记-数据库事务隔离级别

一、MySQL数据库默认隔离级别

MySQL数据库默认事务隔离级别为REPEATABLE-READ，大型互联网公司一般建议改成READ-COMMITTED，通过降低间隙锁概率，以提升事务性能。（顺便提一句，Oracle数据库默认事务隔离级别是READ-COMMITTED）

• 查看数据库事务隔离级别

show variables like '%tx_isolation%';

注： 使用DBeaver数据库连接工具查询事务隔离级别时，要确认是否修改过工具的默认事务隔离级别，若修改过DBeaver数据库连接工具的默认事务隔离级别，查询结果可能和预期的不一致。因此建议使用原生的mysql cmd工具查看事务隔离级别。

二、JDBC连接的事务隔离级别

JDBC连接的事务隔离级别默认取数据库服务端设置的默认隔离级别，也就是show variables like '%tx_isolation%'查询结果

1. 查看JDBC连接的事务隔离级别

以MyBatis框架为例，Debug跟踪当前SqlSession，查看org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSession#getConnection对象使用的原生Connection对象(com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl)查看isolationLevel属性值即可！

  /**
     * A constant indicating that transactions are not supported.
     */
    int TRANSACTION_NONE             = 0;

    /**
     * A constant indicating that
     * dirty reads, non-repeatable reads and phantom reads can occur.
     * This level allows a row changed by one transaction to be read
     * by another transaction before any changes in that row have been
     * committed (a "dirty read").  If any of the changes are rolled back,
     * the second transaction will have retrieved an invalid row.
     */
    int TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED = 1;

    /**
     * A constant indicating that
     * dirty reads are prevented; non-repeatable reads and phantom
     * reads can occur.  This level only prohibits a transaction
     * from reading a row with uncommitted changes in it.
     */
    int TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED   = 2;

    /**
     * A constant indicating that
     * dirty reads and non-repeatable reads are prevented; phantom
     * reads can occur.  This level prohibits a transaction from
     * reading a row with uncommitted changes in it, and it also
     * prohibits the situation where one transaction reads a row,
     * a second transaction alters the row, and the first transaction
     * rereads the row, getting different values the second time
     * (a "non-repeatable read").
     */
    int TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ  = 4;

    /**
     * A constant indicating that
     * dirty reads, non-repeatable reads and phantom reads are prevented.
     * This level includes the prohibitions in
     * TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ and further prohibits the
     * situation where one transaction reads all rows that satisfy
     * a WHERE condition, a second transaction inserts a row that
     * satisfies that WHERE condition, and the first transaction
     * rereads for the same condition, retrieving the additional
     * "phantom" row in the second read.
     */
    int TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE     = 8;

    /**
     * Attempts to change the transaction isolation level for this
     * Connection object to the one given.
     * The constants defined in the interface Connection
     * are the possible transaction isolation levels.
     * 

     * Note: If this method is called during a transaction, the result
     * is implementation-defined.
     *
     * @param level one of the following Connection constants:
     *        Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED,
     *        Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED,
     *        Connection.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ, or
     *        Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE.
     *        (Note that Connection.TRANSACTION_NONE cannot be used
     *        because it specifies that transactions are not supported.)
     * @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs, this
     * method is called on a closed connection
     *            or the given parameter is not one of the Connection
     *            constants
     * @see DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel
     * @see #getTransactionIsolation
     */
    void setTransactionIsolation(int level) throws SQLException;

2. JDBC连接的事务隔离级别设置过程

JDBC SPI加载机制

com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl#ConnectionImpl(com.mysql.cj.conf.HostInfo)

==>

com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl#createNewIO

==>

com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl#connectOneTryOnly

==>

com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl#initializePropsFromServer

==> 查询服务端变量transaction_isolation（别名）和tx_isolation

com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl#checkTransactionIsolationLevel

/**
     * Set transaction isolation level to the value received from server if any.
     * Is called by connectionInit(...)
     */
    private void checkTransactionIsolationLevel() {
        String s = this.session.getServerSession().getServerVariable("transaction_isolation");
        if (s == null) {
            s = this.session.getServerSession().getServerVariable("tx_isolation");
        }

        if (s != null) {
            Integer intTI = mapTransIsolationNameToValue.get(s);

            if (intTI != null) {
                this.isolationLevel = intTI.intValue();
            }
        }
    }

• 从服务端加载变量

com.mysql.cj.NativeSession#loadServerVariables

/**
     * Loads the result of 'SHOW VARIABLES' into the serverVariables field so
     * that the driver can configure itself.
     * 
     * @param syncMutex
     *            synchronization mutex
     * @param version
     *            driver version string
     */
    public void loadServerVariables(Object syncMutex, String version) {

        if (this.cacheServerConfiguration.getValue()) {
            createConfigCacheIfNeeded(syncMutex);

            Map<String, String> cachedVariableMap = this.serverConfigCache.get(this.hostInfo.getDatabaseUrl());

            if (cachedVariableMap != null) {
                String cachedServerVersion = cachedVariableMap.get(SERVER_VERSION_STRING_VAR_NAME);

                if (cachedServerVersion != null && getServerSession().getServerVersion() != null
                        && cachedServerVersion.equals(getServerSession().getServerVersion().toString())) {
                    this.protocol.getServerSession().setServerVariables(cachedVariableMap);

                    return;
                }

                this.serverConfigCache.invalidate(this.hostInfo.getDatabaseUrl());
            }
        }

        try {
            if (version != null && version.indexOf('*') != -1) {
                StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(version.length() + 10);
                for (int i = 0; i < version.length(); i++) {
                    char c = version.charAt(i);
                    buf.append(c == '*' ? "[star]" : c);
                }
                version = buf.toString();
            }

            String versionComment = (this.propertySet.getBooleanProperty(PropertyDefinitions.PNAME_paranoid).getValue() || version == null) ? ""
                    : "/* " + version + " */";

            this.protocol.getServerSession().setServerVariables(new HashMap<String, String>());

            if (versionMeetsMinimum(5, 1, 0)) {
                StringBuilder queryBuf = new StringBuilder(versionComment).append("SELECT");
                queryBuf.append("  @@session.auto_increment_increment AS auto_increment_increment");
                queryBuf.append(", @@character_set_client AS character_set_client");
                queryBuf.append(", @@character_set_connection AS character_set_connection");
                queryBuf.append(", @@character_set_results AS character_set_results");
                queryBuf.append(", @@character_set_server AS character_set_server");
                queryBuf.append(", @@collation_server AS collation_server");
                queryBuf.append(", @@init_connect AS init_connect");
                queryBuf.append(", @@interactive_timeout AS interactive_timeout");
                if (!versionMeetsMinimum(5, 5, 0)) {
                    queryBuf.append(", @@language AS language");
                }
                queryBuf.append(", @@license AS license");
                queryBuf.append(", @@lower_case_table_names AS lower_case_table_names");
                queryBuf.append(", @@max_allowed_packet AS max_allowed_packet");
                queryBuf.append(", @@net_write_timeout AS net_write_timeout");
                if (!versionMeetsMinimum(8, 0, 3)) {
                    queryBuf.append(", @@query_cache_size AS query_cache_size");
                    queryBuf.append(", @@query_cache_type AS query_cache_type");
                }
                queryBuf.append(", @@sql_mode AS sql_mode");
                queryBuf.append(", @@system_time_zone AS system_time_zone");
                queryBuf.append(", @@time_zone AS time_zone");
                if (versionMeetsMinimum(8, 0, 3) || (versionMeetsMinimum(5, 7, 20) && !versionMeetsMinimum(8, 0, 0))) {
                    queryBuf.append(", @@transaction_isolation AS transaction_isolation");
                } else {
                    queryBuf.append(", @@tx_isolation AS transaction_isolation");
                }
                queryBuf.append(", @@wait_timeout AS wait_timeout");

                NativePacketPayload resultPacket = sendCommand(this.commandBuilder.buildComQuery(null, queryBuf.toString()), false, 0);
                Resultset rs = ((NativeProtocol) this.protocol).readAllResults(-1, false, resultPacket, false, null,
                        new ResultsetFactory(Type.FORWARD_ONLY, null));
                Field[] f = rs.getColumnDefinition().getFields();
                if (f.length > 0) {
                    ValueFactory<String> vf = new StringValueFactory(f[0].getEncoding());
                    Row r;
                    if ((r = rs.getRows().next()) != null) {
                        for (int i = 0; i < f.length; i++) {
                            this.protocol.getServerSession().getServerVariables().put(f[i].getColumnLabel(), r.getValue(i, vf));
                        }
                    }
                }

            } else {
                NativePacketPayload resultPacket = sendCommand(this.commandBuilder.buildComQuery(null, versionComment + "SHOW VARIABLES"), false, 0);
                Resultset rs = ((NativeProtocol) this.protocol).readAllResults(-1, false, resultPacket, false, null,
                        new ResultsetFactory(Type.FORWARD_ONLY, null));
                ValueFactory<String> vf = new StringValueFactory(rs.getColumnDefinition().getFields()[0].getEncoding());
                Row r;
                while ((r = rs.getRows().next()) != null) {
                    this.protocol.getServerSession().getServerVariables().put(r.getValue(0, vf), r.getValue(1, vf));
                }
            }
        } catch (PasswordExpiredException ex) {
            if (this.disconnectOnExpiredPasswords.getValue()) {
                throw ex;
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw ExceptionFactory.createException(e.getMessage(), e);
        }

        if (this.cacheServerConfiguration.getValue()) {
 // 缓存服务端变量
            this.protocol.getServerSession().getServerVariables().put(SERVER_VERSION_STRING_VAR_NAME, getServerSession().getServerVersion().toString());
            this.serverConfigCache.put(this.hostInfo.getDatabaseUrl(), this.protocol.getServerSession().getServerVariables());
        }
    }

上面代码本质是执行select语句查询MySQL服务端变量

select  @@session.auto_increment_increment AS auto_increment_increment, @@character_set_client AS character_set_client, @@character_set_connection AS character_set_connection, @@character_set_results AS character_set_results, @@character_set_server AS character_set_server, @@collation_server AS collation_server, @@init_connect AS init_connect, @@interactive_timeout AS interactive_timeout, @@license AS license, @@lower_case_table_names AS lower_case_table_names, @@max_allowed_packet AS max_allowed_packet, @@net_write_timeout AS net_write_timeout, @@query_cache_size AS query_cache_size, @@query_cache_type AS query_cache_type, @@sql_mode AS sql_mode, @@system_time_zone AS system_time_zone, @@time_zone AS time_zone, @@tx_isolation AS transaction_isolation, @@wait_timeout AS wait_timeout

三、修改JDBC连接的事务隔离级别

1. 全局修改

java.sql.Connection#TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ

• Druid数据源

com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidAbstractDataSource#defaultTransactionIsolation

          druid:
            defaultTransactionIsolation: 2

• Hikari数据源

com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig#transactionIsolationName

    hikari:
      transactionIsolationName: TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED

2. 局部修改

@Transactional(isolation = Isolation.READ_COMMITTED) 

参考：

查-MySQL 常用语句速查

源码分析-JDBC SPI加载机制

springboot @ConfigurationProperties注解源码解析（含松散绑定）