车载Android启动流程基本是在Android系统的启动流程中,多了Car相关服务。其他流程基本一致,下面我们来看一下Android系统的启动流程。
Android系统的启动,从设备的开机键长按开始到Android桌面展示,这个完整流程就是Android系统启动的流程。从系统层次角度可分为Linux 系统层、Android 系统服务层、Zygote进程模型三个阶段;从开机到启动Android桌面完成具体细节可分为Android系统启动的七个步骤。下面我们来分析一下:
触当电源按下时引导芯片从预定义的地方(固化在ROM)开始执行。加载引导程序BootLoader到RAM中,然后执行。
引导程序BootLoader是在Android操作系统开始运行前的一个小程序,它的主要作用是将AndroidOS拉起来。
当内核启动时,设置缓存、被保护存储器、计划列表、加载驱动。当内核完成系统设置后,它首先会在系统文件中寻找init.rc文件,并启动init.rc进程。
init进程启动做了很多工作,但是总的来说主要就是做了一下三件事:
(1)创建和挂载启动所需文件目录。
(2)初始化和启动系统属性服务。
(3)解析init.rc配置文件并启动Zygote进程。
程序上app_process进程启动zygote进程。zygote主要创建Java虚拟机并为Java虚拟机注册JNI方法;创建服务端Socket;预加载类和资源;启动SystemServer进程;等待AMS请求创建新的应用进程。
创建并启动Binder线程池,这样可以和其他进程进行通信。
创建SystemServiceManager,其用于对系统的服务进行创建、启动和生命周期的管理。
启动系统中的各种服务。包括我们熟悉的AMS、PMS、WMS。
被SystemServer启动的AMS会启动Launcher,Launcher启动后会将已安装应用的图标显示在桌面上。
车载Android启动是在前面1.1Android系统启动流程中SystemServer开始,有区别。车载Android在SystemServer中启动独有的CarService。下图虚线部分:
CarService是车载Android系统的核心服务之一,所有应用都需要通过CarService来查询、控制整车的状态。不仅仅是车辆控制,实际上CarService几乎就是整个车载Framework最核心的组件。提供了一系列的服务与HAL层的VehicleHAL通信,进而通过车载总线(例如CAN总线)与车身进行通讯,同时它们还为应用层的APP提供接口,从而让APP能够实现对车身的控制与状态的显示。
CarService启动流程和汽车相关的服务的启动主要依靠一个系统服务CarServiceHelperService开机时在SystemServer中启动。
SystemServer进程启动后会调用main()->run()->startOtherService()方法,通过判断当前系统是否是车载分支的版本,是则创建CarServiceHelperService。
package com.android.server;
// ...
public final class SystemServer {
// ...
/**
* Starts a miscellaneous grab bag of stuff that has yet to be refactored and organized.
*/
private void startOtherServices() {
// ...
if (mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE)) {
traceBeginAndSlog("StartCarServiceHelperService");
mSystemServiceManager.startService(CAR_SERVICE_HELPER_SERVICE_CLASS);
traceEnd();
}
// ...
}
// ...
}
SystemServer中使用Service管理代理SystemServiceManager的startService方法通过反射构建com.android.internal.car.CarServiceHelperService。CarServiceHelperService也是继承自SystemService,初始化成功后调用onStart()方法启动。
/**
* Manages creating, starting, and other lifecycle events of
* {@link com.android.server.SystemService system services}.
*
* {@hide}
*/
public class SystemServiceManager {
// ...
/**
* Starts a service by class name.
*
* @return The service instance.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public SystemService startService(String className) {
final Class serviceClass;
try {
serviceClass = (Class)Class.forName(className);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
Slog.i(TAG, "Starting " + className);
throw new RuntimeException("Failed to create service " + className
+ ": service class not found, usually indicates that the caller should "
+ "have called PackageManager.hasSystemFeature() to check whether the "
+ "feature is available on this device before trying to start the "
+ "services that implement it", ex);
}
return startService(serviceClass);
}
public T startService(Class serviceClass) {
try {
// ...
startService(service);
return service;
} finally {
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_SYSTEM_SERVER);
}
}
public void startService(@NonNull final SystemService service) {
// Register it.
mServices.add(service);
// Start it.
long time = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime();
try {
service.onStart();
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException("Failed to start service " + service.getClass().getName()
+ ": onStart threw an exception", ex);
}
warnIfTooLong(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - time, service, "onStart");
}
// ...
}
onStart()方法中使用AIDL启动CarService(新的进程),并加载jni库为CarService提供必要的API。CarServiceHelperService重写后的onStart()需要重点看一下:
package com.android.internal.car;
// ...
/**
* System service side companion service for CarService.
* Starts car service and provide necessary API for CarService. Only for car product.
*/
public class CarServiceHelperService extends SystemService {
// ...
private static final String CAR_SERVICE_INTERFACE = "android.car.ICar";
@Override
public void onStart() {
Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.setPackage("com.android.car");
intent.setAction(CAR_SERVICE_INTERFACE);
if (!getContext().bindServiceAsUser(intent, mCarServiceConnection,Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE,UserHandle.SYSTEM)) {
Slog.wtf(TAG, "cannot start car service");
}
System.loadLibrary("car-framework-service-jni");
}
// ...
}
大致流程分为以下几步:
1.SystemServer初始化时候调用startOtherService()。
2.startOtherService()方法通过SystemServerManager对象的startService()启动CarServiceHelperService,并调用其onStart()方法。
3.CarServiceHelperService通过bindServiceAsUser()方法启动CarService
4.CarService被创建后,onCreate方法调用进行初始化当前对象。
CarService进入启动时序后,onCreate()方法中进行一系列的自身的初始化操作,步骤如下:
1)通过HIDL接口获取到HAL层的IHwBinder对象-IVehicle,与AIDL的用法类似,必须持有IHwBinder对象我们才可以与Vehicle HAL层进行通信。
2)创建ICarImpl对象,并调用init方法,它就是ICar.aidl接口的实现类,我们需要通过它才能拿到其他的Service的IBinder对象。
3)将ICar.aidl的实现类添加到ServiceManager中。
4)设定SystemProperty,将CarService设定为创建完成状态,只有包含CarService在内的所有的核心Service都完成初始化,才能结束开机动画并发送开机广播。
@Override
public void onCreate() {
Log.i(CarLog.TAG_SERVICE, "Service onCreate");
mCanBusErrorNotifier = new CanBusErrorNotifier(this /* context */ );
mVehicle = getVehicle();
EventLog.writeEvent(EventLogTags.CAR_SERVICE_CREATE, mVehicle == null ? 0 : 1);
if (mVehicle == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Vehicle HAL service is not available.");
}
try {
mVehicleInterfaceName = mVehicle.interfaceDescriptor();
} catch (RemoteException e) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to get Vehicle HAL interface descriptor", e);
}
Log.i(CarLog.TAG_SERVICE, "Connected to " + mVehicleInterfaceName);
EventLog.writeEvent(EventLogTags.CAR_SERVICE_CONNECTED, mVehicleInterfaceName);
mICarImpl = new ICarImpl(this,
mVehicle,
SystemInterface.Builder.defaultSystemInterface(this).build(),
mCanBusErrorNotifier,
mVehicleInterfaceName);
mICarImpl.init();
// 处理 HIDL 连接
linkToDeath(mVehicle, mVehicleDeathRecipient);
ServiceManager.addService("car_service", mICarImpl);
SystemProperties.set("boot.car_service_created", "1");
super.onCreate();
}
通过HIDL接口获取到HAL层的IHwBinder对象-IVehicle,与AIDL的用法类似,必须持有IHwBinder对象我们才可以与Vehicle HAL层进行通信。
@Nullable
private static IVehicle getVehicle() {
final String instanceName = SystemProperties.get("ro.vehicle.hal", "default");
try {
return android.hardware.automotive.vehicle.V2_0.IVehicle.getService(instanceName);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
Log.e(CarLog.TAG_SERVICE, "Failed to get IVehicle/" + instanceName + " service", e);
} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
Log.e(CarLog.TAG_SERVICE, "IVehicle/" + instanceName + " service not registered yet");
}
return null;
}
接着我们再来看ICarImpl的实现,如下所示:
ICarImpl(Context serviceContext, IVehicle vehicle, SystemInterface systemInterface,
CanBusErrorNotifier errorNotifier, String vehicleInterfaceName,
@Nullable CarUserService carUserService,
@Nullable CarWatchdogService carWatchdogService) {
...
// 创建 核心服务对象
mCarPowerManagementService = new CarPowerManagementService(mContext, mHal.getPowerHal(),
systemInterface, mCarUserService);
...
// 将重要的服务缓存到 CarLocalServices
CarLocalServices.addService(CarPowerManagementService.class, mCarPowerManagementService);
CarLocalServices.addService(CarPropertyService.class, mCarPropertyService);
CarLocalServices.addService(CarUserService.class, mCarUserService);
CarLocalServices.addService(CarTrustedDeviceService.class, mCarTrustedDeviceService);
CarLocalServices.addService(CarUserNoticeService.class, mCarUserNoticeService);
CarLocalServices.addService(SystemInterface.class, mSystemInterface);
CarLocalServices.addService(CarDrivingStateService.class, mCarDrivingStateService);
CarLocalServices.addService(PerUserCarServiceHelper.class, mPerUserCarServiceHelper);
CarLocalServices.addService(FixedActivityService.class, mFixedActivityService);
CarLocalServices.addService(VmsBrokerService.class, mVmsBrokerService);
CarLocalServices.addService(CarOccupantZoneService.class, mCarOccupantZoneService);
CarLocalServices.addService(AppFocusService.class, mAppFocusService);
// 将创建的服务对象依次添加到一个list中保存起来
List allServices = new ArrayList<>();
allServices.add(mFeatureController);
allServices.add(mCarUserService);
...
allServices.add(mCarWatchdogService);
// Always put mCarExperimentalFeatureServiceController in last.
addServiceIfNonNull(allServices, mCarExperimentalFeatureServiceController);
mAllServices = allServices.toArray(new CarServiceBase[allServices.size()]);
}
@MainThread
void init() {
mBootTiming = new TimingsTraceLog(VHAL_TIMING_TAG, Trace.TRACE_TAG_HAL);
traceBegin("VehicleHal.init");
// 初始化 Vechicle HAL
mHal.init();
traceEnd();
traceBegin("CarService.initAllServices");
// 初始化所有服务
for (CarServiceBase service : mAllServices) {
service.init();
}
traceEnd();
}
@Override
public IBinder getCarService(String serviceName) {
if (!mFeatureController.isFeatureEnabled(serviceName)) {
Log.w(CarLog.TAG_SERVICE, "getCarService for disabled service:" + serviceName);
return null;
}
switch (serviceName) {
case Car.AUDIO_SERVICE:
return mCarAudioService;
case Car.APP_FOCUS_SERVICE:
return mAppFocusService;
case Car.PACKAGE_SERVICE:
return mCarPackageManagerService;
...
default:
IBinder service = null;
if (mCarExperimentalFeatureServiceController != null) {
service = mCarExperimentalFeatureServiceController.getCarService(serviceName);
}
if (service == null) {
Log.w(CarLog.TAG_SERVICE, "getCarService for unknown service:"
+ serviceName);
}
return service;
}
}
CarService实现的功能几乎就是覆盖整个车载Framework的核心。
然而现实中为了保证各个核心服务的稳定性,同时降低CarService协同开发的难度,一般会选择将一些重要的服务拆分单独作为一个独立的Service运行在独立的进程中,导致有的车机系统中CarService只实现了CarPropertyService的功能。
CarService实现流程可以这样理解:提供
IVehicle对象与底层交互,提供ICarImpl初始化一系列服务交给ServiceManager管理,而这些服务可以通过IVehicle对象调用底层的API,CarService充当一个中介代理的角色存在。