【转】计算机组成原理，微机原理，计算机体系结构这三门课的区别和联系

转江吟碧水万春流的一段论述：计算机组成原理，微机原理，计算机体系结构这三门课的区别和联系

计算机体系结构讲的是计算机有哪些功能（包括指令集、数据类型、存储器寻址技术、I/O机理等等），是抽象的；计算机组成原理讲的是计算机功能是如何实现的，是具体的。

例如：一台机器是否具备乘法指令的功能，这是一个结构问题，实现这个乘法采用什么方式，则是一个组成问题。实现乘法指令可以采用一个专门的乘法电路，也可以采用连续相加的加法电路来实现，这两者的区别。

组成原理是让你从整体上精略地让你了解计算机是怎么工作的，内容上侧重于计算机的几大组成（运算器，控制器，存储器，输入设备，输出设备与总线结构），具体来说，是具体一条指令在cpu中是如何执行的，计算机的储存体系是如何的（分三层），还有就是一是I/O接口的基本概念。 之后学的就是体系结构和微机原理，都是以组成为知识背景的。

体系结构可以认为是对《计算机组成》的抽象化与进一步的理论化，里面计的技术包罗万象，包括大型机和微机中所应用的技术。主要内容是学习指令的流水技术，动态调度，静态调度。你学懂了后会觉得cpu一点也不神奇了。

微机原理是是对《计算机组成》的具体实现。一般会选x86计算机来说，这时一般不会再详细讲工作原理了（因为大多数原理都在《计算机组成》中讲了），而是直接讲述cpu的具本结构是什么，具体引脚的作用，各种总线多少多少，各种控制寄存器的各个位有什么意义，I/O的具体交接口（ISA,pci）……因为是具体的东西，所以有好多东东要记的。

总体来说，最有趣的是组成，最难学的是体系结构，最多东西记最有亲切感的是微机原理。作为一名计算机系的学生，这几门课都应好好学一学，他是本科阶段侧重于理论学习的的突出体现，可以让人深入而深切地认识计算机。

计算机组成原理主要是介绍计算机的基本硬件及原理。重在各个部分的连接。相对宽泛一些。微机原理接口技术比计算机组成原理要具体些，也比计算机组成要好学，一般是以8086为例，介绍8086CPU的结构，其中最最重要的就是汇编语言和芯片；掌握了汇编语言这几块芯片的编程基本上就差不多了。

This is the translation about the 3 courses：
《The computer architecture》 is about what functions a computer has (including instruction set, data type, memory addressing technology, I/O mechanism, etc.), which is abstract; the computer composition principle is how computer functions are implemented, and is specific. of.

For example, whether a machine has the function of multiplication instructions is a structural problem. What is the way to implement this multiplication is a component problem. The implementation of the multiplication instruction can be implemented by using a special multiplication circuit or a continuous addition circuit, which is the difference between the two.

《The composition principle》 is to let you know how the computer works in a succinct manner. The content focuses on the major components of the computer (operator, controller, memory, input device, output device and bus structure). Said, is how a specific instruction is executed in the cpu, how the computer’s storage system is (in three layers), and one is the basic concept of the I / O interface. After learning the architecture and the principle of microcomputers, they are all composed of knowledge.

The architecture can be regarded as the abstraction and further theorization of “computer composition”. The technology of the system is comprehensive, including the technologies applied in mainframes and microcomputers. The main content is the pipeline technology of learning instructions, dynamic scheduling, and static scheduling. After you understand it, you will feel that the cpu is not magical at all.

《The principle of microcomputer》（Computer Interface Technology ）is the concrete realization of “computer composition”. Generally, x86 computers will be selected. At this time, the working principle will not be discussed in detail (because most of the principles are described in “Computer Composition”), but directly tell the cpu what is the structure, the specific pin The role of the various buses, how many bits of various control registers, I / O specific interface (ISA, pci) … because it is a specific thing, so there are many things to remember.

In general, the most interesting thing is the composition. The most difficult thing to learn is the architecture. The most intimate thing about the most things is the principle of microcomputer. As a computer science student, these courses should be well studied. He is an outstanding expression of the theoretical study in the undergraduate stage, which allows people to understand computers in depth and deep.
The principle of computer composition is mainly to introduce the basic hardware and principle of the computer. Focus on the connections in each part. Relatively broad. Microcomputer principle interface technology is more specific than computer composition principle, and it is better than computer composition. Generally, it is based on 8086. It introduces the structure of 8086CPU, the most important of which is assembly language and chip; mastering several chips of assembly language The programming is basically the same.