Java入门与实践

Java基础

Java入门

idea的使用

idea快捷键
crtl+alt+t 对选中的代码弹出环绕选项弹出层
问题描述：idea光标变小黑块

解决：误触Insert键，再次按Insert键即可

java基础语法

注释

//单行注释

/*
多行注释
*/

/**
文档注释，可提取到文档
*/

快捷键：
ctrl+/单行注释
ctrl+shiift+/ 取消注释
补充：注释内容编译时会直接跳过

字面量
java中数据称为字面量。
字面量可以分为很多类：
- 整数型字面量：1 2 3 100 -100…
- 浮点型字面量：1.3 1.2 1.1 4.6 7.8…
- 布尔型字面量：ture false（只有这两个，表示真假，ture标识真，false表示假）
- 字符型字面量：’a’ ‘b’ ’中’
- 字符串型字面量：“abc” “中国”

//字符：单引号''括起来，有且只能有一个字符
'a'//字符内容为字母a
' '//字符内容为空格
''//报错
'\n'//换行
'\t'//代表一个tab

//字符串：双引号""括起来，内容无要求
"123aB种"
""

变量
概念：用来存储一个数据，本质上是一块内存空间。
优点：使得编写代码更灵活，提高可维护性。
注意：变量定义时可以不初始化，但是使用时变量必须已经初始化过否则报错

		int a = 1;
        {
            a = 2;//再次定义变量a属于重复,函数内自上而下执行（反之，若{int a = 1;} int a;可以）
            System.out.println(a);
        }
        System.out.println(a);

        {
            int b = 1;
            System.out.println(b);
        }
        {
            int b = 2;//变量b是局部变量
            System.out.println(b);
        }

字面量，常量和变量三者间的对比：
字面量是指由字母，数字等构成的字符串或者数值，它只能作为右值出现,(右值是指等号右边的值，如：int a=123这里的a为左值，123为右值。)
常量和变量都属于变量，只不过常量是赋过值后不能再改变的变量（类似于只读文件），而普通的变量可以再进行赋值操作。

关键字和标识符

数据类型
类型转换
- 自动类型转换

       short s1 = 1, s2 = 2;
        //short s3 = s1 + s2;报错，接受为short，提供的为int
        int s3 = s1 + s2;
        short s4 = (short)(s1 + s2);

		int i = 5;
        char c = 'A';
        System.out.println(i + 'A');//70
        System.out.println(c + 5);//70

        int d = c;
        System.out.println(d + 5);//70

* 强制类型转换

运算符
- 赋值运算符

a += b;
等价于：
a = (a的类型)(a + b);
即+=之类的赋值操作，自带强制转换

* 算术运算符+，-，*，/，%

		int a = 10, b = 3;
        System.out.println(10/3);//3
        System.out.println(10.0/3);//3.3333333333333335
        System.out.println(a * 1.0 / b);//3.3333333333333335
        System.out.println(a / b);//3两个整数相除的结果是整数（直接舍弃小数部分）
		
		System.out.println(-1 % 5);//-1
        System.out.println(-5 % 5);//0

		int e = 5;
        char c1 = 'A';
        System.out.println(e + "hahaha");//5hahaha 不能算，直接连接
        System.out.println(e + c1 + "hahaha");//70hahaha 前两者能算，后面不能算直接连接

运算符优先级

流程控制

顺序结构
分支结构
- if
- switch

		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        int n = sc.nextInt();
        switch (n){
            case 1 :
            case 2:
            case 3:
            case 4:
            case 5:
                System.out.println("finish the tasks at hand!");
                break;
            case 6:
            case 7:
                System.out.println("enhance algorithm, codding and cet-6!");
                break;
            default:
                System.out.println("input is error~");
        }

循环结构
- for
- while
- do{}while();
  
  先执行后判断

数组

数组的静态和动态初始化

		int[] ages = new int[]{25, 26,27};//静态初始化
        int[] month = {7, 8, 9};//简化版，初始化
        int day[] = {11, 12, 13};//语法上也可以，但不推荐。因为前者更容易看出来是某类型的数组，可读性更好
        System.out.println(ages);//[I@4eec7777
        System.out.println(money);//[D@3b07d329
        System.out.println(ages.length);//3
        System.out.println(ages[0]);//25，数组索引从0开始

数组的存储

//简单应用1：找数组最大值
public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        int[] score = new int[10];
        int max = -1;
        for(int i = 0; i < score.length; i++)
            score[i] = sc.nextInt();
        for (int i = 0; i < score.length; i++) {
            if(score[i] > max) max = score[i];
        }
        System.out.println(max);
    }

//简单应用2：反转数组
public static void main(String[] args){
        int[] score = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
        /*for(int i = 0, j = score.length - 1; i < j; i++, j--){
            int temp = score[i];
            score[i] = score[j];
            score[j] = temp;
        }*/
        for(int i = 0; i < score.length / 2; i++){
            int temp = score[i];
            score[i] = score[score.length - i - 1];
            score[score.length - i - 1] = temp;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < score.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(" " + score[i]);
        }
    }

方法

方法命名规范：首字母以小写开头，每个单词首字母大写（第一个单词除外）。最好是一个动词或者动词词组或者第一个单词为一个动词。如：getUserName()

//简单应用：1~n求和，用方法实现
public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        int n = sc.nextInt();
        System.out.println(sum(n));
   }

   public static int sum(int n){
        int sum = 0;
        for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){
            sum += i;
        }
        return sum;
   }

方法在栈内存中运行，以保证一个方法调用完另一个方法后可以回来。

方法参数传递

	public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        int[] a = new int[8];
        for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
                a[i] = sc.nextInt();
        print(a);
    }

    static void print(int[] n){
    	if(n == null) System.out.println(n);
        System.out.print("[");
        for(int i = 0; i < n.length; i++){
            System.out.print(n[i]);
            if(i != n.length - 1)
                System.out.print(",");
        }
        System.out.print("]");
    }

方法重载

return关键字

//简单综合应用：生成验证码
	public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        int n = sc.nextInt();
        System.out.println(CreateCode(n));
    }

    public static String CreateCode(int n){
        String code = "";
        int m;
        Random r = new Random();
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
            m = r.nextInt(3);
            switch(m){
                case 0 :
                    code += r.nextInt(10);
                    break;
                case 1 :
                    code += (char)(r.nextInt(26) + 65);
                    break;
                case 2 :
                    code += (char)(r.nextInt(26) + 97);
//                    char c = (char)(r.nextInt(26) + 97);
//                    code += c;
                    break;
            }
        }
        return code;
    }

//简单综合运用：评委打分，去掉最高和最低分取平均分
public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        int n = sc.nextInt();//评委人数
        score(n);
    }

    public static void score(int n){
        int[] grade = new int[n];
        int max = -1, min = 101, sum = 0;//分数范围0~100，打分规则去掉最高分和最低分求平均分
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
            grade[i] = sc.nextInt();
            if(grade[i] > max) max = grade[i];
            if(grade[i] < min) min = grade[i];
            sum += grade[i];
        }
        System.out.println(1.0 * (sum - min - max) / (n - 2));
    }

//需求：对所给年份加密，每位数字先加5再对10求余，最后翻转处理后的每位数字
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        int year = sc.nextInt();
        int[] result = encode(year);
        for(int i = 0; i < result.length; i++)
            System.out.print(result[i]);
    }

    public static int[] encode(int n){
        int[] nums = split(n);
        for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
            nums[i] = (nums[i] + 5) % 10;
        reverse(nums);
        return nums;
    }

    public static int[] split(int n){
        int[] ans = new int[4];
        for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++){
            ans[i] = n % 10;
            n /= 10;
        }
        return ans;
    }

    public static void reverse(int[] a){
        for(int i = 0; i < a.length / 2; i++){
            int t = a[i];
            a[i] = a[a.length - 1 - i];
            a[a.length - 1 - i] = t;
        }
    }

//打印乘法表
public static void main(String[] args) {
        for(int i = 1; i < 10; i++){
            for(int j = 1; j <= i; j++){
                System.out.print(j + "x" + i + '=' + i*j + '\t');
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }

面向对象

定义类的注意事项

this关键字
构造器
封装
决定属性和行为归属谁的问题
实体类JavaBean

public class HelloObject {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Student s1 = new Student();
        s1.setScore(100);
        StudentOperator so = new StudentOperator();
        if(so.isPass(s1, 60)) System.out.println("Passed");
        else System.out.println("No Pass");
    }
}

public class Student {
    private String name;
    private double score;

    public Student() {
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public double getScore() {
        return score;
    }

    public void setScore(double score) {
        this.score = score;
    }
}

public class StudentOperator {
    public boolean isPass(Student student, double score){
        if(student.getScore() > score) return true;
        return false;
    }
}

常用API

包
String

		String s1 = "222";//第二种构造方法建议转化为该方式初始化
        System.out.println(s1);
        byte[] b = {65, 67, 98};
        String s2 = new String(b);
        System.out.println(s2);//ACb

String s3 = "abcde", s4 = "abcde", s5 = new String(s3);
        System.out.println(s3.charAt(4));//字符串.charAt(index)取字符串中指定索引的字符
        System.out.println(s3 == s4);//true 直接比较的比较内容是指向的地址是否相同
        System.out.println(s3 == s5);//false s3和s5没有指向同一个对象，非字符串内容的比较
        System.out.println(s3.equals(s4));//true
        for(int i = 0; i < s3.length(); i++){
            System.out.println(s3.charAt(i));
        }
        char[] arr = s3.toCharArray();//转字符数组
        System.out.println(arr);
        System.out.println(arr[0]);
        String s6 = s3.substring(0,4);//abcd 截子串，索引区间前闭后开
        System.out.println(s6);
        System.out.println(s3.substring(1));//bcde 从目标索引开始直到末尾，截出子串
        String s7 = s3.replace('b', '*');
        System.out.println(s7);//a*cde
        System.out.println(s7.contains("b"));//false 是否包含某个关键字（字符串形式）
        System.out.println(s7.contains("cde"));//true
        System.out.println(s7.contains("cdef"));//false 精准包含的判断
        System.out.println(s7.startsWith("a*"));//true 是否以某个字符串开头
        System.out.println(s7.startsWith("a*b"));//false
        String s8 = "aa,bb,cc,dd";
        String[] name = s8.split(",");//按指定字符串分割，并返回字符串数组
        for (int i = 0; i < name.length; i++) {
            System.out.println(name[i]);
        }

string注意事项
string的不可变类似数组，直接在修改后创建新string，而非修改字符串对象

①以"…“形式的字符串存在常量池中
②s2是new出来的对象在堆里创建
s1是以”……"形式，相同内容的字符串只存一份，已存在，直接指向该地址即可，无需重复存储和创造

有运算要放在堆里。
程序一在编译时，只知道s2是字符，运行时才知道其内容
程序二在编译时，知道字符串内容，可以进行转化，提高程序的执行性能

字符串比较

//String简单应用：用户登录，需满足账号和密码皆正确，最多尝试三次
public class User {
    private String name;
    private String password;
    public User(){

    }
    public User(String name, String password){
        this.name = name;
        this.password = password;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getPassword() {
        return password;
    }

    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }
}

import java.util.Scanner;

public class UserOperator {
    public void login(User user){
        int n = 3;
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        while (n-- != 0) {
            String name = sc.next(), password = sc.next();
            if(user.getName().equals(name) && user.getPassword().equals(password)){
                System.out.println("successfully login~");
                return ;
            }
            if(!user.getName().equals(name)) System.out.println("name error");
            if(!user.getPassword().equals(password)) System.out.println("password error");
        }
    }
}

public class Login {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        User user = new User("admin", "123456");
        UserOperator uo = new UserOperator();
        uo.login(user);
    }
}

ArrayList

		ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
        list.add("aa");
        list.add(1);
        list.add(10.0);
        list.add("中");
        System.out.println(list);
        System.out.println(list.size());
        list.remove(1);
        System.out.println(list);
        list.add("aa");
        list.add("bb");
        list.remove("aa");//删除首次出现的指定元素
        System.out.println(list);
        list.set(0, "aa");
        System.out.println(list);//修改指定索引处的内容

基础阶段小结：ATM系统

public class Account {
    private String name;
    private char gender;
    private String id;
    private String password;
    private double limit;

    public String getName() {
        return name + (gender == '女' ? "女士" : "先生");
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public char getGender() {
        return gender;
    }

    public void setGender(char gender) {
        this.gender = gender;
    }

    public String getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(String id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getPassword() {
        return password;
    }

    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }

    public double getLimit() {
        return limit;
    }

    public void setLimit(double limit) {
        this.limit = limit;
    }

    public double getMoney() {
        return money;
    }

    public void setMoney(double money) {
        this.money = money;
    }

    private double money;
}


import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class ATM {
    private ArrayList<Account> list = new ArrayList<>();
    private Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
    private Random r = new Random();
    private Account loginAcc;

    public void start() {
        System.out.println("=====ATM系统首页=====");
        while (true) {
            System.out.println("welcome to the system~");
            System.out.println("select your operation:\n1.login\n2.create new account\nplease input number:");
            int command = sc.nextInt();
            switch (command) {
                case 1:
                    login();
                    break;
                case 2:
                    createAccount();
                    break;
                default:
                    System.out.println("please input number 1 or 2!");
            }
        }
    }
    /**登录功能*/
    private void login(){
        System.out.println("===login===");
        if(list.size() == 0){
            System.out.println("当前无账户，请先注册！");
            return;
        }
        while (true) {
            System.out.println("please input your cardId:");
            String id = sc.next();
            Account acc = searchId(id);
            if(acc == null)
                System.out.println("the account is not exist,please inspect and input again!");
            else{
                System.out.println("welcome," + acc.getName());
                loginAcc = acc;
                break;
            }
        }

        while(true){
            System.out.println("please input password:");
            String password = sc.next();
            if(password.equals(loginAcc.getPassword())){
                System.out.println("login successfully~");
                break;
            }
            else{
                System.out.println("your password is error!");
            }
        }

        while (true) {
            System.out.println("==selsect your operation==");
            System.out.println("1.查询账户");
            System.out.println("2.存款");
            System.out.println("3.取款\n4.转账\n5.密码修改\n6.退出\n7.注销当前账户");
            int command = sc.nextInt();
            switch (command){
                case 1:
                    showAccountInfo();
                    break;
                case 2:
                    addMoney();
                    break;
                case 3:
                    getMoney();
                    break;
                case 4:
                    transfer();
                    break;
                case 5:
                    modifyPassword();
                    return;
                case 6:
                    System.out.println(loginAcc.getName() + "您已成功退出");
                    return;
                case 7:
                    if(deleteAccount()){
                        return;
                    }
                    break;
                default:
                    System.out.println("please input the number 1-7!");
            }
        }
    }

    /** 展示当前账号信息*/
    private void showAccountInfo() {
        System.out.println(loginAcc.getName() + ", your details are those:");
        System.out.println("卡号：" + loginAcc.getId());
        System.out.println("户主：" + loginAcc.getName());
        System.out.println("性别：" + loginAcc.getGender());
        System.out.println("密码：" + loginAcc.getPassword());
        System.out.println("余额：" + loginAcc.getMoney());
        System.out.println("单次限额：" + loginAcc.getLimit());
    }

    /**存款*/
    private void addMoney(){
        System.out.println("==存款==\n请输入存款金额:");
        while (true) {
            double money = sc.nextDouble();
            if(money >= 0){
                loginAcc.setMoney(loginAcc.getMoney() + money);
                System.out.println("您已成功存款" + money + "元，当前账户余额" + loginAcc.getMoney());
                break;
            }
            else{
                System.out.println("存款数额请大于等于0哦！");
            }
        }
    }

    /**取款*/
    private void getMoney(){
        System.out.println("==取款==\n请输入取款金额:");
        while (true) {
            double money = sc.nextDouble();
            if(money > loginAcc.getLimit()){
                System.out.println("单次限额" + loginAcc.getLimit() + ",请重新输入取款金额！");
            }
            else if(money > loginAcc.getMoney()){
                System.out.println("您的账户余额为" + loginAcc.getMoney() + ",已不足请重新输入取款金额！");
            }
            else{
                loginAcc.setMoney(loginAcc.getMoney() - money);
                System.out.println("您已成功取款" + money + "元，当前账户余额为" + loginAcc.getMoney());
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    /**转账*/
    private void transfer(){
        System.out.println("==转账==");
        if(list.size() < 2){
            System.out.println("账户过少，请先创建充足用户再使用转账功能！");
            return;
        }
        System.out.println("请输入待转账账号：");
        String id = sc.next();
        Account acc = searchId(id);
        if(acc == null){
            System.out.println("您输入的账号有误！");
        }
        else{
            String name = "*" + acc.getName().substring(1);
            System.out.println("请输入用户【" + name + "】姓氏进行验证：");
            String family = sc.next();
            if(family.charAt(0) == acc.getName().charAt(0)){
                System.out.println("验证成功~");
                if(loginAcc.getMoney() == 0){
                    System.out.println("账户余额不足！");
                }
                else{
                    System.out.println("请输入转账金额：");
                    double money = sc.nextDouble();
                    if(money > loginAcc.getMoney()){
                        System.out.println("账户余额不足！");
                    }
                    else{
                        acc.setMoney(acc.getMoney() + money);
                        loginAcc.setMoney(loginAcc.getMoney() - money);
                        System.out.println("成功转账" + money + "元，账号余额为" + loginAcc.getMoney());
                    }
                }
            }
            else{
                System.out.println("验证失败！");
            }
        }
    }

    /**密码修改*/
    private void modifyPassword(){
        System.out.println("==修改密码==");
        while (true) {
            System.out.println("请输入原密码：");
            String password = sc.next();
            if(password.equals(loginAcc.getPassword())){
                while(true){
                    System.out.println("请输入新密码：");
                    String newPassword = sc.next();
                    System.out.println("请再次输入新密码：");
                    String verify = sc.next();
                    if(newPassword.equals(verify)){
                        loginAcc.setPassword(newPassword);
                        System.out.println("您已成功修改密码为" + loginAcc.getPassword());
                        return;
                    }
                    else{
                        System.out.println("两次输入密码不一致，请重新设置！");
                    }
                }
            }
            else{
                System.out.println("密码错误，请重新输入！");
            }
        }
    }

    /**销户*/
    private boolean deleteAccount(){
        if(loginAcc.getMoney() > 0){
            System.out.println("当前还有未用余额，请先使用完毕再销户！");
            return false;
        }
        else{
            System.out.println(loginAcc.getName() + "，您已成功销户~");
            list.remove(loginAcc);
            return true;
        }
    }
    private void createAccount() {
        System.out.println("===create account===");
        Account acc = new Account();
        System.out.println("input name:");
        acc.setName(sc.next());
        System.out.println("input gender:");
        while (true) {
            char gender = sc.next().charAt(0);
            if (gender == '男' || gender == '女') {
                acc.setGender(gender);
                break;
            } else {
                System.out.println("please input 男 or 女！");
            }
        }
        while (true) {
            System.out.println("input password:");
            String password = sc.next();
            System.out.println("verify your password:");
            String password1 = sc.next();
            if (password.equals(password1)) {
                acc.setPassword(password);
                break;
            } else {
                System.out.println("the two input password are different,please input again!");
            }
        }
        System.out.println("input limit");
        acc.setLimit(sc.nextDouble());
        String id = createCardId();
        acc.setId(id);
        list.add(acc);
        System.out.println("your card id is " + id + " and you can start use~");
    }

    private String createCardId() {
        while (true) {
            String id = "";

            for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
                int num = r.nextInt(10);
                id += num;
            }
            if (searchId(id) == null) {
                return id;
            }
        }
    }

    private Account searchId(String id) {
        for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
            if (list.get(i).getId().equals(id)) return list.get(i);
        }
        return null;
    }
}

public class Menu {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ATM atm = new ATM();
        atm.start();
    }
}

java加强

static

类变量（static修饰的成员变量，也叫静态成员变量）
同一个类中，访问类成员，类名可省略不写

应用场景：某个数据只需要一份&希望能够被共享（修改、访问），则数据可以定义为类变量
类方法（static修饰的成员方法）
- 类方法：属于类，可以直接访问，也可用对象访问。
  - 类方法常用于工具类。
  - 工具类中的方法都是一些类方法，来完成某个功能。
  - 工具类中使用类方法而非实例方法是因为类方法的调用直接用类名即可，使用方便且节省内存
  - 工具类本身没有创造对象的需求，往往把其构造器私有。
- 实例方法：属于对象，只能用对象访问

static使用注意事项
代码块
实例代码块很少使用，而静态代码块也基本是sun公司的使用，故了解即可
static应用：单例设计模式

package singleInstance;

//饿汉式单例
public class SingleInstance {
    //定义一个类变量记住类的一个对象
    private static SingleInstance si = new SingleInstance();

    //必须私有类的构造器
    private SingleInstance(){

    }

    //定义一个方法返回类的对象
    public static SingleInstance getObject(){
        return si;
    }
}

package singleInstance;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        SingleInstance si1 = SingleInstance.getObject();
        SingleInstance si2 = SingleInstance.getObject();
        System.out.println(si1);//@3b07d329
        System.out.println(si2);//@3b07d329
    }
}

package singleInstance;

public class LazySingleInstance {
    //定义一个类变量，用于存储这个类的一个对象
    private static LazySingleInstance l;

    //类的构造器私有
    private LazySingleInstance(){

    }

    //该类方法要保证当且仅当第一次调用时才创建一个对象，后续都用该对象返回
    public static LazySingleInstance getObject(){
        if(l == null){
            l = new LazySingleInstance();
            System.out.println("create object~");
        }
        return l;
    }
}

package singleInstance;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        LazySingleInstance l1 = LazySingleInstance.getObject();
        LazySingleInstance l2 = LazySingleInstance.getObject();
        System.out.println(l1 == l2);//true
    }
}

继承

继承作用：减少重复代码的编写，提高了代码的复用性

权限修饰符
单继承
- Java是单继承的，即只能直接继承一个父类。不支持多继承
- Java是可以支持多层继承的，即父类还可以有其父类（通俗的理解，可以有爷爷太爷爷，但不能同时有多个爸爸）
Object类
方法重写
子类访问其他成员
- 在子类方法中访问其他成员（成员变量、成员方法），是按照就近原则的
  - 先子类局部范围找
  - 再子类成员范围找
  - 再父类成员范围找，若父类范围还没有就报错
- 若子父类中，出现了重名的成员，会优先使用子类的，但若想要使用父类时
  - 通过super关键字，指定访问父类的成员：super.父类成员变量/父类成员方法

//子类Student中的方法，其父类为Human
public void printName(){
        String name = "method name";
        System.out.println(name);//method name
        System.out.println(this.name);//student.name 子类对象成员变量
        System.out.println(super.name);//human name距离最近的父类的成员变量
    }

子类构造器
子类构造器特点：子类中的全部构造器，都必须先调用父类的构造器，再执行自己

package heyExtends;

public class Student {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private String spirit;

    public String getSpirit() {
        return spirit;
    }

    public void setSpirit(String spirit) {
        this.spirit = spirit;
    }

    public Student() {
    }

    public Student(String name, int age){
        this(name, age, "mortal");
    }

    public Student(String name, int age, String spirit) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.spirit = spirit;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

}

package heyExtends;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Student s = new Student("Anna", 26);
        System.out.println(s.getName());
        System.out.println(s.getAge());
        System.out.println(s.getSpirit());
    }
}

多态

运行时，动态绑定子类中重写的方法

package heyExtends;

public class Human {
    public void run(){
        System.out.println("human can run");
    }
}

package heyExtends;

public class Student extends Human{
    
    @Override
    public void run(){
        System.out.println("student runs fastly");
    }
}

package heyExtends;

public class Teacher extends Human{
    @Override
    public void run(){
        System.out.println("teacher hard to run");
    }
}

package heyExtends;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Human h = new Human();
        Human h1 = new Student();
        Human h2 = new Teacher();
        h.run();//human can run
        h1.run();//student runs fastly
        h2.run();//teacher hard to run
    }
}

final

常量：使用static final修饰的成员变量。常量名建议用大写字母，中间用下划线隔开

抽象类

父类知道每个子类都会做某个行为，但每个子类要做的情况细节不同，父类就定义为抽象方法，交给子类自己去重写实现，如此也是为了更好地支持多态。例如，每个动物都要干饭，但是蛇是整吞，人是咀嚼后再下咽方式是不同的。我们提前为动物类的干饭方法进行实现没有价值，定义为抽象方法（只有声明没有方法体）交给具体的子类实现才符合需求。

接口

package helloInterface;

public interface Base {
    String NAME = "Anna";
    void eat();
    private void sleep(){}
}

package helloInterface;

public interface Hard {
    void study();
}

package helloInterface;

public abstract class Human implements Base, Hard{

//    实现全部接口的所有抽象方法，或者将实现类定义为抽象类
//    @Override
//    public void eat() {
//
//    }
//
//    @Override
//    public void study() {
//
//    }
}

package interfaceDemo;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Manager m = new Manager();
        m.printInfo();
        m.printScore();
    }
}

package interfaceDemo;

public class Student {
    private String name;
    private double score;
    private char gender;

    public Student() {
    }

    public Student(String name, double score, char gender) {
        this.name = name;
        this.score = score;
        this.gender = gender;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public double getScore() {
        return score;
    }

    public void setScore(double score) {
        this.score = score;
    }

    public char getGender() {
        return gender;
    }

    public void setGender(char gender) {
        this.gender = gender;
    }
}

package interfaceDemo;

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Manager {
    private ArrayList<Student> students = new ArrayList<>();
    private StudentOperator so = new StudentOperatorImpl1();

    public Manager(){
        students.add(new Student("刘亦菲", 100, '女'));
        students.add(new Student("古天乐", 90, '男'));
        students.add(new Student("斯嘉丽", 150, '女'));
    }

    public void printInfo(){
        so.printInfo(students);
    }

    public void printScore(){
        so.printScore(students);
    }
}

package interfaceDemo;

import java.util.ArrayList;

public interface StudentOperator {
    void printInfo(ArrayList<Student> students);
    void printScore(ArrayList<Student> students);
}

package interfaceDemo;

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class StudentOperatorImpl1 implements StudentOperator{
    @Override
    public void printInfo(ArrayList<Student> students) {
        for(int i = 0; i < students.size(); i++){
            Student s = students.get(i);
            System.out.println("姓名：" + s.getName() + ",性别：" + s.getGender() + ",成绩：" + s.getScore());
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void printScore(ArrayList<Student> students) {
        double sum = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < students.size(); i++) {
            Student s = students.get(i);
            sum += s.getScore();
        }
        System.out.println("平均分为：" + sum / students.size());
    }
}

package interfaceDemo;

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class StudentOperatorImpl2 implements StudentOperator{
    @Override
    public void printInfo(ArrayList<Student> students) {
        int boy = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i < students.size(); i++){
            Student s = students.get(i);
            System.out.println("姓名：" + s.getName() + ",性别：" + s.getGender() + ",成绩：" + s.getScore());
            if(s.getGender() == '男') boy++;
        }
        System.out.println("女生共有" + (students.size() - boy) + "人， 男生共有" + boy + "人");
    }

    @Override
    public void printScore(ArrayList<Student> students) {
        double sum = 0, max = students.get(0).getScore(), min = students.get(0).getScore();
        for (int i = 0; i < students.size(); i++) {
            Student s = students.get(i);
            sum += s.getScore();
            if(s.getScore() > max) max = s.getScore();
            if(s.getScore() < min) min = s.getScore();
        }
        System.out.println("平均分为：" + (sum - max - min) / (students.size() - 2));
    }
}

JDK8新特性

package interface_jdk8;

public interface Driver {
    /**默认方法：
     *    必须用default修饰，默认用public修饰
     *    属于实例方法，必须用实现类的对象来访问
     * */
    default void driver(){
        examDrive();
        System.out.println("I can drive");
    }

    /**私有方法：必须使用private修饰
     *        属于实例方法
     * */
    private void examDrive(){
        System.out.println("got lisence!");
    }

    /**静态方法：必须使用static修饰，默认会被public修饰
     * */
    static void func(){
        System.out.println("static method did");
    }

    void func1();
}

package interface_jdk8;

public class Human implements Driver{
    @Override
    public void func1(){

    }
}

package interface_jdk8;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Human h = new Human();
        h.driver();
        //h.examDrive();报错
        //Human.func();报错
        Driver.func();
    }
}

接口的多继承

package multiInterface;

public class hello {

}

interface A{
    void funcA();
}

interface B{
    void funcB();
}

//接口是多继承的
interface C extends A, B{

}

class D implements C{

    @Override
    public void funcA() {

    }

    @Override
    public void funcB() {

    }
}

接口使用的注意事项

package multiInterface;

public class Hey {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        DD d = new DD();
        d.test();//test did
        H h = new H();
        h.test();//I am method in your super(father)
    }
}

interface AA{
    void test();
    //void test1();报错
}

interface BB{
    void test();
    //String test1();一个接口继承多个接口时，若多个接口中存在方法签名冲突，则不支持多继承
}

interface CC extends AA, BB{

}

class DD implements CC{

    @Override
    public void test() {
        System.out.println("test did");
    }
}

//报错。当一个类实现多个接口时，若多个接口中存在方法签名冲突，则不支持多实现
//class E implements AA, BB{
//
//}

class F{
    public void test(){
        System.out.println("I am method in your super(father)");
    }
}

interface G{
    default void test(){
        System.out.println("I am method in your interface");
    }
}

//当一个类同时继承了父类且实现了接口，且父类和接口中有同名的默认方法，实现类会优先使用父类中
class H extends F implements G{

}

interface J{
    default void test(){
        System.out.println("J method");
    }
}

interface K{
    default void test(){
        System.out.println("K method");
    }
}

//一个类中实现了多个接口，多个接口中存在多个同名的方法，可以不冲突，需要在这个类中重写该方法即可
class L implements J, K{
    public void test(){
        System.out.println("L method, myself");
    }
}

内部类

package helloInner;

public class Outer {
    private int age = 1;
    public static String school;

    public class Inner{
        private int age = 2;

        void test(){
            System.out.println(school);

            int age = 3;
            System.out.println(age);//3
            System.out.println(this.age);//2
            System.out.println(Outer.this.age);//1
        }
    }
}

package helloInner;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Outer.Inner inner = new Outer().new Inner();
        inner.test();
    }
}

静态内部类

package helloInner;

public class Outer {
    private int age = 1;
    public static String school;

    public static class Inner{
        private int age = 2;

        void test(){
            System.out.println(school);

            int age = 3;
            System.out.println(age);//3
            System.out.println(this.age);//2
            //System.out.println(Outer.this.age);报错
        }
    }

    public static void test(){
        //System.out.println(age);报错，在静态方法里不能直接访问实例变量，实例变量是属于每个对象的
        System.out.println(school);
    }
    public void test1(){
        System.out.println(age);
        System.out.println(school);
    }
}

package helloInner;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Outer.Inner inner = new Outer.Inner();
        inner.test();
    }
}

局部内部类
匿名内部类

package helloInner;

public class Hello {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Animal animal = new Animal(){
          @Override
          void cry(){
              System.out.println("I can cry by miao");
          }
        };
        animal.cry();//I can cry by miao
    }
}

class Animal{
    void cry(){
        System.out.println("I can cry");
    }
}

package helloInner;

public class Human {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Driver driver = new Driver(){
            @Override
            public void driver(){
                System.out.println("driving");
            }
        };
        complete(driver);//the complete starts \n driving
    }

    public static void complete(Driver driver){
        System.out.println("the complete starts");
        driver.driver();
    }
}

package helloInner;

public interface Driver {
    void driver();
}

枚举

package helloEnum;

public enum Student {
    Wang, Liu, Gu;

    private String id;

    public String getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(String id) {
        this.id = id;
    }
}

package helloEnum;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //Student s = new Student();枚举类的构造器都是私有的，不能对外创建对象
        Student student = Student.Wang;//枚举类的第一行都是常量，它们是枚举类的对象
        System.out.println(student);//Wang
        System.out.println(student.getId());//null

        Student[] students = Student.values();//拿到全部对象
        Student student1 = Student.valueOf("Liu");
        System.out.println(student1.name());//Liu
        System.out.println(student1.ordinal());//1  索引
        for(int i = 0; i < students.length; i++){
            System.out.println(students[i].name());
        }
    }
}

匿名内部类

package abstractEnum;

public enum Student {
    Wang("WANG"){
        @Override
        public void study(){
            System.out.println(getName() + " is studying");
        }
    }, Liu(){
        @Override
        public void study(){
            System.out.println(getName() + " is studying");
        }
    };

    private String name;

    Student() {
    }

    Student(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public abstract void study();
}

package abstractEnum;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Student s = Student.Wang;
        s.study();//WANG is studying
    }
}

package applyEnum;

public enum Constant {
    YES, NO;
}

package applyEnum;

public class Seclect {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        select(Constant.YES);//passed successfully
    }

    public static void select(Constant constant){
        switch (constant){
            case YES :
                System.out.println("passed successfully");
                break;
            case NO:
                System.out.println("sorry, not pass!");
                break;
            default:
                System.out.println("try again");
        }
    }
}

泛型

常用API

Object类

package helloObject;

import java.util.Objects;

//Cloneable是一种标记接口（标记接口里面没有内容）
//标记接口可理解为一种规则
public class Student implements Cloneable{
    private String name;
    private int age;

    public Student() {
    }

    public Student(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                '}';
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        //若两个对象地址一样，则直接返回true
        if (this == o) return true;
        //若o为null或者两者类型不一样，直接返回false
        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
        //类型相同，则分别比较其成员内容
        Student student = (Student) o;
        return age == student.age && Objects.equals(name, student.name);
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hash(name, age);
    }

    //对象克隆
    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        //super去调用Object父类中的clone()方法
        return super.clone();
    }
}

package helloObject;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        Student student = new Student("伍佰", 55);
        Student student1 = new Student("伍佰", 55);
        System.out.println(student);//Student{name='伍佰', age=55}
        System.out.println(student.equals(student1));//true
        Student student2 = (Student) student.clone();
        System.out.println(student2);//Student{name='伍佰', age=55}
    }
}

Objects类

package helloObjects;

import java.util.Objects;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        String s = null, s1 = "Stay Hungry", s2 = "Stay Hungry";

        System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));//true
        System.out.println(Objects.equals(s1, s2));//true 后者这种比较方式更安全，能够处理一方为null的情况

        //System.out.println(s.equals(s1));报错Cannot invoke "String.equals(Object)" because "s" is null
        System.out.println(Objects.equals(s, s1));//false

        System.out.println(Objects.isNull(s));//true
        System.out.println(s == null);//true 这两种判断方法等价，更推荐第二种因为更方便

        System.out.println(Objects.nonNull(s));//false
        System.out.println(Objects.nonNull(s1));//true
    }
}

包装类

Java中的核心思想是万物皆对象，但是八种基本类型并不是对象

package helloInteger;

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //Integer i1 = new Integer(101);已过时
        Integer i2 = Integer.valueOf(101);
        System.out.println(i2);//101

        //自动装箱：可以自动地把基本数据转换为对象
        Integer i3 = 102;

        //自动拆箱:可以自动把包装类型的对象转换为对应的基本数据类型
        Integer i4 = i3;

        //泛型和集合不支持基本数据类型，只能支持引用数据类型
        //ArrayList list = new ArrayList();报错，不能是基本数据类型
        ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
        list.add(101);//自动装箱
        list.add(102);//自动装箱

        int n = list.get(0);//自动拆箱
        System.out.println(n);//101

        //把基本数据类型转换为字符串
        Integer i5 = 105;
        String s = Integer.toString(i5);
        System.out.println(s + 1);//1051

        String s1 = i5.toString();
        System.out.println(s1 + 1);//1051

        String s2 = i5 + "";//推荐该种转换为字符串的方式
        System.out.println(s2 + 1);//1051

        //字符串类型转化为对应的基本数据类型
        String s3 = "101";//101.5报错
        int i = Integer.parseInt(s3);
        int i1 = Integer.valueOf(s3);//更推荐该种方式
        System.out.println(i + 1);//102
        System.out.println(i1 + 1);//102

        String s4 = "100";//100或者100.0都可以
        double d = Double.parseDouble(s4);
        double d1 = Double.valueOf(s4);//推荐该种转换方式
        System.out.println(d + 0.5);//100.5
        System.out.println(d1 +  0.5);//100.5
    }
}

StringBuilder

package helloStringBuilder;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder("a");
        s.append("b");
        s.append(6);
        s.append("中文");

        //支持链式编程   append()返回的是增加完之后的StringBuilder，而其本身又是能继续添加的
        s.append("c").append("d").append("e");

        System.out.println(s);//ab6中文cde

        System.out.println(s.reverse());//edc文中6ba
        System.out.println(s.length());//8

        String string = s.toString();
        System.out.println(string);//edc文中6ba

    }
}

package helloStringBuilder;

public class Hello {
    public static void main(String[] args){
//        String s = "";等待时间过久，并异常结束
//        int max = 1000000;
//        for(int i = 0; i < max; i++)
//                s += "abc";
//        System.out.println(s);

        int max = 1000000;
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for(int i = 0; i < max; i++){
            sb.append("abc");
        }
        System.out.println(sb);//能够正确输出
    }
}

StringJoiner

package helloStringJoiner;

import java.util.StringJoiner;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        StringJoiner sj1 = new StringJoiner(",");
        StringJoiner sj2 = new StringJoiner(",", "[", "]");
        sj1.add("刘亦菲");
        sj1.add("Scarlett");
        System.out.println(sj1);//刘亦菲,Scarlett
        System.out.println(sj1.length());//12 返回字符出现的次数

        sj2.add("古天乐");
        sj2.add("Jaskon");
        System.out.println(sj2);//[古天乐,Jaskon]
    }
}

常用API（续）

Math

package helloMath;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //abs()取绝对值
        System.out.println(Math.abs(0));//0
        System.out.println(Math.abs(0.0));//0.0
        System.out.println(Math.abs(-3.19));//3.19

        //ceil()向上取整
        System.out.println(Math.ceil(6.0000001));//7.0
        System.out.println(Math.ceil(4));//4.0
        System.out.println(Math.ceil(-4.1));//-4.0
        System.out.println(Math.ceil(-0.9));//-0.0

        //floor()向下取整
        System.out.println(Math.floor(6.99999999));//6.0
        System.out.println(Math.floor(-0.001));//-1.0

        //round()四舍五入
        System.out.println(Math.round(4.45));//4
        System.out.println(Math.round(-4.45));//-4
        System.out.println(Math.round(4.44444444445));//4
        System.out.println(Math.round(-4.44444444445));//-4
        System.out.println(Math.round(4.54));//5
        System.out.println(Math.round(-4.54));//-5

        //max()取最大值 min()取最小值
        System.out.println(Math.max(1, 2));//2
        System.out.println(Math.min(-3.0, -1.0));//-3.0

        //pow(a, b) a^b
        System.out.println(Math.pow(-2, 3));//-8.0
        System.out.println(Math.pow(2, -1));//0.5

        //random() [0.0, 1.0)之间的随机值
        System.out.println(Math.random());//0.20535836387179296
    }
}

System
Runtime

package helloRuntime;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Runtime runtime = Runtime.getRuntime();//返回当前与Java应用程序关联的运行时对象
        System.out.println(runtime.availableProcessors());//8 获取虚拟机能使用的虚拟机数
        System.out.println(runtime.totalMemory() / 1024.0 / 1024.0 + "MB");//128.0MB 返回Java虚拟机中的内存总量
        System.out.println(runtime.freeMemory() / 1024.0 / 1024.0 + "MB");//124.5379409790039MB 返回Java虚拟机中的可用内存量
    }
}

BigDecimal

package helloBigDecimal;

import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.RoundingMode;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //浮点数运算可能会出现结果失真
        double a = 0.1, b = 0.2;//0.30000000000000004
        System.out.println(a + b);

        //把double变成字符串，封装为DigDecimal对象来运算
//        BigDecimal a1 = new BigDecimal(Double.toString(a));
//        BigDecimal b1 = new BigDecimal(Double.toString(b));
        //推荐使用该方式，更简洁
        BigDecimal a1 = BigDecimal.valueOf(a);
        BigDecimal b1 = BigDecimal.valueOf(b);
        BigDecimal c = BigDecimal.valueOf(0.3);

        BigDecimal c1 = a1.add(b1);
        System.out.println(c1);//0.3
        BigDecimal c2 = a1.subtract(b1);
        System.out.println(c2);//-0.1
        BigDecimal c3 = a1.multiply(b1);
        System.out.println(c3);//0.02
        BigDecimal c4 = a1.divide(b1);
        System.out.println(c4);//0.5
        //BigDecimal c5 = a1.divide(c, 2, RoundingMode.HALF_UP);报错，结果1/3不是一个精确值，而BigDecimal需要给出一个精确值
        BigDecimal c5 = a1.divide(c, 2, RoundingMode.HALF_UP);
        System.out.println(c5);//0.33

    }
}

(JDK8之前传统的日期和时间)Date

package helloDate;

import java.util.Date;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Date date = new Date();//系统当前时间
        System.out.println(date);//Sun Oct 15 21:49:30 CST 2023

        long time = date.getTime();//拿到时间毫秒值
        Date date1 = new Date(time + 2 * 1000);//2s之后的时间是多少  把时间毫秒值转换为日期对象
        System.out.println(date1);//Sun Oct 15 21:49:32 CST 2023

        Date date2 = new Date();
        date2.setTime(time + 2 * 1000);//直接把日期对象的时间通过setTime()修改
        System.out.println(date2);//Sun Oct 15 21:49:32 CST 2023
    }
}

SimpleDateFormat

package helloSimpleDateFormat;

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Date date = new Date();
        System.out.println(date);//Sun Oct 15 22:03:04 CST 2023
        long time = date.getTime();

        //格式化日期时间
        SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy年MM月dd日 HH:mm:ss EEE a");
        String d = sdf.format(date);
        System.out.println(d);//2023年10月15日 22:03:04 周日 下午
    }
}

//解析字符串时间成为日期对象
        String s = "2024-01-01 13:14:00";
        SimpleDateFormat sdf1 = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");//指定的时间格式需要与被解析的时间格式一致，否则会报错
        Date date1 = sdf1.parse(s);
        System.out.println(date1);//Mon Jan 01 13:14:00 CST 2024

简单案例：秒杀系统

package helloSimpleDateFormat;

import java.text.ParseException;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

public class SecondSystem {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException {
        String start = "2023年11月11日 00:00:00";
        String end = "2023年11月11日 00:10:00";
        String liu = "2023年11月11日 00:03:15";
        String wang = "2023年11月11日 00:10:01";

        //字符串时间解析为日期对象
        SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy年MM月dd日 HH:mm:ss");
        Date startDate = sdf.parse(start);
        Date endDate = sdf.parse(end);
        Date liuDate = sdf.parse(liu);
        Date wangDate = sdf.parse(wang);

        //把日期对象转换为毫秒值方便比较
        long startTime = startDate.getTime();
        long endTime = endDate.getTime();
        long liuTime = liuDate.getTime();
        long wangTime = wangDate.getTime();

        if(startTime <= liuTime && endTime >= liuTime){//liu下单成功
            System.out.println("liu下单成功");
        }
        else{
            System.out.println("liu下单失败");
        }

        if(startTime <= wangTime && endTime >= wangTime){//wang下单失败
            System.out.println("wang下单成功");
        }
        else{
            System.out.println("wang下单失败");
        }
    }
}

Calender

package helloCalender;

import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //获取系统此刻时间对应的日历对象
        Calendar  now= Calendar.getInstance();
        System.out.println(now);

        //获取日历中的某个信息
        int day = now.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR);
        System.out.println(day);//289

        //获取日历中的日期对象
        Date date = now.getTime();
        System.out.println(date);//Mon Oct 16 09:45:39 CST 2023

        //获取日历中的时间毫秒值
        long time = now.getTimeInMillis();
        System.out.println(time);

        //修改日历中的某个信息
        now.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR, 300);
        System.out.println(now);

        //对日历中的某个信息增加或减少
        now.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR, 20);
        now.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR, -10);
        now.add(Calendar.HOUR, 5);
        System.out.println(now);
    }
}

JDK8新增的时间

* LocalDate
* LocalTime
* LocalDateTime(三者类似)

package helloLocalDate;

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.util.Calendar;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //获取本地日期对象
        LocalDate ld = LocalDate.now();//2023-10-16
        System.out.println(ld);

        //获取日期对象中的信息
        int year = ld.getYear();
        int month = ld.getMonthValue();
        int day = ld.getDayOfMonth();
        int days = ld.getDayOfYear();
        int dayOfWeek = ld.getDayOfWeek().getValue();
        System.out.println(day);//16
        System.out.println(dayOfWeek);//1

        //直接修改某个信息
        LocalDate ld1 = ld.withYear(2107);
        System.out.println(ld);//2023-10-16 不改变
        System.out.println(ld1);//2107-10-16

        //增加或减少某个信息
        LocalDate ld2 = ld.plusWeeks(4);
        LocalDate ld3 = ld.minusWeeks(1);
        System.out.println(ld2);//2023-11-13
        System.out.println(ld3);//2023-10-09

        //获取指定日期的LocalDate对象
        LocalDate ld4 = LocalDate.of(2024, 1, 1);
        System.out.println(ld4);//2024-01-01

        //判断两个日期是否相等，是在前还是在后
        System.out.println(ld4.equals(ld3));//false
        System.out.println(ld3.isAfter(ld4));//false
        System.out.println(ld3.isBefore(ld4));//true
    }
}

ZoneId
ZoneDateTime

package helloZone;

import java.time.Clock;
import java.time.ZoneId;
import java.time.ZonedDateTime;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //获取系统默认的时区
        ZoneId zoneId = ZoneId.systemDefault();
        System.out.println(zoneId);//Asia/Shanghai
        System.out.println(zoneId.getId());//Asia/Shanghai

        //获取Java支持的全部时区id
        System.out.println(ZoneId.getAvailableZoneIds());//静态方法

        //把某个时区id封装为ZoneId对象
        ZoneId zoneId1 = ZoneId.of("Asia/Aqtau");
        System.out.println(zoneId1);//Asia/Aqtau

        //ZoneDateTime带时区的时间
        //now(ZoneId zId)获取某个时区的ZonedDateTime对象
        ZonedDateTime zDate = ZonedDateTime.now(zoneId1);
        System.out.println(zDate);//2023-10-16T16:46:20.994661800+05:00[Asia/Aqtau]

        //世界标准时间
        ZonedDateTime zDate1 = ZonedDateTime.now(Clock.systemUTC());
        System.out.println(zDate1);//2023-10-16T11:46:20.994661800Z

        //获取系统默认时区时间
        ZonedDateTime zDate2 = ZonedDateTime.now();
        System.out.println(zDate2);//2023-10-16T19:46:20.878431400+08:00[Asia/Shanghai]

    }
}

Instant(线程安全)

package helloInstant;

import java.time.Instant;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //获取此刻时间信息
        Instant now = Instant.now();//不可变对象
        System.out.println(now);//2023-10-16T11:56:59.381477500Z

        //获取总秒数
        long second = now.getEpochSecond();
        System.out.println(second);//1697457419

        //获取不足一秒的纳秒数
        int nano = now.getNano();
        System.out.println(nano);//381477500
    }
}

DateTimeFormatter

package helloDateTimeFormatter;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //创建日期时间格式化器对象
        DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy年MM月dd日 HH:mm:ss");

        //对时间进行格式化
        LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
        System.out.println(now);//2023-10-16T20:32:24.018059900
        //方案一
        String rs = formatter.format(now);
        System.out.println(rs);//2023年10月16日 20:32:24
        //方案二
        String rs1 = now.format(formatter);
        System.out.println(rs1);//2023年10月16日 20:32:24

        //解析时间
        String dateStr = "2023年10月16日 20:30:53";
        LocalDateTime ldt = LocalDateTime.parse(dateStr, formatter);
        System.out.println(ldt);//2023-10-16T20:30:53
    }
}

Period

package helloGap;

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.Period;

public class TestPeriod {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LocalDate localDate1 = LocalDate.of(2024, 2, 5);
        LocalDate localDate2 = LocalDate.of(2025, 1, 1);

        Period period = Period.between(localDate1, localDate2);
        System.out.println(period.getYears());//0
        System.out.println(period.getMonths());//10
        System.out.println(period.getDays());//27
    }
}

Duration

package helloGap;

import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;

public class TestDuration {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LocalDateTime start = LocalDateTime.of(2024, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0);
        LocalDateTime end = LocalDateTime.of(2024, 12, 31, 12, 59, 59);

        Duration duration = Duration.between(start, end);
        System.out.println(duration.toDays());//365
        System.out.println(duration.toHours());//8772
        System.out.println(duration.toMinutes());//526379
        System.out.println(duration.getSeconds());//31582799
        System.out.println(duration.getNano());//0
        long time = duration.toNanos();
        System.out.println(time);//31582799000000000
    }
}

Arrays

Lambda表达式

package helloLambda;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Driver driver = new Driver() {
            @Override
            public void driver() {
                System.out.println("I can drive");
            }
        };
        driver.driver();//I can drive

        Driver driver1 = () ->{  //(形参列表) -> {被重写方法的代码体}
            System.out.println("driving~");
        };
        driver1.driver();//driving~

        Read read = new Read() {
            @Override
            public void read() {
                System.out.println("I can read");
            }
        };
        read.read();//I can read

        //Lambda表达式只能简化函数式接口的匿名内部类
//        Read read1 = () -> {//报错 Target type of a lambda conversion must be an interface
//            System.out.println("reading");
//        };
    }
}

interface Driver{
    void driver();
}

abstract class Read{
    public abstract void read();
}

package helloLambda;

public class Hello {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Write write = time -> time + ", all writing";
        write.write(8);
        Study study = (time, task) -> System.out.println("studying " + time + " hour");
        study.study(8, 10);//studying 8 hour
    }
}

interface Write{
    String write(int time);
}
interface Study{
    void study(int time, int task);
}

方法引用

静态引用

package helloCite;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Comparator;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Student[] students = new Student[3];
        students[0] = new Student("Liu", 25, 100);
        students[1] = new Student("Gu", 26, 101);
        students[2] = new Student("Wang", 24, 102);

        //原始写法，对学生数组按照年龄排序
//        Arrays.sort(students, new Comparator() {
//            @Override
//            public int compare(Student o1, Student o2) {
//                return o1.getAge() - o2.getAge();
//            }
//        });

        //使用Lambda简化后的形式
        //Arrays.sort(students, (o1, o2) -> o1.getAge() - o2.getAge());

        //Arrays.sort(students, (o1, o2) -> CompareByData.compareByAge(o1, o2));

        //静态方法引用
        Arrays.sort(students, CompareByData::compareByAge);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(students));
    }
}

package helloCite;

public class Student {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private double score;

    public Student() {
    }

    public Student(String name, int age, double score) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.score = score;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public double getScore() {
        return score;
    }

    public void setScore(double score) {
        this.score = score;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", score=" + score +
                '}';
    }
}

package helloCite;

public class CompareByData {
    public static int compareByAge(Student o1, Student o2){
        return  o1.getAge() - o2.getAge();
    }
}

实例方法引用

与静态方法类似
特定类型方法的引用

package helloCite;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Comparator;

public class HelloReference {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String[] names = {"Liu", "li", "Anna", "a"};

        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(names));//[Liu, li, Anna, a]

        //忽略大小写进行首字母排序
        //原始版本
//        Arrays.sort(names, new Comparator() {
//            @Override
//            public int compare(String o1, String o2) {
//                return o1.compareToIgnoreCase(o2);
//            }
//        });

        //Lambda表达式
        //Arrays.sort(names, ((o1, o2) -> o1.compareToIgnoreCase(o2)));

        //特定类型引用
        Arrays.sort(names, String::compareToIgnoreCase);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(names));
    }
}

构造器引用

package helloCite;

public class TestReference {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //创建接口匿名内部类的对象 原始版本
//        GetStudent gs = new GetStudent() {
//            @Override
//            public Student get(String name, int age, double score) {
//                return new Student(name, age, score);
//            }
//        };

        //Lambda表达式
        //GetStudent gs = (name, age, score) -> new Student(name, age, score);

        //构造器引用
        GetStudent gs = Student::new;
        Student s = gs.get("Liu", 25, 100);
        System.out.println(s);
    }
}

interface GetStudent{
    Student get(String name, int age, double score);
}

正则表达式

package helloRegex;

public class Check {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String id1 = "01234", id2 = "a67899", id3 = "123456";
        System.out.println(checkId(id1));//false
        System.out.println(checkId(id2));//false
        System.out.println(checkId(id3));//true

        System.out.println(checkId1(id1));//false
        System.out.println(checkId1(id2));//false
        System.out.println(checkId1(id3));//true
    }
    //qq号需要满足：长度在6-20之间；全由数字组成；首位数字不能为0
    public static boolean checkId(String id){
        if(id == null || id.length() > 20 || id.length() < 5 || id.charAt(0) == '0') return false;
        for(int i = 0; i < id.length(); i++){
            char c = id.charAt(i);
            if(c < '0' || c > '9') return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    public static boolean checkId1(String id){
        return id != null && id.matches("[1,9]\\d{5,19}");
    }
}

用于校验数据是否合法
正则表达式校验日期时间格式

package helloRegex;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Check1 {
    private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
    public static void main(String[] args){
        getNum();
        getEmail();
        getTime();
    }

    /**电话号码可能有手机号和座机号两种
     *  手机号要求：首位为1；第二位不能为0—2；长度为11位
     *  座机号要求：区号首位为0；区号长度为3-8；区号和号码中间可选用‘-’分隔，有无皆可；号码首位非0；号码长度5-20
     * */
    public static void getNum(){
        while(true){
            System.out.println("请键入您的号码：");
            String num = sc.nextLine();
            if(num.matches("(1[3-9]\\d{9})|(0\\d{2,7}-?[1-9]\\d{4,19})")){
                System.out.println("您已输入有效号码~");
                break;
            }
            else{
                System.out.println("您输入的号码格式有误！");
            }
        }
    }

    /**邮箱格式要求：@前为长度大于等于2的字母或数字；中间用‘@’分隔；公司名长度2-20之间；公司名整体可以出现一到两次
     * */
    public static void getEmail(){
        while(true){
            System.out.println("请键入您的邮箱：");
            String email = sc.nextLine();
            if(email.matches("\\w{2,}@\\w{2,20}(\\.\\w{2,20}){1,2}")){
                System.out.println("您已输入有效邮箱~");
                break;
            }
            else{
                System.out.println("您输入的邮箱格式有误！");
            }
        }
    }

    /**时间要求：小时在0-23之间；分钟和秒数在0-59之间
     * */
    public static void getTime(){
        while(true){
            System.out.println("请输入您的注册时间：");
            String time = sc.nextLine();
            if(time.matches("(([0-1]?[0-9])|(2[0-3])):([0-5]?[0-9])::([0-5]?[0-9])")){
                System.out.println("您已输入有效时间");
                break;
            }
            else
                System.out.println("您输入的时间格式有误");
        }
    }
}

用于查找信息

package helloRegex;

import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

public class FindInfo {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //从给定信息中查找出手机号，邮箱，座机，热线电话（以400开头）
        String data = "welocme to the system!\n" +
                "about us: telephone: 19123456789, 17098765432" +
                "and email: [email protected]" +
                " the landline number:011-554032" +
                "hot wire telephone:400-123456, 4009876543";

        //定义爬取规则
        String regex = "((1[3-9]\\d{9})|(0\\d{2,7}-?[1-9]\\d{4,19}))|(\\w{2,}@\\w{2,20}(\\.\\w{2,20}){1,2})"
                + "|(400-?\\d{3,7}-?\\d{3,7})";
        //把正则表达式封装为一个Pattern对象
        Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex);
        //通过Pattern对象去获取查找内容的匹配器对象
        Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(data);
        while(matcher.find()){
            System.out.println(matcher.group());
            /**19123456789
             17098765432
             [email protected]
             011-554032
             400-123456
             4009876543
             * */
        }
    }
}

用于搜索替换信息

package helloRegex;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class Replace {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //replcaceAll()把正则表达式所匹配的内容进行替换
        String data1 = "刘亦菲fjdk45f古天乐jfdkla0吴彦祖";
        System.out.println(data1.replaceAll("\\w+", "-"));//刘亦菲-古天乐-吴彦祖

        //去重
        //(.) 一组，匹配任意字符
        //\\1 为这个组声明一个组号，1号
        //+ 声明必须是重复出现的
        //$1 取到一份第1组所重复的内容
        String data2 = "保保保保保持饥饥饥饥饥饿饿饿饿饿饿";
        System.out.println(data2.replaceAll("(.)\\1+", "$1"));//保持饥饿

        //用正则表达式所匹配的内容对字符串进行分割，返回处理后的字符串
        String[] names = data1.split("\\w+");
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(names));//[刘亦菲, 古天乐, 吴彦祖]
    }
}

异常

what
异常的划分
- 运行时异常往往是低级错误，默认不会那么蠢，所以编译时不检查该类异常
- 编译时异常中，可能有的方法很容易出错，会强制性的提醒你检查代码，在检查没有错误的基础上，，可以选择抛出来或者捉住（try catch）
自定义异常

package helloException;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        try {
            saveAge(sc.nextInt());
            System.out.println("successfully saved");
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            System.out.println("error in basis");
        }
    }

    public static void saveAge(int age){
        if(age >= 0 && age <= 500) System.out.println("your age successfully saved");
        else throw new AgeIllegalException("/age is illegal ! your age is " + age);
    }
}

package helloException;

public class AgeIllegalException  extends RuntimeException{
    public AgeIllegalException() {
    }

    public AgeIllegalException(String message) {
        super(message);
    }
}

异常处理

package helloException;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Test1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        while(true){
            try {
                getScore();
                break;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.out.println("please legally input");
            }
        }
    }

    public static void getScore(){
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        double score = sc.nextDouble();
        while (true) {
            if(score < 0){
                System.out.println("your input is illegal,please input again");
            }
            else{
                System.out.println("successful input");
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}

集合进阶

概述

Collection

Collection特点

package helloCollection;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashSet;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //list:有序、可重复、有索引
        ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        list.add("java2");
        list.add("java1");
        list.add("java1");
        list.add("java3");
        System.out.println(list);//[java2, java1, java1, java3]
        System.out.println(list.get(2));

        //HashSet:无序、不重复、无索引
        HashSet<String> set = new HashSet<>();
        set.add("java2");
        set.add("java1");
        set.add("java1");
        set.add("java3");
        System.out.println(set);//[java3, java2, java1]
        //System.out.println(set.get(2));报错Cannot resolve method 'get' in 'HashSet'
    }
}

Collection常用方法

package helloCollection;

import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;

public class CollectionMethod {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Collection<String> collection = new ArrayList<>();//多态

        //boolean add(E e)添加成功返回true
        collection.add("java2");
        collection.add("java1");
        collection.add("java1");
        collection.add("java3");
        System.out.println(collection);//[java2, java1, java1, java3]

        //void clear()清空集合元素
        collection.clear();
        System.out.println(collection);//[]

        //boolean isEmpty()集合为空 则返回true
        System.out.println(collection.isEmpty());//true

        //int size()获取集合的大小
        System.out.println(collection.size());//0
        collection.add("java2");
        collection.add("java1");
        collection.add("java1");
        collection.add("java3");
        System.out.println(collection.size());//4

        //boolean contains(Object o)判断集合中是否包含某个元素，若有则返回true
        System.out.println(collection.contains("java1"));//true
        System.out.println(collection.contains("Java1"));//false 精确匹配

        //boolean remove(E e)删除某个元素，删除成功返回true;若有多个重复元素，默认删除最先出现的
        System.out.println(collection.remove("java1"));//true
        System.out.println(collection.remove("java4"));//false
        System.out.println(collection);//[java2, java1, java3]

        //Object[] toArray()把集合转换为数组
        Object[] arr = collection.toArray();
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));//[java2, java1, java3]

        //需要确保集合中的数据类型全为字符串！
        String[] arr1 = collection.toArray(new String[collection.size()]);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr1));//[java2, java1, java3]

        //c1.addAll(c2)使用条件：需要满足集合c1,c2中的数据类型相同；功能：把c2的全部元素加到c1中
        Collection<String> collection1 = new ArrayList<>();
        collection1.add("java5");
        collection1.add("java6");
        collection.addAll(collection1);
        System.out.println(collection);//[java2, java1, java3, java5, java6]
    }
}

Collection的常用遍历方法

package helloIterator;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Collection<String> c = new ArrayList<>();
        c.add("java3");
        c.add("java1");
        c.add("java1");
        c.add("java2");
        System.out.println(c);//[java3, java1, java1, java2]

        //使用迭代器遍历集合
        //①从集合对象中获取迭代器对象
        Iterator<String> iterator = c.iterator();
        System.out.println(iterator.next());//java3
        System.out.println(iterator.next());//java1

        //循环结合迭代器遍历集合
        while(iterator.hasNext()){//判取一一对应，换言之问一次取一次
            System.out.println(iterator.next());
        }
    }
}

增强for循环

增强for循环相当于迭代器的简化写法

package enhanceFor;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Collection<String> c = new ArrayList<>();
        c.add("java3");
        c.add("java1");
        c.add("java2");
        for(String ele : c){
            System.out.println(ele);
        }

        String[] names = {"Anna", "Jerry", "Tom"};
        for(String ele : names){
            System.out.println(ele);
        }
    }
}

结合Lambda表达式遍历集合

package helloLambda1;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.function.Consumer;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Collection<String> c = new ArrayList<>();
        c.add("java3");
        c.add("java1");
        c.add("java1");
        c.add("java2");
        System.out.println(c);//[java3, java1, java1, java2]

        //结合Lambda表达式遍历集合
//        c.forEach(new Consumer() {
//            @Override
//            public void accept(String s) {
//                System.out.println(s);
//            }
//        });

       //简化版本1
//        c.forEach((String s) -> {
//            System.out.println(s);
//        });

        //简化版本2
//        c.forEach(s -> System.out.println(s));

        //简化版本3
        c.forEach(System.out::println);
    }
}

简单应用

package helloCollection;

public class Movie {
    private String name;
    private double score;
    private String actor;

    public Movie() {
    }

    public Movie(String name, double score, String actor) {
        this.name = name;
        this.score = score;
        this.actor = actor;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public double getScore() {
        return score;
    }

    public void setScore(double score) {
        this.score = score;
    }

    public String getActor() {
        return actor;
    }

    public void setActor(String actor) {
        this.actor = actor;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Movie{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", score=" + score +
                ", actor='" + actor + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

package helloCollection;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;

public class Index {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Collection<Movie> c = new ArrayList<>();
        c.add(new Movie("窈窕淑女", 9.9, "赫本"));
        c.add(new Movie("乱世佳人", 10.0, "费雯丽"));
        c.add(new Movie("大独裁者", 10.0, "卓别林"));
        System.out.println(c);

        for(Movie m : c){
            System.out.println(m);
        }
    }
}

List集合

特点&特有方法

package helloList;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //ArrayList:有序、可重复、有索引
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        list.add("斯嘉丽");
        list.add("艾希礼");
        list.add("梅兰妮");
        list.add("弗兰克");
        System.out.println(list);//[斯嘉丽, 艾希礼, 梅兰妮, 弗兰克]

        //void add(int index, Element e)在指定位置插入元素
        list.add(1, "瑞得");
        System.out.println(list);//[斯嘉丽, 瑞得, 艾希礼, 梅兰妮, 弗兰克]

        //E remove(int index)删除指定位置的元素，并返回被删除元素
        System.out.println(list.remove(4));//弗兰克
        System.out.println(list);//[斯嘉丽, 瑞得, 艾希礼, 梅兰妮]

        //E set(int index, Element e)修改指定位置的元素，并返回被修改的元素
        System.out.println(list.set(2, "阿亮"));//艾希礼
        System.out.println(list);//[斯嘉丽, 瑞得, 阿亮, 梅兰妮]

        //E get(int index)返回指定索引处的元素
        System.out.println(list.get(3));//梅兰妮
    }
}

遍历方式

package helloList;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

public class Test1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        list.add("斯嘉丽");
        list.add("艾希礼");
        list.add("梅兰妮");
        list.add("弗兰克");
        System.out.println(list);//[斯嘉丽, 艾希礼, 梅兰妮, 弗兰克]

        //1.for循环(因为有索引)
        for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
            System.out.println(list.get(i));
        }

        System.out.println("-------------");
        //2.迭代器
        Iterator<String> it = list.iterator();
        while(it.hasNext()){
            System.out.println(it.next());
        }

        System.out.println("--------------");
        //3.增强for循环
        for (String s : list) {
            System.out.println(s);
        }

        System.out.println("------------");
        //4.Lambda表达式
        list.forEach(System.out::println);
    }
}

ArrayList底层原理

LinkList底层原理

LinkList应用场景

package helloLinkList;

import java.util.LinkedList;

public class Queue {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        LinkedList<String> queue = new LinkedList<>();
        queue.addLast("一号");//队尾入队
        queue.addLast("二号");
        queue.addLast("三号");
        System.out.println(queue);//[一号, 二号, 三号]

        queue.removeFirst();//队头出队
        queue.removeFirst();
        System.out.println(queue);//[三号]
    }
}

package helloLinkList;

import java.util.LinkedList;

public class Stack {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        LinkedList<String> stack = new LinkedList<>();
        stack.addFirst("一号子弹");//push进栈从栈顶入
        stack.addFirst("二号子弹");
        stack.push("三号子弹");//push(e)调用的就是addFirst()
        System.out.println(stack);//[三号子弹, 二号子弹, 一号子弹]

        stack.removeFirst();//pop出栈从栈顶出
        stack.pop();//pop()调用的就是removeFirst()
        System.out.println(stack);//[一号子弹]
    }
}

Set集合

package helloSet;

import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TreeSet;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //HashSet无序，不重复、无索引（其中无序指的是不按照输入的顺序排序）
        Set<Integer> set = new HashSet<>();//Set是接口，HashSet是其实现类==>多态
        set.add(5);
        set.add(6);
        set.add(4);
        set.add(2);
        set.add(5);
        set.add(4);
        System.out.println(set);//[2, 4, 5, 6] 虽然顺序随机生成，但是一旦确定下来就不会再改变

        //LinkedHashSet 有序、不重复、无索引
        Set<Integer> set1 = new LinkedHashSet<>();
        set1.add(5);
        set1.add(6);
        set1.add(4);
        set1.add(2);
        set1.add(5);
        set1.add(4);
        System.out.println(set1);//[5, 6, 4, 2]

        //TreeSet 排序（默认升序）、不重复、无索引
        Set<Integer> set2 = new TreeSet<>();
        set2.add(5);
        set2.add(6);
        set2.add(4);
        set2.add(2);
        set2.add(5);
        set2.add(4);
        System.out.println(set2);//[2, 4, 5, 6]
    }
}

HashSet底层原理

package helloHashSet;

import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
       Set<Student> set = new HashSet<>();
       set.add(new Student("刘亦菲", 25, 100));
       set.add(new Student("古天乐", 25, 100));
       set.add(new Student("吴彦祖", 25, 99));
       set.add(new Student("刘亦菲", 25, 100));
        System.out.println(set);//[Student{name='古天乐', age=25, score=100.0}, Student{name='刘亦菲', age=25, score=100.0}, Student{name='吴彦祖', age=25, score=99.0}]

        Set<Human> set1 = new HashSet<>();
        set1.add(new Human("刘亦菲", 123));
        set1.add(new Human("古天乐", 124));
        set1.add(new Human("吴彦祖", 125));
        set1.add(new Human("刘亦菲", 123));
        System.out.println(set1);//[Human{name='刘亦菲', id=123}, Human{name='吴彦祖', id=125}, Human{name='古天乐', id=124}, Human{name='刘亦菲', id=123}]
    }
}

package helloHashSet;

public class Human {
    private String name;
    private int id;

    public Human() {
    }

    public Human(String name, int id) {
        this.name = name;
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Human{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", id=" + id +
                '}';
    }
}

package helloHashSet;

import java.util.Objects;

public class Student {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private double score;

    public Student() {
    }

    public Student(String name, int age, double score) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.score = score;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public double getScore() {
        return score;
    }

    public void setScore(double score) {
        this.score = score;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (this == o) return true;
        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
        Student student = (Student) o;
        return age == student.age && Double.compare(student.score, score) == 0 && Objects.equals(name, student.name);
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hash(name, age, score);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", score=" + score +
                '}';
    }
}

LinkedHashSet

TreeSet

package helloTreeSet;

import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TreeSet;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Set<Integer> set1 = new TreeSet<>();
        set1.add(3);
        set1.add(1);
        set1.add(1);
        set1.add(2);
        System.out.println(set1);//[1, 2, 3]

        Set<Student> set2 = new TreeSet<>();
        set2.add(new Student("Anna", 12));
        set2.add(new Student("Jerry", 15));
        set2.add(new Student("John", 11));
        set2.add(new Student("Morty", 12));//！“重复”则不保存
        System.out.println(set2);//[Student{name='John', age=11}, Student{name='Anna', age=12}, Student{name='Jerry', age=15}]

        //TreeSet就近调用自己自带的比较器进行排序
//         原始版本
//        Set set3 = new TreeSet<>(new Comparator() {
//            @Override
//            public int compare(Student1 o1, Student1 o2) {
//                return Double.compare(o1.getScore() , o2.getScore());
//            }
//        });

        //简化版本
        Set<Student1> set3 = new TreeSet<>((o1, o2) -> Double.compare(o1.getScore() , o2.getScore()));
        set3.add(new Student1("Anna", 12, 99.8));
        set3.add(new Student1("Jerry", 15, 77.2));
        set3.add(new Student1("John", 11, 88.9));
        set3.add(new Student1("Morty", 12, 77.2));//！“重复”则不保存
        System.out.println(set3);//[Student1{name='Jerry', age=15, score=77.2}, Student1{name='John', age=11, score=88.9}, Student1{name='Anna', age=12, score=99.8}]
    }
}

package helloTreeSet;

public class Student implements Comparable<Student>{
    private String name;
    private int age;

    public Student() {
    }

    public Student(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }


    @Override
    public int compareTo(Student o) {//按照年龄，升序输出
        return this.getAge() - o.age;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                '}';
    }
}

package helloTreeSet;

public class Student1 implements Comparable<Student1>{
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private double score;


    public Student1() {
    }

    public Student1(String name, int age, double score) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.score = score;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public double getScore() {
        return score;
    }

    public void setScore(double score) {
        this.score = score;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student1{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", score=" + score +
                '}';
    }

    @Override
    public int compareTo(Student1 o) {
        return this.getAge() - o.getAge();
    }
}

Collection系列的应用场景

集合的并发修改异常

package helloCollectionExption;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        list.add("刘亦菲");
        list.add("古天乐");
        list.add("刘强东");
        list.add("刘金宝");
        System.out.println(list);//[刘亦菲, 古天乐, 刘强东, 刘金宝]

        //线程错误，报错Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
//        Iterator it = list.iterator();
//        while(it.hasNext()){
//            String name = it.next();
//            if(name.contains("刘")){
//                list.remove(name);//并发修改异常
//            }
//        }

        Iterator<String> it = list.iterator();
        while(it.hasNext()){
            String name = it.next();
            if(name.contains("刘")){
                it.remove();//删除迭代器当前遍历到的数据，每删除一个数据的同时相当于也进行了一次i--操作
            }
        }

        //增强for循环相当于迭代器的简化写法，且没有迭代器方法可用，不能实现
//        for(int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++){
//            if(list.get(i).contains("刘")){
//                list.remove(i);
//                i--;//当前元素删除后，下一个顶上来。而顶上来的元素还没有判断过
//            }
//        }
        //或者倒着删也可以
        
        System.out.println(list);//[古天乐]
    }
}

可变参数

package HelloParam;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //可以不传数据
        test();//0 []
        
        //可以传一个或多个数据
        test(12);//1 [12]
        test(12, 13, 14);//3 [12, 13, 14]

        //可以传一个数组
        test(new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5});//5 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    }

    //可变参数：是一种特殊的形参；定义在方法、构造器里的参数列表里；格式：数据类型...参数名
    static void test(int...num){//一个形参列表里只能有一个可变参数，且必须是最后一个形参
        System.out.println(num.length + " " + Arrays.toString(num));
        System.out.println();
    }
}

Collections

package helloCollections;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        //Collections.addAll(Collection, T eles) 为集合批量添加元素
        Collections.addAll(list, "刘亦菲", "古天乐", "吴彦祖");
        System.out.println(list);//[刘亦菲, 古天乐, 吴彦祖]

        //Collections.shuffle(List list)打乱list集合中的元素顺序（Set集合中元素无序，不需要考虑打乱）
        Collections.shuffle(list);
        System.out.println(list);//[古天乐, 刘亦菲, 吴彦祖]

        List<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<>();
        //Collections.sort(List list)对List集合中的元素进行升序排序
        Collections.addAll(list1, 4, 1, 2, 3);
        Collections.sort(list1);
        System.out.println(list1);//[1, 2, 3, 4]

        List<Student> list2 = new ArrayList<>();
        Collections.addAll(list2, new Student(12, 66), new Student(11, 99), new Student(14, 88));
//        Collections.sort(list2, new Comparator() {
//            @Override
//            public int compare(Student o1, Student o2) {
//                return Double.compare(o1.getScore(), o2.getScore());
//            }
//        });
        //Collections.sort(List list, Comparator t)按照比较器对象中的比较规则，对List集合中的元素进行比较
        Collections.sort(list2, (o1, o2) -> Double.compare(o1.getScore(), o2.getScore()));
        System.out.println(list2);//[Student{age=12, score=66.0}, Student{age=14, score=88.0}, Student{age=11, score=99.0}]
    }
}

package helloCollections;

public class Student {
    private int age;
    private double score;

    public Student() {
    }

    public Student(int age, double score) {
        this.age = age;
        this.score = score;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public double getScore() {
        return score;
    }

    public void setScore(double score) {
        this.score = score;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student{" +
                "age=" + age +
                ", score=" + score +
                '}';
    }
}

List简单应用之斗地主

package helloCollectionApplication;

public class Card {
    private String name;
    private String color;
    private int size;

    public Card() {
    }

    public Card(String name, String color, int size) {
        this.name = name;
        this.color = color;
        this.size = size;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getColor() {
        return color;
    }

    public void setColor(String color) {
        this.color = color;
    }

    public int getSize() {
        return size;
    }

    public void setSize(int size) {
        this.size = size;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return color + name;
    }
}

package helloCollectionApplication;

public class Game {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Room room = new Room();
        room.start();
    }
}

package helloCollectionApplication;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;

public class Room {
    List<Card> allCards = new ArrayList<>();

    public Room(){
        String[] name = {"3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10", "J", "Q", "K", "A", "2"};
        String[] color = {"♥", "♠", "♦", "♣"};
        int size = 0;
        for(String n : name){
            size++;
            for(String c : color){
                allCards.add(new Card(n, c, size));
            }
        }

        Collections.addAll(allCards, new Card("", "S", ++size), new Card("", "B", ++size));
        System.out.println("新牌：" + allCards);
    }

    public void start(){
        //洗牌
        Collections.shuffle(allCards);
        System.out.println("洗牌后：" + allCards);

        //发牌
        List<Card> user1 = new ArrayList<>();
        List<Card> user2 = new ArrayList<>();
        List<Card> user3 = new ArrayList<>();
        for(int i = 0; i < allCards.size() - 3; i++){//保留三张地主牌
            if(i % 3 == 0) user1.add(allCards.get(i));
            else if(i % 3 == 1) user2.add(allCards.get(i));
            else user3.add(allCards.get(i));
        }

        List<Card> lastThreeCard = allCards.subList(allCards.size() - 3, allCards.size());
        System.out.println("底牌：" + lastThreeCard);
        user1.addAll(lastThreeCard);//默认玩家1叫地主
        sortCard(user1);
        sortCard(user2);
        sortCard(user3);
        System.out.println("玩家1手牌：" + user1);
        System.out.println("玩家2手牌：" + user2);
        System.out.println("玩家3手牌：" + user3);
    }

    public void sortCard(List<Card> list){
        Collections.sort(list, new Comparator<Card>() {
            @Override
            public int compare(Card o1, Card o2) {
                return o1.getSize() - o2.getSize();
            }
        });
    }
}

Map

package helloMap;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.TreeMap;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //HashMap：无序、不重复（键）、无索引
        Map<String, Integer> map1 = new HashMap<>();
        map1.put("刘亦菲", 55);
        map1.put("刘亦菲", 34);//相同键值的，最新输入覆盖之前数据
        map1.put("古天乐", 40);
        map1.put("吴彦祖", 39);
        System.out.println(map1);//{刘亦菲=34, 吴彦祖=39, 古天乐=40}

        //LinkedHashMap：有序、不重复、无索引
        Map<Integer, String> map2 = new LinkedHashMap<>();
        map2.put(34, "张亦菲");
        map2.put(34, "刘亦菲");//相同键值，保留最新输入
        map2.put(12, "古天乐");
        map2.put(33, "吴彦祖");
        System.out.println(map2);//{34=刘亦菲, 12=古天乐, 33=吴彦祖}

        //LinkedHashMap：按键的大小升序、不重复、无索引
        Map<Integer, String> map3 = new TreeMap<>();
        map3.put(34, "张亦菲");
        map3.put(34, "刘亦菲");//相同键值，保留最新输入
        map3.put(12, "古天乐");
        map3.put(33, "吴彦祖");
        System.out.println(map3);//{12=古天乐, 33=吴彦祖, 34=刘亦菲}

        Map<String, Integer> map4 = new TreeMap<>();
        map4.put("B", 11);
        map4.put("z", 9);
        map4.put("A", 10);
        System.out.println(map4);//{A=10, B=11, z=9} 按照字典序
    }
}

Map常用方法
Map遍历方式（3）

package helloMapVisit;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.function.BiConsumer;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Map<String, Double> map = new HashMap<>();
        map.put("刘亦菲", 100.0);
        map.put("古天乐", 98.8);
        map.put("吴彦祖", 59.9);
        //方法一：键找值
        Set<String> set = map.keySet();
        for(String name: set){
            System.out.println(map.get(name));
        }
        System.out.println();

        //方法二：找键值对
        Set<Map.Entry<String, Double>> entries = map.entrySet();
        for(Map.Entry<String, Double> entry : entries){
            System.out.println(entry.getKey() + ":" + entry.getValue());
        }
        System.out.println();
        
        //方法三：Lambda表达式
//        map.forEach(new BiConsumer() {
//            @Override
//            public void accept(String s, Double aDouble) {
//                System.out.println(s + ":" + aDouble);
//            }
//        });

//        map.forEach((s, aDouble) -> {
//                System.out.println(s + ":" + aDouble);
//        });

        map.forEach((s, aDouble) -> System.out.println(s + ":" + aDouble));
    }
}

Map简单应用：统计投票人数

package helloMapApplication;

import java.util.*;

public class Statis {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        String[] group = {"A", "B", "C", "D"};
        Random random = new Random();
        for(int i = 0; i < 80; i++){
            int n = random.nextInt(0,4);
            list.add(group[n]);
        }
        System.out.println(list);//[D, C, D, B, B, C, C, D, A, D, B, D, D, B, B, B, C, D, C, A, C, C, A, B, B, C, A, B, B, B, A, C, D, B, A, B, A, C, D, D, A, B, C, A, C, D, A, A, D, C, C, B, B, A, A, B, D, A, B, B, C,

                Map<String, Integer> result = new HashMap<>();
        for(String name : list){
            if(result.containsKey(name)){//已经包含该组，票数加一
                result.put(name, result.get(name) + 1);
            }
            else{
                result.put(name, 1);
            }
        }
        System.out.println(result);//{A=17, B=28, C=21, D=14}
    }
}

HashMap底层原理

package hashMap;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Map<Student, String> map = new HashMap<>();
        map.put(new Student("刘亦菲", 25, 99.9), "阳光");
        map.put(new Student("古天乐", 25, 100), "开朗");
        map.put(new Student("吴彦祖", 25, 98.5), "大男孩");
        map.put(new Student("刘亦菲", 25, 99.9), "阳光");
        System.out.println(map);//{hashMap.Student@41629346=开朗, hashMap.Student@6d311334=阳光, hashMap.Student@3b07d329=阳光, hashMap.Student@404b9385=大男孩}

        Map<Student1, String> map1 = new HashMap<>();
        map1.put(new Student1("刘亦菲", 25, 99.9), "阳光");
        map1.put(new Student1("古天乐", 25, 100), "开朗");
        map1.put(new Student1("吴彦祖", 25, 98.5), "大男孩");
        map1.put(new Student1("刘亦菲", 25, 99.9), "阳光");
        System.out.println(map1);//{hashMap.Student1@832ddd1=开朗, hashMap.Student1@844b148d=阳光, hashMap.Student1@10114c4a=大男孩}
    }
}

package hashMap;

public class Student {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private double score;

    public Student() {
    }

    public Student(String name, int age, double score) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.score = score;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public double getScore() {
        return score;
    }

    public void setScore(double score) {
        this.score = score;
    }
}

package hashMap;

import java.util.Objects;

public class Student1 {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private double score;

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (this == o) return true;
        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
        Student1 student1 = (Student1) o;
        return age == student1.age && Double.compare(student1.score, score) == 0 && Objects.equals(name, student1.name);
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hash(name, age, score);
    }

    public Student1() {
    }

    public Student1(String name, int age, double score) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.score = score;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public double getScore() {
        return score;
    }

    public void setScore(double score) {
        this.score = score;
    }
}

LinkedHashMap底层原理
TreeMap底层原理

集合的嵌套

package mapNesting;

import java.util.*;

public class Province {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Map<String, List<String>> province = new HashMap<>();
        List<String> cities1 = new ArrayList<>();
        Collections.addAll(cities1, "南京", "连云港", "徐州");
        province.put("江苏", cities1);

        List<String> cities2 = new ArrayList<>();
        Collections.addAll(cities2, "杭州", "宁波", "金华");
        province.put("浙江", cities2);

        List<String> cities3 = new ArrayList<>();
        Collections.addAll(cities3, "厦门", "福州", "泉州");
        province.put("福建", cities3);

        System.out.println(province);//{福建=[厦门, 福州, 泉州], 浙江=[杭州, 宁波, 金华], 江苏=[南京, 连云港, 徐州]}

        List<String> cities = province.get("浙江");
        for(String name : cities){
            System.out.println(name);
        }
        
        province.forEach((p, c) -> System.out.println(p + ":" + c));
        /**
福建:[厦门, 福州, 泉州]
浙江:[杭州, 宁波, 金华]
江苏:[南京, 连云港, 徐州]

*/
    }
}

JDK8新特性：Stream

Stream流

package stream;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        List<String> name = new ArrayList<>();
        Collections.addAll(name, "刘亦菲", "古天乐", "刘强东", "刘恒", "吴彦祖");
        System.out.println(name);//[刘亦菲, 古天乐, 刘强东, 刘恒, 吴彦祖]

        //方法一（老方法）
        List<String> selectName1 = new ArrayList<>();
        for(String n : name){
            if(n.startsWith("刘") && n.length() == 3) selectName1.add(n);
        }
        System.out.println(selectName1);//[刘亦菲, 刘强东]

        //stream流
        List<String> selectName2 = name.stream().filter(s -> s.startsWith("刘"))
                .filter(a -> a.length() == 3).collect(Collectors.toList());
        System.out.println(selectName2);//[刘亦菲, 刘强东]
    }
}

stream流常用方法

获取Stream流

package stream;

import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

public class Get {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //获取list中的Stream流
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
        Collections.addAll(list, "刘亦菲", "古天乐", "吴彦祖");
        Stream<String> stream1 = list.stream();

        //获取Set中的Stream流
        Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();
        Collections.addAll(set, "刘亦菲", "古天乐", "吴彦祖");
        Stream<String> stream2 = set.stream();

        //获取Map中的Stream流
        Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
        map.put("刘亦菲", 100);
        map.put("古天乐", 99);
        map.put("吴彦祖", 101);
        Stream<String> stream3 = map.keySet().stream();
        Stream<Integer> stream4 = map.values().stream();
        Stream<Map.Entry<String, Integer>> stream5 = map.entrySet().stream();
        stream5.filter(s -> s.getKey().endsWith("乐")).forEach(e -> System.out.println(e.getKey() + "；" + e.getValue()));//古天乐；99

        //获取数组中的Stream流
        String[] name = {"刘亦菲", "古天乐", "吴彦祖"};
        Stream<String> stream6 = Arrays.stream(name);
        Stream<String> stream7 = Stream.of(name);
    }
}

Stream流常见的中间方法（最为重要）

package stream;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

public class HelloMethod {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //需求1：找出大于等于60的成绩，并升序输出
        List<Double> scores = new ArrayList<>();
        Collections.addAll(scores, 100.0, 49.9, 72.3, 61.6);
        scores.stream().filter(s -> s >= 60).sorted()
                .forEach(s -> System.out.print(s + " "));//61.6 72.3 100.0

        System.out.println();
        //需求2：找出年龄在20-50之间的学生，并按照年龄升序输出
        List<Student> students = new ArrayList<>();
        Collections.addAll(students, new Student("刘亦菲", 30, 100.0)
                , new Student("古天乐", 25, 95)
                , new Student("吴彦祖", 29, 99)
                ,new Student("费雯丽", 55, 150)
                ,new Student("费雯丽", 55, 150));
        students.stream().filter(s -> s.getAge() >= 20 && s.getAge() <= 50)
                .sorted((o1, o2) -> o1.getAge() - o2.getAge())
                .forEach(s -> System.out.println(s));
        /**Student{name='费雯丽', age=55, score=150.0}
         Student{name='费雯丽', age=55, score=150.0}
         Student{name='刘亦菲', age=30, score=100.0}*/

        System.out.println();
        //需求3：取出成绩前三高的学生，并输出
        students.stream().sorted((o1, o2) -> Double.compare(o2.getScore(), o1.getScore()))
                .limit(3).forEach(s -> System.out.println(s));

        System.out.println();
        //需求4：取出成绩倒二的学生，并输出
        students.stream().sorted((o1, o2) -> Double.compare(o2.getScore(), o1.getScore()))
                .skip(students.size() - 2).forEach(s -> System.out.println(s));

        System.out.println();
        //需求5：取出成绩超过95的学生，并输出其名字，要求不重复
        students.stream().filter(s -> s.getScore() > 95).map(s -> s.getName()).distinct()
                .forEach(s -> System.out.println(s));

        System.out.println();
        //distinct()去重。当对象为自定义时，若希望内容一样则相同，需要重写equals()和hashCode()方法
        students.stream().filter(s -> s.getScore() > 95).distinct()
                .forEach(s -> System.out.println(s.getName()));

        System.out.println();
        //concat()合并
        Stream<String> stream1 = Stream.of("刘亦菲", "古天乐");
        Stream<String> stream2 = Stream.of("吴彦祖");
        Stream<String> allStream = Stream.concat(stream1, stream2);
        allStream.forEach(System.out::println);
        //不同类型合并，合并的类型用Object
        Stream<String> stream3 = Stream.of("刘亦菲", "古天乐");
        Stream<Integer> stream4 = Stream.of(2, 1, 3);
        Stream<Object> allStream1 = Stream.concat(stream3, stream4);
        allStream1.forEach(s -> System.out.println(s));
    }
}

Stream流常见的终结方法

package stream;

import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class Final {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Student> students = new ArrayList<>();
        Collections.addAll(students, new Student("刘亦菲", 30, 100.0)
                , new Student("古天乐", 25, 95)
                , new Student("吴彦祖", 29, 99)
                ,new Student("费雯丽", 55, 150)
                ,new Student("费雯丽", 54, 150));
        System.out.println(students);
        //需求1：计算成绩超过95的人数
        long size = students.stream().filter(s -> s.getScore() > 95).count();
        System.out.println(size);//4

        //需求2：找出成绩最好的学生，并输出
        Student max = students.stream()
                .max((o1, o2) -> Double.compare(o1.getScore(), o2.getScore())).get();
        System.out.println(max);//并列最大时，选择首次出现的

        //需求3：找出成绩最差的学生，并输出
        Student min = students.stream()
                .min((o1, o2) -> Double.compare(o1.getScore(), o2.getScore())).get();
        System.out.println(min);

        //需求4：找出成绩超过95的学生，并放到集合中
        List<Student> highScore = students.stream().filter(s -> s.getScore() > 95).collect(Collectors.toList());
        System.out.println(highScore);
        //!!!流只能收集一次，可以理解为一个迭代器，指针已经指到了最后
        Set<Student> highScore1 = students.stream().filter(s -> s.getScore() > 95).collect(Collectors.toSet());
        System.out.println(highScore1);
        //需求5：找出成绩超过95的学生，并把名字和成绩放到Map中返回
        Map<String, Double> highScore2 = students.stream().filter(s -> s.getScore() > 95)
                .collect(Collectors.toMap(s -> s.getName(), s -> s.getScore(), (a, b) -> a));//第三个参数处理键值重复情况下的取舍规则，例如本次取先出现的
        System.out.println(highScore2);

        Object[] highScore3 = students.stream().filter(s -> s.getScore() > 95).toArray();
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(highScore3));

        Student[] highSocre4 = students.stream().filter(s -> s.getScore() > 95).toArray(num -> new Student[num]);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(highSocre4));
    }
}

阶段测试

第一题

方法一

package exam;

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.TreeMap;

public class T1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Map<Integer, Integer> person = new TreeMap<>();
        Random r = new Random();
        int[] del = new int[205];
        //占位
        int n, size = 1, k = 0, leave = 100, pos;
        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            while (true) {
                n = r.nextInt(1, 201);
                if (!person.containsKey(n)) {
                    person.put(n, 1);
                    del[k++] = n;
                    break;
                }
            }
            person.replace(n, size++);
        }
        //删除奇数位置
        while (leave > 1) {
            pos = 1;
            for (int i = 0; i < del.length; i++) {
                if (del[i] != 0) {//改编号成员未删除
                    if(pos % 2 == 1){
                        person.remove(del[i]);
                        del[i] = 0;
                    }
                    pos++;
                }
            }
            leave = 0;
            for(int i = 0; i < del.length; i++)
                if(del[i] != 0) leave++;
        }
        for(int i = 0; i < del.length; i++)
            if(del[i] != 0){
                System.out.println(del[i] + "," + person.get(del[i]));//编号
            }
    }
}

方法二：对象思想

package exam;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;

public class T1_1 {
    private static List<Person> persons = new ArrayList<>();
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Random r = new Random();
        for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++){
            int num = r.nextInt(1, 201);
            while(true){
                num = r.nextInt(1, 201);
                if(isExist(num) == false){
                    persons.add(new Person(num, i + 1));
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        while(persons.size() > 1){
            List<Person> keepPeople = new ArrayList<>();
            for(int i = 1; i < persons.size(); i+= 2){
                keepPeople.add(persons.get(i));
            }
            persons = keepPeople;
        }
        System.out.println(persons.get(0));
    }

    private static boolean isExist(int num){
        for(Person p : persons){
            if(p.getNum() == num) return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
}

package exam;

public class Person {
    private int num;
    private int firstPos;

    public Person() {
    }

    public int getNum() {
        return num;
    }

    public void setNum(int num) {
        this.num = num;
    }

    public int getFirstPos() {
        return firstPos;
    }

    public void setFirstPos(int firstPos) {
        this.firstPos = firstPos;
    }

    public Person(int num, int firstPos) {
        this.num = num;
        this.firstPos = firstPos;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "num=" + num +
                ", firstPos=" + firstPos +
                '}';
    }
}

方法三：优雅版

package exam;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;

public class T1_2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Integer> persons = new ArrayList<>();
        Random r = new Random();
        for(int i = 1; i < 101; i++){
            while(true){
                int n = r.nextInt(1, 201);//int n = r.nextInt(200) + 1;
                if(persons.contains(n) == false){
                    persons.add(n);
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        List<Integer> persons1 = persons;
        while(persons1.size() > 1){
            List<Integer> temp = new ArrayList<>();
            for(int i = 1; i < persons1.size(); i += 2) temp.add(persons1.get(i));
            persons1 = temp;
        }
        System.out.println(persons1.get(0) + "," + persons.indexOf(persons1.get(0)));
    }
}

第二题

package exam;

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.util.*;

public class T2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<User> users = new ArrayList<>();
        String data = "1001:刘亦菲:女:1990-01-02#1002:古天乐:男:1998-01-02#1003:吴彦祖:男:1997-02-04#1002:古天乐:男:1998-01-02#1002:古天乐:男:1998-01-02";
        String[] info = data.split("#");
        for (int i = 0; i < info.length; i++) {
            String[] singleInfo = info[i].split(":");
            users.add(new User(Long.valueOf(singleInfo[0]), singleInfo[1], singleInfo[2]
                    , LocalDate.parse(singleInfo[3])));
        }
        Map<String, Integer> size = new HashMap<>();
        for(User user : users){
            String name = user.getName();
            if(size.containsKey(name)) size.replace(name, size.get(name) + 1);
            else{
                size.put(name, 1);
            }
        }
        size.forEach((k, v) -> {
            System.out.println(k + ":" + v);
        });
    }
}

package exam;

import java.time.LocalDate;

public class User {
    private long id;
    private String name;
    private String gender;
    private LocalDate birthday;

    public User() {
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
                "id=" + id +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", gender='" + gender + '\'' +
                ", birthday=" + birthday +
                '}';
    }

    public long getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getGender() {
        return gender;
    }

    public void setGender(String gender) {
        this.gender = gender;
    }

    public LocalDate getBirthday() {
        return birthday;
    }

    public void setBirthday(LocalDate birthday) {
        this.birthday = birthday;
    }

    public User(long id, String name, String gender, LocalDate birthday) {
        this.id = id;
        this.name = name;
        this.gender = gender;
        this.birthday = birthday;
    }
}

第三题

package exam;

import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class T3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LocalDate start = LocalDate.of(2022, 2, 3);
        int year, month, n = 0;
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.println("输入查询时间：");
        String date = sc.next();
        String[] date1 = date.split("-");
        year = Integer.parseInt(date1[0]);
        month = Integer.parseInt(date1[1]);
        LocalDate searchL = LocalDate.of(year, month, 1), flag = searchL;
        while(start.isBefore(searchL)){
            start = start.plusDays(1);
            n++;
        }
        n++;//加一后才是给定日期月初
        while(searchL.getMonth() == flag.getMonth()){
            if(n % 2 == 0) {
                if(searchL.getDayOfWeek().getValue() == 6 || searchL.getDayOfWeek().getValue() == 7){
                    System.out.print(searchL + "[休息]" + (searchL.getDayOfWeek().getValue() == 6 ? "周六" : "周日") + " ");
                }
                else System.out.print(searchL + "[休息] ");
            }
            else System.out.print (searchL + " ");
            searchL = searchL.plusDays(1);
            n++;
        }

        System.out.println();
        //六级倒计时
        String examTime = "2023-12-16 14:40:00";
        DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
        LocalDateTime examTime1 = LocalDateTime.parse(examTime, formatter);
        LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
        Duration duration = Duration.between(examTime1, now);
        System.out.println(duration.toDays() + "天" + duration.toHoursPart() + "时"
                + duration.toMinutesPart() + "分钟" + duration.toSecondsPart() + "秒");
    }
}

第四题

package exam;

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class T4 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyArrayList<String> myList = new MyArrayList<>();
        myList.add("刘亦菲");
        myList.add("古天乐");
        myList.add("吴彦祖");
        System.out.println(myList);
        System.out.println(myList.size());
        myList.foreach(s -> System.out.println(s));
        System.out.println(myList.remove(1));;
        System.out.println(myList.get(1));
        System.out.println(myList);
    }
}

package exam;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class MyArrayList <E>{//需要支持泛型
    private Object[] elements = {};//内部使用数组作为容器

    private int size;//记录长度，同时也记录下一个可存放位置
    private int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;//初始默认长度

    //添加元素
    public void add(E e){
        if(size == elements.length) grow();
        elements[size++] = e;
    }

    //扩容
    public void grow(){
        if(size == 0) elements = new Object[DEFAULT_CAPACITY];
        else elements = Arrays.copyOf(elements,
                elements.length + elements.length >> 1);
    }

    //根据索引查询数据
    public E get(int index){
        checkIndex(index);
        return (E) elements[index];
    }

    //检查索引是否合法
    public void checkIndex(int index){
        if(index < 0 || index >= size){
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(index + " out of length");
        }
    }

    //删除指定索引处的数据
    public E remove(int index){
        checkIndex(index);
        E del = (E) elements[index];
        for(int i = index; i < size; i++){
            elements[i] = elements[i + 1];
        }
        elements[--size] = null;
        return del;
    }

    //获得集合长度
    public int size(){
        return size;
    }

    //实现foreach()遍历
    public void foreach(MyConsumer<E> action){
        if(action == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        for(int i = 0; i < size; i++){
            action.accept((E) elements[i]);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
        stringBuilder.append("[");
        for(int i = 0; i < size; i++){
            stringBuilder.append(elements[i]).append(i == size - 1 ? "" : ", ");
        }
        stringBuilder.append("]");
        return stringBuilder.toString();
    }
}

package exam;
@FunctionalInterface
public interface MyConsumer<E> {
    void accept(E e);
}

第五题

package exam;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class T5 {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        int[] arr = {1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5};
        int target = 3;
        System.out.println(getPos(arr, target, 0) + "," + getPos(arr, target, 1));
    }

    public static int getPos(int[] nums, int target, int flag){
        int left = 0, right = nums.length, mid, ans = -1;
        while(left <= right){
            mid = (left + right) / 2;
            if(nums[mid] == target){
                ans = mid;
                if(flag == 0) right = mid - 1;
                else left = mid + 1;
            }
            else if(nums[mid] > target) right = mid - 1;
            else left = mid + 1;
        }
        return ans;
    }
}

第六题

package exam;

public class T6 {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        MyLinkedList<String> myList = new MyLinkedList<>();
        MyLinkedList.Node<String> head = myList.add();
        myList.foreach(head);
    }
}

package exam;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class MyLinkedList <E>{
    public Node<E> add(){
        Node<E> h = null, rear = null;
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        String data = sc.next();
        while(!data.equals("exit")){
            Node node = new Node(data, null);
            if(h == null){
                h = rear = node;
            }
            else{
               rear.next = node;
               rear = node;
            }
            data = sc.next();
        }
        return h;
    }

    public void foreach(Node<E> head){
        if(head == null){
            System.out.println(head);
            return;
        }
        while(head != null){
            System.out.println(head);
            head = head.next;
        }
    }

    //定义内部类，作为链表节点
    static class Node<E>{
        E data;
        Node<E> next;

        public Node(E data, Node<E> next) {
            this.data = data;
            this.next = next;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Node{" +
                    "data=" + data +
                    '}';
        }
    }
}

Java提高

IO流

File,IO流概述

创建File对象

判断文件类型，获取文件信息

package file;

import java.io.File;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;

public class FileInfo {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //创建文件对象，指代某个文件
        File file1 = new File("IO");
        File file2 = new File("IO/");
        File file3 = new File("IO/src/fileTest.txt");
        File file4 = new File("IO/src1/fileTest.txt");
        File file5 = new File("C:\\summer\\needHungry\\code\\java\\eclipse-workspace\\JavaEnhance\\IO\\src\\fileTest.txt");

        //boolean exists()判断当前文件对象，对应的文件路径是否存在，存在则返回true
        System.out.println(file3.exists());//true
        System.out.println(file4.exists());//false

        //boolean isFile()判断当前文件对象，是否为文件，是则返回true
        System.out.println(file1.isFile());//false
        System.out.println(file2.isFile());//false
        System.out.println(file3.isFile());//true
        System.out.println(file4.isFile());//false

        //boolean isDirectory()判断当前文件对象，是否为文件夹，是则返回true
        System.out.println(file1.isDirectory());//true
        System.out.println(file2.isDirectory());//true
        System.out.println(file3.isDirectory());//false
        System.out.println(file4.isDirectory());//false

        //String getName() 获取文件名称（若有后缀，则也包含后缀）
        System.out.println(file1.getName());//IO
        System.out.println(file2.getName());//IO
        System.out.println(file3.getName());//fileTest.txt
        System.out.println(file4.getName());//fileTest.txt

        //long length()获取文件长度，单位为字节
        System.out.println(file3.length());//4

        //long lastModified()获取文件的最后修改时间，单位是毫秒值
        long time = file3.lastModified();
        System.out.println(time);//1698317778574
        SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH-mm-ss");
        System.out.println(sdf.format(time));//2023-10-26 18-56-18

        //String getPath()获取创建文件对象时，使用的路径
        System.out.println(file3.getPath());//IO\src\fileTest.txt
        System.out.println(file5.getPath());//C:\summer\needHungry\code\java\eclipse-workspace\JavaEnhance\IO\src\fileTest.txt

        //String getAbsolutePath()获取绝对路径
        System.out.println(file3.getAbsolutePath());//C:\summer\needHungry\code\java\eclipse-workspace\JavaEnhance\IO\src\fileTest.txt
        System.out.println(file5.getAbsolutePath());//C:\summer\needHungry\code\java\eclipse-workspace\JavaEnhance\IO\src\fileTest.txt
    }
}

创建文件，删除文件

package file;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;

public class CreateAndDel {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        //boolean createNewFile()创建一个新文件，初始文件为空，创建成功则返回true
        File file1 = new File("IO\\src\\createTest.txt");
        System.out.println(file1.createNewFile());//true

        //boolean mkdir()用于创建文件夹，注意只能创建一级文件夹
        File file2 = new File("IO\\src\\files");
        System.out.println(file2.mkdir());//true

        //boolean mkdirs()用于创建文件夹，注意可以创建多级文件夹
        File file3 = new File("IO\\src\\files\\aa\\bb\\cc");
        File file4 = new File("IO\\src\\files\\dd");
        System.out.println(file3.mkdirs());//true
        System.out.println(file4.mkdirs());//true

        //boolean delete()删除文件或空的文件夹，注意不能删除为空文件夹。删除后的文件不会进入回收站
        System.out.println(file4.delete());//true
        System.out.println(file1.delete());//true
    }
}

遍历文件夹

package file;

import java.io.File;

public class VisitDirectory {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //String[] list()获取当前目录下所有的一级文件名称，到一个字符串数组中返回
        File file1 = new File("IO\\src\\files");
        String[] directory = file1.list();
        for(String d : directory){
            System.out.println(d);
        }

        //File[] listFiles()获取当前目录下所有的一级文件对象，到一个文件对象数组中返回
        File[] files = file1.listFiles();
        for(File f : files){
            System.out.println(f.getAbsolutePath());
        }
    }
}

文件搜索

package file;

import java.io.File;

public class SearchFile {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        File dir = new File("IO\\src\\files");
        String fileName = "3.txt";
        String fileName1 = "4.txt";
        if(!searchFile(dir, fileName)) System.out.println("查找失败");//目标文件位于C:\summer\needHungry\code\java\eclipse-workspace\JavaEnhance\IO\src\files\3.txt
        if(!searchFile(dir, fileName1)) System.out.println("查找失败");//查找失败
    }

    /**
     * 在目录中搜索某个文件
     * @param dir 目录
     * @param fileName 要搜索的文件名
     */
    public static boolean searchFile(File dir, String fileName){
        //拦截非法情况
        if(dir == null || !dir.exists() || dir.isFile()) return false;
        File[] files = dir.listFiles();
        if(files != null && files.length > 0){
            for(int i = 0; i < files.length; i++){
                if(files[i].isFile()){
                    if(files[i].getName().contains(fileName)){
                        System.out.println("目标文件位于" + files[i].getAbsolutePath());
                        return true;
                    }
                    else return false;
                }
                else searchFile(files[i], fileName);
            }
        }
        return false;
    }
}

package file;

import java.io.File;

public class DelDir {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        File drc = new File("IO\\src\\files");
        if(delDir(drc)) System.out.println("delete successfully");
        else System.out.println("delete failed");
    }

    /**
     * 删除给定文件夹
     * @param drc 目标文件夹
     */
    public static boolean delDir(File drc){
        //拦截非法情况
        if(drc == null || !drc.exists()) return false;
        if(drc.isFile()){
            drc.delete();
            return true;
        }
        File[] files = drc.listFiles();
        if(files != null && files.length > 0){
            for(int i = 0; i < files.length; i++){
                if(files[i].isFile()) files[i].delete();
                else {
                    File[] tFiles = files[i].listFiles();
                    if(tFiles.length == 0) files[i].delete();
                    else delDir(files[i]);
                }
            }
        }
        drc.delete();
        return true;
    }
}

前置知识：字符集

常见字符集
编码和解码

package charset;

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.util.Arrays;

public class Test {
    public static void main(String

Java入门与实践

Java基础

Java入门

idea的使用

java基础语法

流程控制

数组

方法

面向对象

常用API

基础阶段小结：ATM系统

java加强

static

继承

多态

final

抽象类

接口

内部类

枚举

泛型

常用API

Object类

Objects类

包装类

常用API（续）

Math

(JDK8之前传统的日期和时间)Date

JDK8新增的时间

Lambda表达式

方法引用

正则表达式

异常

集合进阶

Collection

List集合

ArrayList底层原理

LinkList底层原理

Set集合

HashSet底层原理

LinkedHashSet

TreeSet

Collection系列的应用场景

集合的并发修改异常

可变参数

Collections

List简单应用之斗地主

Map

集合的嵌套

JDK8新特性：Stream

阶段测试

第一题

第二题

第三题

第四题

第五题

第六题

Java提高

IO流

File,IO流概述

判断文件类型，获取文件信息

创建文件，删除文件

遍历文件夹

文件搜索

前置知识：字符集

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