Leetcode: Sudoku Solver

Write a program to solve a Sudoku puzzle by filling the empty cells.



Empty cells are indicated by the character '.'.



You may assume that there will be only one unique solution.

又是一道NP的问题,这种问题时间复杂度就不用考虑了,肯定是指数量级的,参考了一下别人的思路,这道题的思路与N-Queens,Permutations问题比较相似, 简单地说思路就是循环处理子问题,对于每个格子,带入不同的9个数,然后判合法,如果成立就递归继续。判合法可以用Valid Sudoku做为subroutine,但是其实在这里因为每次进入时已经保证之前的board不会冲突,所以不需要判断整个盘,只需要看当前加入的数字和之前是否冲突就可以,这样可以大大提高运行效率,毕竟判合法在程序中被多次调用。

第二遍做法:

 1 public class Solution {

 2     public void solveSudoku(char[][] board) {

 3         if (board == null || board.length != 9 || board[0].length != 9) return;

 4         helper(board, 0, 0);

 5     }

 6     

 7     public boolean helper(char[][] board, int i, int j) {

 8         if (j == 9) return helper(board, i+1, 0);

 9         if (i == 9) return true;

10         if (board[i][j] != '.') return helper(board, i, j+1);

11         for (int k=0; k<9; k++) {

12             board[i][j] = (char)('1' + k);

13             if (check(board, i, j)) {

14                 if (helper(board, i, j+1)) return true;

15             }

16         }

17         board[i][j] = '.';

18         return false;

19     }

20     

21     public boolean check(char[][] board, int i, int j) {

22         for (int t=0; t<9; t++) {

23             if (t != i && board[t][j] == board[i][j]) return false;

24         }

25         for (int t=0; t<9; t++) {

26             if (t != j && board[i][t] == board[i][j]) return false; 

27         }

28         for (int s=i/3*3; s<i/3*3+3; s++) {

29             for (int t=j/3*3; t<j/3*3+3; t++) {

30                 if (s!=i || t!=j) {

31                     if(board[s][t] == board[i][j]) return false;

32                 }

33             }

34         }

35         return true;

36     }

37 }

17行一定要记得在return false之前把board[i][j] 改回‘.’, 否则会出很严重的错误:比如board[i][j+1]把1~9都试过都不是valid的,这时候要回到board[i][j]去换另一个数试一试,再进入board[i][j+1],由于刚才已经把它改成1~9了而且没有改回‘.’,所以递归就会沿着一条错误的路走下去。最后会得到一组明显错误的答案(里面很多重复)

 1 public class Solution {

 2     public void solveSudoku(char[][] board) {

 3         if (board == null || board.length != 9 || board[0].length != 9) return;

 4         helper(board, 0, 0);

 5     }

 6     

 7     public boolean helper(char[][] board, int i, int j) {

 8         if (j >= 9) return helper(board, i+1, 0);

 9         if (i >= 9) return true;

10         if (board[i][j] == '.') {

11             for (int k = 1; k <= 9; k++) {

12                 board[i][j] = (char)('0' + k);

13                 if (isvalid(board, i, j)) {

14                     if(helper(board, i, j+1))

15                     return true;

16                 }

17                 board[i][j] = '.';

18             }

19         }

20         else {

21             return helper(board, i, j+1);

22         }

23         return false;

24     }

25     

26     public boolean isvalid(char[][] board, int i, int j) {

27         for (int a = 0; a < 9; a++) {

28             if (a != i && board[a][j] == board[i][j]) return false;

29         }

30         

31         for (int b = 0; b < 9; b++) {

32             if (b != j && board[i][b] == board[i][j]) return false; 

33         }

34         

35         for (int c = i/3*3; c < i/3*3 + 3; c++) {

36             for (int d = j/3*3; d < j/3*3 + 3; d++) {

37                 if ((c != i || d != j) && board[c][d] == board[i][j]) return false;

38             }

39         }

40         

41         return true;

42     }

43 }

在具体编程的时候,还有一个细节问题需要注意,那就是37行 (c != i || d != j)这个操作一定要用括号括起来,否则&&的操作优先级比||高,会出错

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