一．1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成.
(1)_
The cup is broken. 茶杯破了.
2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成.
(2)
He is retired. 他已退休.
3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构.
(3)_The
city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山.
过去分词作表语
【注意】过分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作.
(1)
The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作)
(2)
The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)
【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物.
(3)
The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣.
过去分词作定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成.
1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前.
We
must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中.
The
concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.
3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号.
(1)The
meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人.
4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.
(2)
The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视.
过去分词作状语
1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.
(1)
Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.
【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路);
seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎);
lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着);
tired of (厌烦).
(2)
Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.
2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致.
(1)Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即I 被再给一个小时.)
(2)_Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市.)
【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.
(1)
The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语.
(2)
Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her
head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)
3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.
(1)
Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)
(2)_Grown
in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in
rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句If these seeds are grown in rich soil.
【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语.
When
given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开.
He
stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there
silently.过去分词作宾语补足语
(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下三类:
1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe,
look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.
(1)
I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作)
(2)_He
found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed动作先于谓动)
2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.
(1)
I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发.
(2)
He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了.
(3)
Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.
【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系.
(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况.
1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成.
(1)
He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了)
2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如:
(2)
He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历)
"with
+宾语+过去分词"结构
"with
+宾语+过去分词"结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.例如:
(1)
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,双手被绑在背后.(方式)
(2)
With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)
(3)
With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因)
(4)_She
stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他.
(5)
He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.
二．（一）分词的作用
·现在分词可用于： ·①构成进行时。e.g. We are studying English.
·②当副词作状语。e.g. The children came, singing and dancing.
·③当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。
·e.g. Falling leaves danced in the air. ·I saw many birds flying along the river.
·The story is very moving.
·过去分词可用于：
·①构成完成时。e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there.
·②构成被动语态。e.g. English is widely spoken in the world.
·③当副词作状语。e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful.
·④当形容词作定语、宾补 ·e.g. a boy named Tom
·I saw the girl killed with my own eyes. ·I’m interested in English.
（二）现在分词与过去分词的两大差别
1.现在分词与过去分词的最大差别在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。
2.现在分词与过去分词的第二大差别在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。
3.把握主、被动关系的两个前提
1）弄清动词的确切含义。不少主、被动关系判断错误都是由于没弄清动词的确切含义造成的。
Wrong: Girls frighten snakes.
Right: Girls fear snakes./ Snakes frighten girls.
牢记: tire, disappoint,
satisfy, terrify, interest, frighten, worry, excite, surprise, please, seat,
puzzle, ect. 只能作及物动词，都有“使动”的特点，都含“使……”之义。
2）能熟练判断分词的逻辑主语。即明白与哪个词去构成主、被动关系。
分词的逻辑主语
逻辑主语就是与分词具有主、被动关系的名词或代词。它既可能是句子主语，又可能是句中宾语，或者是句中其它成分；它既可能是动作行为的发出者，也有可能是动作行为的承受者。那种认为逻辑主语就是动作行为的发出者的理解是片面的。
分词的逻辑主语的位置不是固定不变的, 而是“活”的——随着分词所作语法成分的不同，其逻辑主语位置也不同，所以确定逻辑主语前首先要确定分词的语法成分。
（1）作状语 Seeing the teacher come in,all the students stood up.
the students是seeing的逻辑主语
Heated, the metal expands. the metal是heated的逻辑主语 结论：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。
（2）作宾补时
I saw him reading last night. him是reading的逻辑主语
His wife found his hair dyed black. hair是dyed的逻辑主语
结论：分词作宾补，其逻辑主语是句子宾语。
（3）作表语时
The film is moving. the film是moving的逻辑主语
The visitors looked surprised.
the visitors是surprised的逻辑主语
结论：分词作表语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。
（4）作定语时
This is an interesting book. book是interesting的逻辑主语
The moved children looked serious. children是moved的逻辑主语
结论：分词作定语，其逻辑主语是被修饰词（即中心词）。
（5）用于复合结构中时（即在独立主格中与with复合结构中）
With the task completed, we went out to take some fresh air. the task是completed的逻辑主语
It being Sunday, they had no classes. it是being的逻辑主语
结论：分词用于复合结构，逻辑主语是复合结构中的逻辑主语
（三）确定分词的使用的具体步骤
（1）根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分 （2）找准逻辑主语
（3）判断主、被动关系 （4）选定现在或过去分词
1. There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是修饰noise 的定语短语；据常识“雷声随闪电之后到来”，自然A noise follows the sudden burst of light , noise与follow是主动关系。因此，该题应选B。
2. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C.,didn’t include women until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing
简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games的后置分词短语；The Olympic Games是动词play 的承受者，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，该题选C。
3. What’s the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which is spoken
4. Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句who were invited
5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which were written
（四）分词作表语共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。
不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. The news sounds ____.
A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage
简析：根据语法分析可知， sounds 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分应作表语 ；The
news 对于动词 encourage 来说应是主动关系，即消息鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A
2. —How did Bob do in the exams this time?
—Well, his father seems ____ with his results.
A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please
简析：根据语法分析可知, seems 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分作表语。 再根据his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴。因此, 该题应选C。
3. —How did the audience receive the new play?
—They got very ____.
A . excite B . excited C . excitedly D .exciting
简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。
（五）分词作宾语补足语
共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。
不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. The next morning she found the man ____in bed, dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the man; 再根据宾语 the man 对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系, 且lie这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此, 该题应选A。
2. —Good morning. Can I help you?
—I’d like to have the package ____, madam.
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作宾补，补充说明宾语 the package; 再根据 the package 对于动词 weigh 来说, 只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。
3. He is not good at English, so it is not easy for him to make himself ______.
A. understand B. understanding C.understood D. understands
简析：该题应选C。himself是make的宾语，待选部分的逻辑主语。由于英语表达能力差，说出的英语别人难于听懂，也就不易被人理解。因此，这里用过去分词来表达这一被动含义。
4. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air ____ against your face.
A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move
简析：该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。
（六）分词作状语 共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。
不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1.“Can’t
you read?” Mary said ，____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C.angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
简析：该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若B 答案为and pointed angrily 时也对。
2. ____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
简析：该题应选C。 测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。
3. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, ____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D.added
简析：该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。
另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)
例：The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是 his
hands，而不是句子的主语 The murderer , 而his hands 对于动词 tie 来说只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。
综上所述，现在分词与过去分词的根本区别是主、被动关系，正确认定逻辑主语是正确使用分词的关键。明白这一道理并不难，最重要的是要养成“分析句子成分——寻找逻辑主语——判断主被动关系”这一思维定势。
现在分词和过去分词其它例子
1 分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.
分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。
Not shaving enough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands).
Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better.(We are taught / teach us).
Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (The working people were inspired / inspire the working people)
____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (96,6)
A)Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed
意为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系，因此，应用现在分词。
No matter how frequently__, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.(95,6)
A)performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed
句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词。
____a sit was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (96,1)
A)Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published
句中as 引导的是让步状语从句，意为：他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版，还是引起了关注，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词。
2 “while
(when, once, until, if , though 等连词)＋分词”结构
现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加 while，when, once, although,
until, if 等连词。
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work.
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word byword, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3 分词作定语
分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.
The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.
As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ____50 households or more. (98,1)
A)having B) to have C) to have had D) having had
Town后面由分词做定语，而且town本身有50或以上人家，故town与分词间为主谓关系，应该用现在分词。
4 分词作宾语补足语
4.1现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse,
glance 等感官动词和 look at, listen to 等短语动词，以及 have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。
On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.
The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.
We should not leave him wondering what he should do.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
I caught him dozing off in class.
4.2过去分词可以在 allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get,
have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer,
remember, request, require, see, urge 动词等后面作宾语补足语。
After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken. You should keep her informed of what is going on here. The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination.
4.2在动词 see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe,
listen to, look at 后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。
I aw Mr. White get off a bus.
I saw Mr. White looking into a shop window.
——Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
——Yes,I did. I heard him knock three times.
5 分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。
The film “Pearl Harbor” is really exciting. I am excited about it.
His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt disappointed at his response.
分词练习
1,After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys____ to go to school. (97,1)
A)to be encouraged B) been encouraged C) being encouraged D) be encouraged
2,____,a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. (97,6)
A)Other things being equal B) Were other things equal
C)To be equal to other things D) Other things to be equal
3,All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off. (98,6)
A)considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered
4,The house was very quiet, ____as it was on the side of a mountain. (99,6)
A)isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been isolated
5,This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, ____both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. (99,6)
A) being B) been C) to be D) having been
6,Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ____ in Cuba. (00,1)
A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivating
7,____in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. (00,1)
A)To look B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at
8,You will see this product ____ wherever you go. (00,6)
A)to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising
9,____in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars. (00,12)
A) To be judged the best B) having judged the best
C)Judged the best D) Judging the best
10,From the dates ____ on the plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty.
A)marking B) having been marked C) marked D) to be marked
11,She stood by the window, ____. A)thinking B) think C) thought D) thinks
12,____ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.
A)Not wishing B) Wishing C) Not wished D) No wishing
13,The editorial ____ now will appear in tomorrow's newspaper.
A)writing B) to write C) being written D) write
14,It ____ now pretty late, we took our things and retired to our room.
A)is B) being C) turned D) got
15,____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A)When compared B) While comparing C) Compare D) Comparing
16,The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand ____ a stick for support.
A)held B) holding C) being holding D) was holding
17,____ three times in a row, the boxer decide to give up fighting.
A)having defeated B) To have defeated C) having been defeated D) To have been defeated
18,____neglecting our education, my father sent me to school.
A)Accused of B) Accusing of C) To be accused of D) That he was accused of
19,___ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf.
A) He is remembered B) While being remembered
C)To be remembered D) Though remembered
20,____ that they are fresh from university, the young people have done a good job.
A)Given B) Because C) Giving D) As
21,___ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.
A,If walking B) While walking C) Walking D) When one is walking
22,I understood you were third-year students ____ in English.
A)who majors B) who major is C) have majored D) majoring
23,A cool rain was falling, ___ with snow. A) mixed B) mixing C) to mix D) having mixed
24,____ by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender.
A)Surrounded B) Surrounding C) having surrounded D) To be surrounded
25,____equal educational opportunities, American Indians in the reservations remained backward and illiterate for a long time.
A) Deprived off B) Depriving off C) Deprived of D) Depriving of
26,All the exam papers ____, the teacher sent the class home.
A)having been handed in B) having hands in C) handing in D) being handed in
27,____ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A)Founding B) It was founded C) Being founded D) Founded
28,There ____ no fresh drinking water and no good farm land, it was not a comfortable place in which to live.
A) be B) was C) were D) being
29,___ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty understanding Chinese.
A)having lived B) Lived C) Living D) To live
30,Any packet ____ properly will not be accepted by the post office.
A)not to be wrapped B) not being wrapped C) not wrapped D) not having been wrapped
31,The lab ____ next year will be more advanced than the old one.
A)built B) to be built C) being built D) to build
32,Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ____ to the outside world.
A)being lost B) losing C) having lost D) lost
33,He was sitting in the chair, ____ a book. A) read B) was reading C) reading D) with reading
34,Such ____ the case, there were no grounds to justify your complaints.
A)is B) was C) be D) being
35,Peter is a good student, ____ his best subject.
A)as English B) English as C) being English D) English being