分词 现在分词
Ving, 和被修饰词是主动关系，动作正在进行中(主动和进行)
过去分词
Ved, 含义为被动和完成
An elegantly-furnished room
departed lovers canned food
分词作定语
单个分词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，分词短语作定语一般放在被修饰词后
The plane (sent to search for the missing plane) also disappeared. 动词不定式不能作谓语
非谓语动词
Ving interesting 主动
Ved interested 被动
中文的主动和被动 “被”——明清小说——“遭受”
现代汉语
1.琴弹得真好(主动形式，被动意思)
概念模糊
中文允许多谓语存在，没有非谓语动词
因此看到主语后紧跟着的动词就会更容易认为是谓语(中式思维的影响)
中英思维转换
n/代+Ved: I loved.
1.可以理解为谓语动词的过去时态
2.还可能是非谓语动词，表示“被爱”
love loved be loved
He loved in the past 20 years never feel the love anymore since his parents left him.
Hunting consists of pursuing of a fox across the countryside, with a group of specially trained dogs, followed by men and women riding horses.
分词作状语(可以和从句转换)
Locked up, he had no way to escape.
Because he was locked up, he had no way to escape.
Every day I remain myself that my inner and outer life are based on the labours of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measures as I have received and am still receiving.(Albert Einstein)
瞬间动词+-ing表将来
世界杯口号
美国:(If we are)United, we play; (if we are)united, we win. 合众一心，其利断金
瑞士: 2006，it's Swiss's o'clock.
德国: We are football. 我们代表足球
中国: Without us, the world cup shines better.
分词难点:独立主格结构
主格:作主语，he，she, they
宾格: him, her, them
六看三让二听一感觉的动词在接不定式作宾补，省略to
We hear her (to)sing in the washroom.
She was hear to sing in the washroom.
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致，若不一致，则需加上分词的逻辑主语
Standing at the station, a brick hit on his head.✘
1.He standing at the station, a brick hit on his head.✔
2.Standing at the station and/but a brick hit on his head.✔
3.He was standing at the station, a brick hitting on this head.✔
4.Standing at the station, he was hit by a brick.✔
用独立主格结构修改句子
Being cold(指天气), he put on his overcoat.✘
It being cold, he put on his overcoat.
Being ill, Mr.Li taught the lesson in place of Mr.Wang.(主语不一致)
Mr.Wang being ill, Mr.Li taught the lesson in place of Mr.Wang.
Her tears rolling down her cheek, she looked at her father.
独立主格中的逻辑主语前有时可以加with或without, 做伴随状语或定语
She started on the journey without anyone accompanying her.
He left home, without a single word said.
President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account mode, with (信号 引出原因或结果)retirees trading much or all of their gauranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.
with retirees trading = and retirees were trading
不定式 除谓(主，宾，表，定，补，状)
动名词
形式:Ving
本质: 有动词和名词特征的非谓语形式
功能:在句中可做主，宾，表，定
作主语时与不定式的区别:
表客观性，一般性的行为多用动名词
表具体性，一次性的行为多用不定式
Smoking is a difficult habit to break.
It isn't good for you to smoke so much today.
作表语与现在分词的区别
动名词:主语和表语可互换位置
My job is teaching.(强调名词概念)
现在分词:主语和表语不可互换位置
My job is interesting.
(语法核心为现在分词，
描述n状态，呈现v概念)
Ving 现在分词
is Ving 现在进行时
动名词后置作主语的固定句型
It is no good/no use doing sth
It is no use crying over split milk.
作宾时与不定式的区别
在一些动词后面接to do和Ving形式意义不同
forget/remember+-ing形式=忘记或记起先前的行为
+ to do= 忘记或记起将要发生的行为
I'll never forget meeting him.
Don't forget to lock the door.
regret doing 对过去的sth感到遗憾
regret to do =宣布坏消息
We regret to inform you of delays in today's sevice.
To love deeply in one direction makes us more loving in all others
双宾—— make more loving of us
复合——+is
4.动名词和现在分词作定语的区别
a sleeping child
a sleeping pill
检测原则: 动名词作定可替换为be used for
现在分词可换为定从