)”的表示方法：
be mad about…I'mmad about English.
be crazy about…
go insane adj. 患精神病的，精神病患者的，极愚蠢的)I slowly go insane/go crazy/go mad/go bananas.
go bananas (go+adj.变得……)
They are going
bananas. =go crazy=go mad (变疯了)
★reason n.原因for this reason 由于这个理由、原因For this reason,I was late.
as+句子because+句子 由于……
★sum n.量a sum of +不可数名词 一笔……
a large sum of 大笔的…… (large 指数量的大)
a large sum ofmoney 一大笔钱
a great many + 可数名词复数
a great number of +可数名词复数
plenty of… 足够多的……
★determined adj.坚定的, 下决心的
be determined to dosth. 下定决心做某事
make up one'smind 下定决心
decide to do sth. 决定做=make adecision to do sth.
determine v.下定决心
【课文讲解】
1、Aeroplanesare slowly driving me mad.
drive sb. mad 逼某人发疯
2、I live nearan airport and passing planes can be heard night and day.
night and day 日日夜夜，夜以继日 (注意连读)
passing planes 过往飞机 (passing是现在分词，作定语，起形容词作用，修饰planes，“经过的(路过)，过往的”) He forgot the man with passingtime. 随着时间的消逝，他忘掉了那个人。
3、The airportwas built years ago, but for some reason it could not be used then.
years前不加确定的数词时，一般表示“许多年”years ago = many years ago，weeks等的用法与它相似
some+不可数名词/可数名词复数 一些……
some+可数名词单数 某一…
for some reason由于某个理由
We’ll talk about it some other time. 我们改日再。
4、Last year,however, it came into use.
however 然而(用于句首, 句中, 用逗号隔开)
come into use 启用，开始被使用(主动概念，没有被动式)Whendid the train come into use?
5、Over a hundred people must have been drivenaway from their homes by the noise.
must have been done过去发生, 表示推测，被动
away from 从某地离开(away 离开某地)
out ofsomewhere 从某地出来
6、I am one ofthe few people left.
one of… ……之一(表示特指的一群人/一些东西中的一个，后面的名词用复数)
left表示被留下来的，leave过去分词, left作定语放在被修饰词的后面
left 剩下的……东西，相当于“Who are
left (by the others) 其他人走了留下他们”I have a bag left.
7、Sometimes Ithink this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. I have been offered alarge sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay here.
knock down 撞倒
offer v.提供(相当于given)
双宾语的被动语态中，主语有两种可能; 以sb.做主语或以sth.做主语give sb. sth.——>被动sb. be given sth.give
sth. to sb.——>被动 sth. be given to sb.双宾语在变被动时用离动词最近的宾语做主语
原文句型结构sb. beoffered sth.
【Key structures】
被动语态
被动语态可以和大部分情态动词连用(包括具有情态功能的will和would)。He may have been told the news.The shops must have been closed now.
动词+宾语+不定式结构中既可以动词用被动语态，也可以在不定式中用被动语态：在句型“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”中，这两个宾语都可以成为被动句的主语。但由于间接宾语通常是人，所以间接宾语成为被动句主语的时候要多些：
【Special
Difficulties】
Drive的用法
① v. 开车, 驾驶(drove, driven, driving)
drive to…开车去往某地I droveto Tianjing yesterday
② vt. 赶，驱赶，围赶(猎物、敌人等)
drive sb. away from 把某人赶走
drive sb. out of 把某人赶出去
drivesb.back 撵回去Our armydrove the enemy back.
③ vt. 逼迫，迫使drive
sb. mad 逼疯
Home and House
home n. &adv. 家，家庭，家园(着重指所居住的人，常有爱、温暖、舒适、安全等隐含意义有感情色彩)
I have a sweet home.
house n.房子，房屋，住宅(指建筑物)
【Multiple choice questions】
5 Over ahundred people must have been driven away. ___a___ they were.
a. I think b. I'm sure c. Certain d. Of course
9 I have beenoffered a large ___a___ of money.
a. amount b. number c.some d. piece
a large number of +可数名词(不能加不可数名词)
an amount of+不可数 一大笔……
some of/plentyof 前面是不加“a/an”
10 I amdetermined to stay here. I ___d___ stay here.
a. am will to b. want to c. may d. am going to
be going to 打算、计划
want to 来自心里的一种想, 喜好，喜欢……
Lesson22 Aglassenvelope
【New words and expressions】(4)
★dream v.做梦, 梦想
① vt. 做梦，梦见dream
that +从句
I dreamt/dreamed(that) I was in Scotland.
② vi. 做梦，梦见(与of，about连用)
dream on 继续做梦, 痴心妄想(做你的梦去吧!别痴心妄想了!)dream of/about sth. 梦想
dream of doing sth.梦想
I dreamed of flyingin the sky.
think of 想，考虑，想起
③ n. 梦；梦想，幻想have a
dream = dream a dream 做了个梦Have a good/sweat dream祝你做个好梦!
Have you heard ofthe American Dream?
dream boat 梦中情人, 梦寐以求的(物, 人)
daydream 思想开小差，做白日梦
She is daydreaming.
★age n. 年龄teengager
n. 十几岁的人adolenscent n.青春期(一般指成年以前由13至15的发育期)
★throw(threw，thrown) v.扔, 抛
① vt. 投，扔，抛Don’tthrow stones at the dog.
Throw the ball toTom.
throw away 扔掉
②把……对准目标，向……作出举动
George was veryhappy today. Julie had thrown a smile at him in the morning.
The boss threw himan angry look.
【课文讲解】
1、My daughter,Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age inHolland.
…of one's ownage 同年龄的……
receive…from… 从……收到……
2、Both girlswrite to each other regularly now.
write to sb. 给某人写信write (a letter) to me
each other 相互，彼此，往往强调两者之间的相互(注意连读)有时这个短语也可用来指许多人之间“互相”Wemust all help each other.
one another 强调三或三者以上的相互，有时可替代each other
3、Letters willcost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster.
cost意为“(使)花费，价钱为……”,其主语通常为某物或某件事情It costs a lot to buy a house.
sth. cost(sb.) ……花了某人……(钱)
more即可做形容词, 又可做代词，文中的 “more” 为代词= more money
give me more 再给我一点
a little稍微，可以修饰比较级；much修饰比较级，译为“多得多”
【Key structures】
跟of, from, in和on的动词
动词+介词的固定短语通常可分开使用，可以有自己的宾语，并且大部分都可用于被动结构：
1、后接of的动词：accuse of(控告)；approve
of(赞成)；assure of(让……放心)；beware of(谨防)；boast of/about(夸耀),
complain of/about(埋怨)；consist
of(由……组成)；convince of/about(使信服)；cure of(治愈)；despair
of(丧失……希望)；dream of/about(幻想)；expect
of/from(期望)；hear of/from(听到……消息)；be/get rid of(摆脱)；smell of(闻到)；suspect of(对……猜疑)；think of/about(思考)；tired
of(对……感到厌烦)；warn of/against(警告……有危险)
Someone must warmhim of the difficulties.
Don’t expect toomuch of your child.
He must have spokenof the matter to John.
2、后接from的动词：borrow from(从……借)；defend from/against (保护……使免于)；demand from/of(向……要求)；differ from(有别于)；dismiss from(解雇)；draw
from(从……中得出)；emerge from(从……出现)；escape from(从……逃出)；excuse from/for(允许不……)；hinder from(阻止)；prevent
from(妨碍)；prohibit from(不准许)；protect from/against(向……提抗议)；receive from(接到)；separate from(把……分开)；suffe from(受难)
He has alreadyreceived money from three aunts.
3、后接in的动词：believe in(信仰)；delight
in(喜欢)；employ(ed) in (从事)；encourage in(鼓励)；engage(d) in(正做)；experience(d)
in(在……有经验)；fail in(没有尽到)；help
in/with(帮助)；include in(包括)；indulge in(沉醉)；instruct in(教导)；interest(ed)
in(对……感兴趣)；invest in(投资)；involved
in(卷入)；persist in(坚持)；share in(分享)Shedelights in working hard. 她喜欢努力工作。
He failed in hisFrench test.
4、后接on的动词：act on(遵守)；based on(在……基础上)；call on(拜访)；comment on(评论)；concentrate on(集中于)；congratulate
on(祝贺)；consult on/about(商量)；count on(依赖)；decide on(决定)；depend
on(依靠)；economize on(节约)；embark on(从事)；experiment on(尝试)；insist
on(坚持)；lean on/against(倚靠于……)；live on(靠……为生)；operate on(起作用)；perform on/in(扮演)；pride(oneself)
on(为……感到自豪)；rely on(依靠)；vote on
a motion/for someone(对……表决(投……的票))；, write
on/about(写……的事)；.
I think he wrote onthe cost of living. 我想他写的是关于生活费用方面的。
He finally decided
on going home. 他最后决定回家。
【Multiple choice questions】
8 We were
travelling across the Channel. We went on a ___c___ across the Channel. go on a
trip 进行旅行
a. sail b. travel c. trip d. run
9 Jane wrote hername and address on a ___d___ of paper.
a. lump b. bar c.tube d. sheet
a lump ofpaper 一团a bar of 一条, 一块
a tube ofpaper 一桶(管)纸
a piece of paper/a
sheet of paper一张纸
Lesson23 Anewhouse
【New words and expressions】(4)
★complete v.完成(喜欢与建筑工程连用)
① vt. 完成，结束completethe building
Work on the newschool will be completed next year.
② adj. 完整的，全部的
《鲁迅全集》中的 “全集” 就用“complete”
This is a completefamily.
③ adj. 十足的，彻底的，绝对的
There is completesilence in the room.
finish v.完成finish/complete homework
finish/completedoing sth. 某事做完了
★modern adj.新式的, 与以往不同的，现代的
modernhistory/art 现代史/ 现代艺术
modernization n.现代化
★strange adj. 奇怪的(表示因为对一个东西不熟悉而觉得奇怪, 陌生的)
① adj. 外地的，异乡的
Living in a strangeland is not always a pleasant thing.
② adj. 陌生的，生疏的
That morning, hesaw a strange face in the classroom.
be strange tosth. 对……不习惯, 对……陌生
This city is quitestrange to me.
stranger n. 陌生人
③ adj. 不平常的，奇特的，奇怪的，古怪的
The house looksstrange to some people.
★district n.地区，行政划分的区域, 城市内的
district n.地区，行政区，地域，地带，通常隶属于某个整体或具有某些地理特征
The Lake Districtof Northern England is very beautiful. 英国北部的湖区非常美丽。
area n.地段
region n.地带，区域，地方，(世界上某个特定的)地区, (艺术,科学等的)领域, (大气, 海水等的)层
【课文讲解】
1、If shecomes, she will get a surprise.
get a surprise 感到惊奇(这里surprise是可数名词，指“令人惊奇的事，意想不到的事”)
It’s a surprise to me that they can’t selltheir flat.
surprise也可以作不可数名词，表示“惊讶”
She looked at the man in surprise.
to one's surprise =I get a shock. 吃了一惊
2、We are now
living in a beautiful new house in the country. a beautiful new house离一个名词最近的词跟该词的关系最密切, 冠词肯定是放在最前面的
spare oldcloth 不穿的旧衣服a big red flag 大红旗3、Work on it had begun before my sisterleft.
work(工作，作业)是抽象的不可数名词，“……的工作”后面必须用介词on
4、In myletter, I told her that she could stay with us.
stay with 跟……暂住在一起(stayvi. 暂住，逗留)
【Special Difficulties】
There is and It is
在说明或询问人或物等的存在时可用there be结构。这种结构可以用一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时及现在完成时等时态。在用there表示过存在后，就必须用it或人称代词作进一步说明：
There’s a bus coming, but it’s full.
it作为“虚主语”表示时间、距离、天气等概念时，不能用there be结构It’s fifteen miles to the station.
Exercise(用it或there填空)
3 ______ were
some men digging up the road outside my house. there : There+be+sb.+doing+地点 : 某地有某人正在做某事(典型句型)
digging up: 挖出, 找出
4 Look at
those clouds. I think ______ will be a thunderstorm.there : 在表示天气的时候, 后面如果是动词或形容词, 用it, 如果是名词, 用there be.
It is raining(动词)/It is
cold(形容词).
There be +名词 : There is
a rain. 那儿有一场雨
9After dinner___will be a long discussion on politics.
10 When will__ it ___be convenient for you to come?
什么时候对你来说最方便?
Lesson 24 It could be worse
【New words and expressions】(7)
★manager n.经理(用能力, 办事的)
boss n.老板(有钱)
head n.头儿，领导(表示重要，系亲密的人物)
★upset不安(事后)nervous adj. 紧张，不安(事前)
★complain v.抱怨
① vi. 抱怨，发牢骚，诉苦(常与of，about连用)
complain of/about…(to sb.) 对某人/向某人抱怨
I compianed of mysalary to my boss.
② vi. 控告，抗议(与of，about连用)
The people in thatdistrict complained to the police about the noise from that factory.
★wicked adj.很坏的, 邪恶的
① adj. 邪恶的，坏的(道德上的坏，可用 “evil” 替代)She saw a wicked smile on hisface.
② adj. 淘气的，顽皮的(尤指小孩)
Don’t be so wicked,Tom.
③ adj.(天气)恶劣的
★contain v.包含, 内装(强调用容器装)
container n. 集装箱，容量contain
v. 用容器装
The cup containswater. = The cup is full of water.
The bag containsbooks. include v.包含
★honesty n. 诚实honest adj.honestly adv.诚实地
【课文讲解】
1、I enteredthe hotel manager's office and sat down.
the hotel manger’soffice 名词可以修饰名词
telephonenumber 电话号码
the villagefair 乡村集市(the fair of the village = thefair in the village)
2、I had justlost $50 and I felt very upset.
lose vt.遗失，丢失(宾语一般为钱物)
feel +形容词一般指心情“觉得……，感觉到……”
3、The manager was sympathetic, but he could donothing.
could do nothingabout it 对此事无能为力
I could do nothingto help you.
4、'Everyone'slosing money these days,' he said.
days可以指“时期，时代”，如in his boyhood days(在他的童年时代)。these days指“现今”用进行时态取代一般现在时, 在英文是一种修辞方法, 表示不满, 一种感情。
【Multiple choice questions】
6 Where didshe find the money? ___a___ the room.
a. Outside b. Out of c. Out d.Without
outside adv&prep.在外面
out of 从…到外面去,要和有实在意义的动词连用
get/go/come out of
out adv.在……外面, 副词不会加名词
10 He losthis money. His money was ___b___ .
a. losing b. missing c.going away d. disappearing
lose v.丢失 sb. lose sth. 人丢失东西(宾语一般为钱物)miss v.怀念, 错过, 丢失
missing adj.丢失的My keys are lost/missing.
My child is
missing. (人丢了只能用missing，不能用be lost)missing boy 失踪的孩子
go away 离开(人走) sb. goaway
be gone 不见了My book is gone. 我的书不见了
Gone with wind》 《飘》(随风而逝),
disappear vi.不见了(瞬间动词), 没有被动语态, 也很少用进行时态His money disppeared.
表示东西不见了的几种表示：lose
sth./sth. be lost；sth. is missing；sth. is gone.；sth./sb. disappear/disappeared
Lesson 25 Do the English speakEnglish?
【New words and expressions】(5)
★severalquantifier 几个
several＝a numberof… 一些，只能修饰可数
several times 许多次(不能说sometimes)
some 一些, 即可以修饰可数, 又可以修饰不可数
a great numberof… 大量的some time 一段时间some time ago 一段时间以前
sometime adv.某时I will defeat you sometime.
sometimes adv.有时, 偶尔
★wonder v.感到奇怪
① n. 奇迹，奇观，奇才；惊奇，惊讶
the seven wondersof the world in ancient times
② vi.&vt. 感到惊讶，感到诧异，对……事情感奇怪They wondered that there was a modern building in district. wonderat sth.
I wonder at thebeauty of the old town.
③ vt.&vi.(对……)感到疑惑/怀疑，想要知道
wonder +if +从句 是否……I
wonder if you have any spare time. wonder +特殊疑问词 +从句
I wondered whereyou were going.
Could you tell me
how to get to?/I wondered how to get there. 问路
no wonder 难怪wonderful adj.极好的
【课文讲解】
1、Do theEnglish speak English?
English这里均为名词，第一个指“英国人”，前面要加the，表示一个群体，后面的动词必须用复数；第二个指“英语”，指语言时前面不加冠词。
The English often talk about the weather.
English还可以作形容词，表示“英格兰的，英国的，英国人的”等。与English相似的单词有French，Chinese，Japanese等。
2、I arrived inLondon at last.
arrive at 小地点；arrive in 大地点
reach vt.到达……(后面一定要加宾语)
get to+宾语 到达……
home/there都是副词，副词跟动词连用的时候不需要加介词，arrive也一样；但一般不用“reach home/there”，如一定要这样写则把“home”看作名词，“there”当代词看, 不作副词看
get home 到家；get there 到那
3I did not know theway to my hotel, so I asked a porter. theway to … 通往……路
know sth. well 对…很熟悉I know the boywell.
4、I not onlyspoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well.
not only...but...as
well= not only…but also… 不但……而且……
I can speak notonly Chinese but English as well.
Not only you but
also I will go there.主语并列(一般不这么用)
not only喜欢放在动词的前面，一般遇到实义动词和非实义动词的时候, 习惯放在两者之间
I can not only
speak Chinese but English as well.(更习惯的说法)
as well本身的含义是“也、又、还”
5、He answered me, but he spoke neither slowlynor clearly. neither…nor… ……既不，也不……
6、To learn English well is to study hard.
但在口语中Tolearn English well is study hard.
【Letter Writing】
写信人的地址位于信纸的右上角，被称为“信头”，地址后面总是接写日期St.是 Steet的缩略
逗号在地址里表示前者属于后者
I am in class1,Grade 1.
在日期里, 月和日之间不需要逗号，且月和日的顺序可互换，但在年代之前要有逗号，日期是以序数词出现的，月份一定要是英语字母
February thefourth, 1998 =the fourth of February, 1998
Haidian District,(海淀区)
BeiJing,
China.(最后一个地点要打上句号)
【Key structures】
并列句中的语序
通过并列连词可把几个简单句连起来构成一个并列句。在并列句中，各分句要根据上下文的要求按逻辑次序排列，但各分句都同等重要并独立存在。
并列连词可以用来表示另加(and)、对比(but，yet)、选择(or)、连续(and，then)以及结局或结果(so)。
however 用在句号的后面, 单独成句, 于前边的句子只有意思上的承接, 没有语法上的承接, 语法上的承接表转折只能用 but。一些并列句的连词：and，and then，but，so，yet，or，not only…but…as well 不但……而且……，neither…nor… 既不……也不……，either…or…或者……或者……，both…and… 两者都yet adv.然而放在句末或句中, 与否定句, 疑问句相连, 并且与现在完成时用得比较多Have you finished yet?
yet=but 连词，放在两个句子间, 起转折作用
or adv.或者, 否则
当主语由and或both…and连接常用复数谓语动词.
当主语由neither...nor,either...or,not only...but also 或or 连接时，谓语动词与nor,or,but also后面的词一致，在英语语法中，这被称之为“就近原则”，离动词最近的名词是单数, 整个主语就视为单数；离动词最近的名词是复数, 整个主语就视为复数
【语法精粹】
1.They ___B____ thetrip until the rain stopped.
A. continued B. didn't continue
C. hadn'tcontinued D. would continue
until是前面和后面用一般过去时和过去完成时都对，但是我们在一般情况下两个都用一般过去时
2.The localpeasants gave the solders clothes and food without which they __A___ of hungerand cold. (without在这里表示条件)
A. would die B. will die
C. would bedead D. would have died虚拟语气
3.It was not untilthen that I came to know that the earth __D__around the sun.
A. moved B. has moved C. will move D. moves
It was not until
that是强调结构,首先将“It was…that”去掉，再将“not”移到“that”后句子中。
4. When all those
present(到场者)__D__he begin his lecture. A. sit B. set C. seated D. were seated
seat vt.做动词的时候两种情况① seat sb.；②sb. be seated sit vi.坐 sb. sit down
Lesson 26 The best art critics
【New words and expressions】(13)
upside down 上下颠倒地(两个同样的音连在一起时, 前面的音声去不读)
★art n.艺术art student 艺术系的学生
English studen学英语的学生studentof England 英国学生art gallery 艺术画廊(gallery n.长廊, 游廊；画廊) black art 巫术 artist n.艺术家
artiste n. 艺人
★critic n.评论家
criticise v.批评, 批判(主要指批判, 但不完全是责备的意思)He criticised my painting.
criticism n.批评, 批判critical adj.挑剔的
critically adv.爱挑剔的
★paint v.画
draw a picture 用线条画paint a picture强调油画
painting n.画oil painting 油画 ；Chinese painting 中国国画Beijing opera 国戏, 京剧
★pretend v. 假装pretend to
do sth. 假装
….pretend that +从句 假装……
★pattern n.图案
① n. 图案patterndrills ② n. 模式, 典范
★material n.材料listening material 听力材料
★appreciate v.鉴赏 ＝understand and enjoy
appreciatesth. 感激……
appreciate doingsth. 我很喜欢做某事
enjoy v.欣赏，得到享受，乐趣
I like/love/enjoy/I
appreciate…(程度一个比一个深)
I like sth.I likesth. very much.
I like sth.better.I like sth. best.
★notice v.注意到
① vt. 注意到，察觉到(不用进行时)
You never noticewhat’s going on around you.
notice 细节上的注意, 往往是别人没注意的东西, 你注意到了, 细节上的东西
I notice the beauty
spot.(美人痣)
pay attentionto 思想上的注意
② n. 注意，察觉The girlin red caught his notice.
③ n.(书面的)通知，布告，海报
★whether conj.是否
if在表示“是否”的时候可以被whether所取代；if在表示“如果”的时候不可以用whether取代
whether…or not =if
If it willrain… (不是条件状语从句, 故可以用将来时will)=Whether it will rain…/Whether it will rain or not…(可以加“not” )
I wondered if it
will rain.(不加“not” )
★hang v.悬挂, 吊
① vt.&vi(将……)悬挂，吊hang — hung — hung
A pretty curtainhangs over the window.
hang — hanged —hanged v.绞死, 吊死
② vt.&vi 垂下
He sat in a chairand hung (down) his head.
③ vt.&vi安装……使能转动/摆动
Have you hung thedoor? 你把门装上了吗？
★upside down 上下颠倒地
①上下颠倒When hestands on his head, everything appears upside down to him.
②乱七八糟，混乱不堪
My little boyalways makes the room upside down.
【课文讲解】
1、They arejust pretty patterns.
just在此处指“只是，仅仅(是)”
It was just a wrong number.
just另一个意思是“刚才，正好，正是”
It’s just six o’clock./ I’ve just heard the news.
2、We like themin the same way that we like pretty curtain material.
pretty curtainmaterial 漂亮的窗帘布
in the same waythat =as… 正如……一样
The son walked inthe same way that/as his father walked. in a way 以某种方式
3、I think thatyoung children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else.
else跟在anyone,anything等不定代词的后面，表示“另外/加、其它/他的、不同的”，else也可跟疑问代词连用，如 who else，what else
I can find nothingelse here excep an old dictionary.
better than anyoneelse 比其他任何人(表示最高级的含义)
用比较级表示最高级：
The teacher is
taller than anyone else. (“else”不能少, 把主语从“anyone”中排除)
4、My sister isonly seven, but she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not.
连接词whether…or
not可以表示选择：
I don’t knowwhether you are interested (in it) or not.
You must help him,whether you like him or not.
5、'I'm hangingthis picture on the wall,' I answered.
the windows in the
wall /picture on the wall 注意介词的不同
6、'It's allright,' she said, 'but isn't it upside down?'
Isn’t it upside
down? ＝It’s upside down. 否定疑问句，没有否定的意思，起肯定作用，起强调作用，表达一种情绪Aren't you lucky? 你真幸运
【Key structures】一般现在时
一般现在时可以用于表述现在的特征或状态，也经常用于表述经常性的或习惯性的动作，或带有普遍性的情况，频度副词可有可无，一般现在时还用于表示普遍性真理。
和人的情绪相连, 跟人的状态相连, 跟人的思维活动相连的动词都不用进行时，而用于一般现在时，这些动词是：appear，appreciate，be，believe，feel，find，forget，hear，know，like，look like，notice，remember，resemble，see，think，understand 等等
【Special Difficulties】
Speech marks引号
在书面语会话中，用引号(单引号或双引号)把实际的对话括起来。引号在英文当中第一次出现是单引号, 第二次出现是双引号, 英文当中的书名号用引号来替代
注意事项:
①引号位于一行之上, 它们应在句尾其他标点符号—如逗号、句号、问号—之外. ②引语的第一个词以大写字母开头. ③在said, asked等词后面用逗号, 只有当它们位于句尾时, 才在它们的后面用句号. ④当said, asked等词置于引语之间时, 句子的后半部分以小写字母开始. ⑤当一个新的说话人开始讲话时, 要另起一个段落.
【Multiple choice questions】
4 What is itabout? Tell me ___b___ .
a. what is it about b. what it is about
c. what about it is d.what about is it
疑问句的直接引语变间接引语要注意：
① 特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词引导②时态：主句的谓语动词是过去时时, 其从句的谓语动词应为相对应的时态③疑问句变成间接引语时, 要变成陈述句语序④人称的变化
5 She tellsme ______ my pictures are good or not.
a. weather b.that c. if d.unless
没有一个答案是对的:直接引语变间接引语的连接词有３种：陈述句中的that；一般疑问句中的if/whether；特殊疑问句中的特殊疑问词
6 Do you likemy picture? It's ___d___ .
a. a new b. one new c.new one d. a new one
A 缺名词；B 缺名词或位置错误；C 缺冠词
one 可以作代词, 还可以作数词
10 Youngchildren often appreciate modern pictures. They ___d___ them.
a. estimate b.esteem c. value d. understand and enjoy
estimante v.评估，评价；esteem v.尊敬；value v.认为……有价值
9 Thiscurtain material is very good ___b___ .
a. clothes b. cloth c.substance d. matter
clothes n.衣服(读音省略[W] 的音)clothn. 布
11 Theynotice more. They ______ more.
a. remark b. observe c.say d. take care
在此句中,notice=observe
12 It'supside down. It isn't ___d___ .
a. up b. down c.the right way down d. the right way up. not the right way down = the right wayup
upside down与the right
way up意思相反
Lesson27 Awet night
【New words and expressions】(15)
★field n.田地, 田野
in the field 在田野里in one's field 在……领域
football field 足球场地airfield 飞机场(介词用on)
★smell (smelled，smelt) v.闻起来
① vt. 嗅，闻I cansmell something burning.
② vi. 闻起来有……气味，散发……气味
You smell ofsoap. 你身上有肥皂味。
smell 系动词, 接表语, 接形容词
taste v.尝起来sound v.听起来
feel v.感到
①心理感到I feelill.
②用手的感受Theblackbroad felt cold.
感官动词：look，taste，sound，smell，feel
③ n. 气味I can’tstand the smell in this room.
★wonderful adj.极好的Fantastic!
Great ! (与物相连，口语中用得更多)
Excellent ! adj.卓越的, 极好的(与人相连)
Outstanding ! (人) 好得站了出来
Brilliant! adj.灿烂的, 闪耀的, 有才气的
★campfire n.营火, 篝火
fire 可数也不可数 (一堆堆的火为可数, 炉子里的火为不可数)
★creep (crept，crept) v.爬行 (蹑手蹑脚的) 也是平行的爬
creep out 蹑手蹑脚(别人不注意, 偷偷摸摸的)
climb v.爬climb up or down (上下爬)
crawl v.平行地爬
★sleeping bag 睡袋
动词加ing 变成形容词作定语有两个意思:
①正在…… 如：sleeping dog
②用来做…… 如：leeping bag
★soundly adv.香甜地sleep soundly 睡得很甜
表示睡觉的短语：go to
bed 上床/go to sleep 睡觉/fall
asleep坠入梦乡(fall为半联系动词)/sleep
well睡得很好/sleep deeply 睡得很沉/fall
fast asleep 睡得好香(fast asleep熟睡)
★leap v.跳跃, 跳起jump v.跳
jump up anddown 原地跳跃
leap v.跳跃, 有距离(如从沟的这边跳到另一边, 位置变化)Look before you leap. 三思而后行
leapyear/month 闰年/月
skip v.课文行的跳过去，单词，文章
★heavily adv.大量地
rain/snowheavily 一般与雨雪连用
smoke heavily 烟瘾重
★form ① vi. 形成，产生
②形状外形The icecream is made in the form of a ball
.③ n. 表格
★wind (wound；wound)
① v.蜿蜒 wind one's way蜿蜒而行
② n.风；v. 刮风
★right adv.正好
right 做副词时强调后边的形容词、副词、介词短语，不强调动词，可用just来替换
Right here. 就在这儿
just like 正好； just as 正如
后边加代词时只能用just，如：just you 就是你了，不能用“right”代替
【课文讲解】
汉语与英文只有意义的对等,没有字的对等
My idea is the sameas yours. 我的想法与你一样的
I agree with you.(口语)I think
so.(口语)
1、A wet night
英文中表示 “湿” 的词：wet，damp，moist (湿的程度减少)
wet adj.湿淋淋的(反义词是dry)
damp adj.让人感觉不太舒服
moist adj.潮湿的； n. 潮湿，稍湿(给人感觉舒服，如湿润)moist cake 松软的蛋糕moist eyes 水灵灵的眼睛dreamy eyes 梦幻般的眼睛
humid adj.指气候比较潮湿
2、Late in theafternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field.
late in theafternoon 傍晚
early in the
morning 清早
put up =set up 搭建(强调搭，如搭个草棚等)
build 建(强调精心设计并且建造)
build a car 制造汽车 (一般不用“make acar” )
make a desk
in the middle of 在……当中，在……中间(相对两边，既可以用于表示地理位置，又可以用于表示时间或在某个过程当中)
in the centerof 在……中心，在……中部/中央(相对四面，一般用于表示地理位置，腹地)
在陆地的腹地用“center”
3、As soon asthis was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire.
open fire 在野外生的火, 篝火，盆火(指无遮盖的、没有围起来的火)cook a meal 做一顿饭
4、After awonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the campfire.
表示“在……之后”的句式：after+从句/doing/n.
在……旁边：at the door 门边, (紧挨着的)
sit at the table 桌边
by 在……旁边，靠近 (不会紧挨着的, 但也不会很远，通常指距离非常近)Come and sit by me.
next to He sits next to me./who is the next? (紧邻)
the next door to my
house(next door 在隔壁)
beside = nextto 与……相邻near 在附近
5、The boysfelt tired so they put out the fire and crept into their tent.
put out 人为的熄灭火be out 火自动熄灭
6、In themiddle of the night, two boys woke up and began shouting.
in the middle ofthe night=midnight
at midnight 在午夜he mid-autumn day 中秋节wake up 醒来(主语自己醒)wake sb. up 唤醒
开始干：begindoing/start doing/begin to do/start to do
7、It wasraining heavily and they found that a stream had formed in the field.
如果强调某东西自动形成, 则可以用主动态, 如果强调某东西是人为的, 用被动态，在这里river formed 河流是自动形成
The dooropened. 强调门自动开
The door wasopened. 门被打开, 强调人为的
【Composition】
I am verytall(so)(but)I must be careful. Doorways are often low(and)(but)Iusually(beat)(knock)my head against them. My head always(hurts)(pains). I havenever(met)(recognized)a tall architect. Have you?
so，and，knock，hurts，met
doorways n.门栏
knock/beat：knock 大声地撞；beet 持续的撞击/打
against prep.相对作用的力 (在政治上叫 “反对” )hurt/pain：身体的某一部位+hurts，表示某一部疼痛；pain 表示疼痛的名词
My hand hurts./Ihave a pain in my hand.
【Letter writing】
信头各部分的顺序如下：门牌号码、街名、城市名称、地区、国家和日期。只有给居住在国外的人写信时，才需要写上国名。地址的每一行都以逗号结尾，最后一行用句号。在日期后面不用标点符号。
【Special Difficulties】
与put有关的短语动词：
put up with 容忍，忍受
put up ① 搭建，搭建； ②安排住宿，为……提供膳宿，夜宿put out 扑灭put on 穿上
put away 把……收好，放好put off 推迟，拖延put down = writedown 记下，写下，记录下
【Multiple Choice】
9 The boyshad put out the campfire. The fire wasn't ___d___ .
a. switched on b. on fire c. on d. alight
be on 上演, 亮着的(一般指灯亮着的).
switch n.开关；v. 用开关
on fire 起火alight以a开头的形容词为表语形容词
Lesson 28 No parking
【New words and expressions】(7)
★rare ① adj. 罕见的 指世界上都少有
rare animal 稀有动物；rare
bird 珍稀鸟类；rare illness 疑难杂症
scarce adj. 缺乏的，不足的，稀有的，不充足的(少有的，表示某个时间段或某个地方少有)
Watermelon isscarce in winter.
② adj. 几乎是生的
well done 全熟medium adj.半生半熟的
★ancient adj.古代的, 古老的
antique adj.古代的，古玩，古董，古老而有价值的antique furniture 古董家具
★myth n.神话故事fairy n.神仙故事
★trouble ① n. 麻烦
I'm sorry to put
you in trouble. 我很抱歉给你带来麻烦(口语) ask for trouble 自找麻烦
have trouble indoing sth. .
② v. 麻烦Nevertrouble troubles until troubles trouble you. 永远不要自寻烦恼
Let sleeping doglie. 不要自找麻烦
★effect n.结果, 效果
have an effect 有效果have no effect 没有效果
have effect on 对……有效果
【课文讲解】
1、Jasper Whiteis one of those rare people who believe in ancient myths.
believe vt.相信，认为
believe in 信任，信赖(人格、力量等)；信仰；相信……的存在，相信……的价值
I believe in God. 我信仰上帝。
2、He has just bought a new house in the city,but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.
ever since=since 从那以后一直(ever
since的语气比since强，主句一般用完成时)
have troubledoing 做……有麻烦
have trouble withsb. 和某人相处有麻烦
3、Because ofthis, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.
because只能作连词用，后面接从句 because of 由于，介词短语，后面不可以跟从句，只能跟名词、代词或动词 “-ing”.be able to 的主语一般都是人, 表示有能力去做；can表示天生的或学到的能力时，只能用于现在时和过去时(could)，而不可用于将来时。将来时中表示能力时必须用be able to。在现在时和过去时中，can/could与be able to一般可以互换，在完成时中一般用be able to。
get sth. into 把……弄进
drive the carinto 把车子撞上……
even once 甚至一次(even 起强调)
4、But none ofthem has been turned to stone yet!
none of，neither of做主语时做单数看待
【Composition】
My wife (drives)(leads) a car. She has (driven) (ridden) a car for many years (and) (but) shesays that women drivers (do not deserve) (are not worth) their bad reputation.Yet, on the road, she often (criticizes) (judges) other women drivers.
drives/driven/and/donot deserve/criticizes
reputation n.名誉, 名声
judge n.法官, 审判员, 裁判员, 鉴赏家, 鉴定人, (J-)最高的审判者 vt.审理, 鉴定, 判断, 判决, 断定, 认为 vi.下判断, 作评价
【Key structures】
Wht has happened? 现在完成时
与现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语：before(now)，so far，up
to/till now，just，already，now，ever，never，since和for等，since一般与一个时间点连用，for一般与时间段连用。
【Special Difficulties】
关系从句及关系代词
关系从句又可称为定语从句或形容词从句，它像形容词一样可以形容人、物及事件。关系从句可分为限定性关系从句(不带逗号)和非限定性关系从句(带逗号)。表示人的关系代词：who，whom，that，whose(口语中whom经常由who代替)
表示事物和动物的关系代词：which，that
关系代词可以有四个概念:
①代人的, 做主语或宾语who，只做宾语的whom
②代物的, 做主语或宾语 which
③代人的也可以代物的 做主语或宾语that
④ whose其代表的东西由其在句子中的成分决定(不一定指人)
关系代词后面要加从句，先行词放在定语从句前面, 而且是两句话共同含有的词, 还是被定语从句修饰的词I have a book that/which he likes.( “book” 为先行词 “that/which” 为关系代词)
关系代词有两个功能 : 一是承上, 一是启下(如上句中的 “book” 作从句的宾语)
The boy who isstanding at the door is my brother.
I can do anythingthat I can do.
I have a housewhose windows are broken.
关系代词在关系从句中作宾语时往往可以省略，作主语时则不可以。whose 后面一定要加一个名词, 然后这个部分共同做主语或宾语
The pilot whoseplane landed in a field was not hurt.
Exersise(在需要的地方填上who,
which, that或whose)
1 The only games
______ I play are football and tennis.先行词如果用only, 序数词,形容词最高级修饰, 其后边的关系词只用that
4 This is the hotelat ______ we are staying.
介词后加物的话, 只加which,加人的话, 用whom, 都不可用that,who也不能
6 That is the horse______ won the race.
句子中用词避免重复, 句首已有了一个 “that” , 故选 “which” 而不是“that”
Who is the man thatis helping you? 谁是那个正在帮助你的人?(不用“who”避免重复)
7 He is the sort ofperson ______ everyone admires.
【Multiple choice questions】
7 ___b___ ofthem has been turned to stone.
a. No one b. Not one c.No d. Even one
no 是形容词, 后加名词
no one =nobody
(“nobody” 指的是人, 它将 “cars” 排除了是不对的)，不定代词后不用of
可以用的有:neither of/none of/both of/all of
none of =not one of
12 The signshaven't had any effect. They haven't ___a___ anyone.
a. affected b. effected c. resulted in d.imposed
effect n.影响have effect 有效果
affect v.影响