#看外刊，学英文#
The spread of the new coronavirus has brought attention to the sharp differences in how wealthy countries--such as the United States and those in Europe--take care of their citizens in hard times.
新型冠状病毒的传播使人们关注富裕国家(如美国和欧洲国家)在艰难时期如何照顾本国公民的巨大差异。
In Europe, the collapse of the economy has activated wage support programs that are keeping millions paid, for now.
在欧洲，经济崩溃使政府启动了工资支持计划，目前这些计划让数百万人拿到了工资。
In the United States, more than 38 million people have sought unemployment financial assistance.
在美国，超过3800万人寻求失业经济援助。
U.S. lawmakers have passed $2 trillion in emergency support, increasing assistance for the jobless and providing up to $1,200 for most taxpayers.
美国国会议员通过了2万亿美元的紧急援助，増加了对失业者的援助，并为大多数纳税人提供了高达1200美元的援助。
Such steps happened in earlier economic crises, as well, especially the worldwide financial crisis and the Great Recession.
在早期的经济危机中也采取过这些举措,尤其是全球金融危机和大萧条期间。
While European nations depend on existing programs to provide support,
欧洲国家依靠已有的计划来提供援助,
the U.S. depends on Congress to take action and pass emergency financial programs.
而美国则依靠国会采取行行动并通过紧急财政计划来提供援助。
"In the U.S. you need to keep pumping money into the economy so that people continue to be employed,
“在美国，你需要不断向经济中注入资金，这样人们オ能继续就业,
because it is through being employed that they are protected,"
因カ只有通过就业，他们オ能得到保护。”
said Andre Sapir, an economist with the Bruegel research institute in Brussels,Belgium.
比利时布鲁赛尓布鲁盖尔研究所的经济学家安徳烈·萨丕尔称。
"Which is the better system? I'm not going into that discussion because that is really a huge issue," he added.
“那个系统更好?我不会讨论这个问题，因为这确实是个大问题，”他补充道。
The United States usually is below average on measures of social support among the 37 countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
在经济合作与友展组织的37个成员国中,美国的社会援助措施通常低于平均水平。
The group's members are mostly developed democracies.
该组织的成员国大多是发达的民主制国家。
The OECD reported last year that among its members the U.S. had the largest amount of people living in relative poverty,
经合组织去年报告称，在其成员国中，美国的相对贫困人口数量最多,
that means people living on half the average earnings.
这意味着美国人靠平均收入的一半生活。
In the United States about with 17 .8 percent of people live in relative poverty.
美国大约有17.8%的人生活在相对贫困中。
In countries like Iceland,Denmark,the Czech Republic and Finland, fewer than 6 percent of people live on such earnings.
在冰岛、丹麦、捷克共和国和芬当等国家，不到6%的人靠这种收入的一半来生活。
Here is a look at how the social safety nets of the U.S. and Europe compare:
以下是美国和欧洲社会安全网的对比:
Americans on unemployment were collecting an average of about $372 weekly before the coronavirus appeared.
在冠状病毒出现之前，失业的美国人每周平均領取约372美元。
The rescue plan gave jobless workers an additional $6o0 a week through July.
到7月分为止，这项救助计划给失者提供了每周600美元的额外补贴。
It also extended support to those who lost work as a result of the coronavirus.
还向那些因冠状病毒而失止的人提供了援助。
Most states offer six months of unemployment, but the emergency legislation added 13 weeks.
大多数州在6个月内提供失业金，但是紧急立法又额外增加了13周。
Germany's jobless benefit pays 6o percent of a worker's past salary for one year.
徳国的失业救济金支付员工去年一年工资的60%。
France provides up to 75 percent of the previous average daily wage for up to two year.
法国在长达两年的时间里提供以前平均日工资的75%。
Europe also has short-hours programs, which pay most of a worker' s salary if companies put them on shorter hours.
欧洲也有缩短工时计划,如果公司缩短工时，这些计划将支付员工的大部分工资。
More than 10 million workers are being paid that way in Germany, and about 12 million in France.
徳国有1000多万员工以这种方式获得工资，法国有1200万左右。
Almost half of Americans receive health insurance through their employers.
几乎一半的美国人由雇主投保。
Another 34 percent get benefits through the government programs Medicare and Medicaid.
另外34%的人通过政府的医疗保障和医疗补助计划荻得福利。
Six percent are insured individually.
6%的人単独投保。
Based on 2018 numbers, 9 percent had no insurance at all.
根据2018年的数据，9%的人根本没有保险。
In Europe, nations mostly have universal health care.
在欧洲，大多数国家都有全民医保。
The systems are generally funded by taxes.
这些系统通常由税收资助。
The United States is the only country in the OECD to not offer paid leave to new mothers.
美国是经合组织中唯一不向新生 儿母亲提供带薪假期的国家。
Federal law does not require private employers to provide paid family leave.
联邦法律不要求私人雇主提供带薪家庭假。
Among private companies, 16 percent of workers were offered paid family leave as of March 2018.
截至2018年3月，在私营企业中有16%的员工享有带薪家庭假。
Some states offer paid family leave insurance for four to 10 weeks.
一些州提供4到10周的带薪家庭假保障。
In France, mothers are offered at least 16 weeks of leave for their first child and must take at least 8 weeks.
在法国，头胎母亲至少有16周的假期，而且必须至少休假8周。
Workers get daily maternity leave earnings of up to 89 euros, or a ittle under $100.
员工每天的产假收入高达89欧元，略低于100美元。
Some professions permit more favorable contracts, up to the full payment of earnings.
有些职业允许签订更有利的合同,甚至全额支付收入。
And Denmark gives 52 weeks of parental leave after a birth or adoption, to be shared by the parents.
在丹麦，在孩子出生或领养后,父母双方享有52周的育儿假。
How much they earn depends on individual workplace agreements.
他们的收入取决于个人工作协议。
An estimated 8.3 million Americans collect disability benefits earned through Social Security money.
据估计，有830万美国人通过社会保障金領取残疾抚恤金。
The payments average $15,100 a year--just above the poverty level.
平均每年拿到15100美元，略高于贫困钱。
Requirements are hard to meet and most people seeking disability benefits are denied.
申请的要求很严格,大多数申请残疾抚恤金的人会被拒绝。
In France, fully disabled people can receive public health insurance payments of at least 292 euros, or $311, a month.
在法国，全残人士每月可以获得至少292欧元(311美元)的公共医疗保险。
Those who are unable to work and also depend on help for daily tasks may receive monthly payments of $1,500 to $3000.
那些无法工作又需要别人帮助完成日常工作的人每月可以得到1500到3000美元的补助。
Europe' s more expansive social safety nets come at a cost, largely paid through taxing workers and employers.
欧洲更广泛的社会安全网是有成本的，主要通过对员工和雇主征税来支付。
The total value of goods and services provided by a country is called its gross domestic product, or GDP.
一个国家提供的商品和服务的总价值被称为其国内生产总值。
In the United States, 6 percent of the GDP in 2018 was social security payments, the OECD reports.
经合组织报告称，在美国，2018年国内生产总值的6%用于社会保障支出。
In France, the amount was 16 percent.
法国，这个数字是16%。
And, social security payments accounted for 14 percent of Germany's 2018 GDP.
此外，社会保障支出占徳国2018年国内生产总值的14%。
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