爬虫课堂(二十六)|使用scrapy-redis框架实现分布式爬虫(1)

到了讲scrapy-redis框架的时候啦,在讲它之前先提出三个问题:

  1. 我们要使用分布式,那么分布式有什么优点?
  2. Scrapy不支持分布式,是为什么?
  3. 如果要使Scrapy支持分布式,需要解决哪些问题?
  4. scrapy-redis是怎么解决这些问题的?

接下来,我们逐个回答:

  1. 分布式的主要优点包括如下两种:
    1)充分利用多机器的宽带加速爬取。
    2)充分利用多机的IP加速爬取速度。
  2. 在爬虫课堂(十六)|Scrapy框架结构及工作原理章节中,我们已经讲解过Scrapy运行流程,如下图26-1所示:
    1)当爬虫(Spider)要爬取某URL地址的页面时,使用该URL初始化Request对象提交给引擎(Scrapy Engine),并设置回调函数。
    2)Request对象进入调度器(Scheduler)按某种算法进行排队,之后的每个时刻调度器将其出列,送往下载器。

在Scrapy中,以上的流程都是在单机操作,其他服务器是无法从现在的Scheduler中取出requests任务队列,另外这块的去重操作也是在当前服务器的内存中进行,这就导致Scrapy不支持分布式。

图26-1 Scrapy架构图
  1. 基于上面的分析,我们知道要使Scrapy支持分布式,那么就需要解决三个问题:
    1)requests队列需要集中管理。
    2)去重逻辑也需要集中管理。
    3)保持数据逻辑也需要集中管理。

  2. scrapy-redis是怎么解决这些问题的?
    我们先进入scrapy-redis的GitHub页面https://github.com/rmax/scrapy-redis,它在Usage明确说明了需要设置的地方:

# Enables scheduling storing requests queue in redis.
SCHEDULER = "scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler"

# Ensure all spiders share same duplicates filter through redis.
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter"

# Default requests serializer is pickle, but it can be changed to any module
# with loads and dumps functions. Note that pickle is not compatible between
# python versions.
# Caveat: In python 3.x, the serializer must return strings keys and support
# bytes as values. Because of this reason the json or msgpack module will not
# work by default. In python 2.x there is no such issue and you can use
# 'json' or 'msgpack' as serializers.
#SCHEDULER_SERIALIZER = "scrapy_redis.picklecompat"

# Don't cleanup redis queues, allows to pause/resume crawls.
#SCHEDULER_PERSIST = True

# Schedule requests using a priority queue. (default)
#SCHEDULER_QUEUE_CLASS = 'scrapy_redis.queue.PriorityQueue'

# Alternative queues.
#SCHEDULER_QUEUE_CLASS = 'scrapy_redis.queue.FifoQueue'
#SCHEDULER_QUEUE_CLASS = 'scrapy_redis.queue.LifoQueue'

# Max idle time to prevent the spider from being closed when distributed crawling.
# This only works if queue class is SpiderQueue or SpiderStack,
# and may also block the same time when your spider start at the first time (because the queue is empty).
#SCHEDULER_IDLE_BEFORE_CLOSE = 10

# Store scraped item in redis for post-processing.
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 300
}

# The item pipeline serializes and stores the items in this redis key.
#REDIS_ITEMS_KEY = '%(spider)s:items'

# The items serializer is by default ScrapyJSONEncoder. You can use any
# importable path to a callable object.
#REDIS_ITEMS_SERIALIZER = 'json.dumps'

# Specify the host and port to use when connecting to Redis (optional).
#REDIS_HOST = 'localhost'
#REDIS_PORT = 6379

# Specify the full Redis URL for connecting (optional).
# If set, this takes precedence over the REDIS_HOST and REDIS_PORT settings.
#REDIS_URL = 'redis://user:pass@hostname:9001'

# Custom redis client parameters (i.e.: socket timeout, etc.)
#REDIS_PARAMS  = {}
# Use custom redis client class.
#REDIS_PARAMS['redis_cls'] = 'myproject.RedisClient'

# If True, it uses redis' ``SPOP`` operation. You have to use the ``SADD``
# command to add URLs to the redis queue. This could be useful if you
# want to avoid duplicates in your start urls list and the order of
# processing does not matter.
#REDIS_START_URLS_AS_SET = False

# Default start urls key for RedisSpider and RedisCrawlSpider.
#REDIS_START_URLS_KEY = '%(name)s:start_urls'

# Use other encoding than utf-8 for redis.
#REDIS_ENCODING = 'latin1'

设置里面主要包括三个地方,SCHEDULER处理列队的问题(分配任务),DUPEFILTER_CLASS处理去重的问题(任务去重),RedisPipeline处理保存的问题(数据存储)。

# Enables scheduling storing requests queue in redis.
SCHEDULER = "scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler"

# Ensure all spiders share same duplicates filter through redis.
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter"

# Store scraped item in redis for post-processing.
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 300
}

在创建爬虫的时候也有一个调整。
原来非分布式爬虫时的方式如下:

class MySpider(Spider):
    name = 'myspider'

    def parse(self, response):
        # do stuff
        pass

要使用分布式的时候,需要把Spider修改为RedisSpider。

from scrapy_redis.spiders import RedisSpider

class MySpider(RedisSpider):
    name = 'myspider'

    def parse(self, response):
        # do stuff
        pass

抱歉,本章因为时间问题就先写到这里,今天加班太晚啦。读者也早点休息,明天继续。
下一章节,我们通过分析scrapy-redis源码,来进一步了解scrapy-redis框架是如何解决分配任务、任务去重以及把所有爬虫采集的数据汇总一处的三个问题的。

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