Libev学习笔记1

和Libevent相似,Libev是一个高性事件驱动框架,据说性能比Libevent要高,bug比Libevent要少。Libev只是一个事件驱动框架,不是网络库,因为它的内部并没有任何socket编程代码。支持的事件驱动机制包括:

select

poll

epoll

kqueue

Solaris-specific event port mechanisms

支持的事件类型也很多,下面会全部列出。

官方首页地址:http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libev.html

安装方法:apt-get install libev-dev

官方文档的第一个例程:

// a single header file is required

#include <ev.h>



#include <stdio.h> // for puts



// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct

// with the name ev_TYPE

ev_io stdin_watcher;

ev_timer timeout_watcher;



// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature

// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin

static void

stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)

{

    puts ("stdin ready");

    // for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher

    // with its corresponding stop function.

    ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);



    // this causes all nested ev_run's to stop iterating

    ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ALL);

}



// another callback, this time for a time-out

static void

timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)

{

    puts ("timeout");

    // this causes the innermost ev_run to stop iterating

    ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ONE);

}



int

main (void)

{

    // use the default event loop unless you have special needs

    struct ev_loop *loop = EV_DEFAULT;



    // initialise an io watcher, then start it

    // this one will watch for stdin to become readable

    ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);

    ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);



    // initialise a timer watcher, then start it

    // simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout

    ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);

    ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);



    // now wait for events to arrive

    ev_run (loop, 0);



    // break was called, so exit

    return 0;

}

这些基于事件的库的使用方法都大同小异:首先建立一个event loop,然后建立需要观察的event,设置好回调函数,将event加入到event loop中,最后run loop。以上程序关注了两类事件:

  1. i/o事件,用ev_io结构体表示。
  2. timer事件,用ev_timer结构体表示。

事件类型的不同,所需的结构体类型也不同,对应关系如下所示:

ev_io                 // IO可读可写

ev_stat               // 文件属性变化

ev_signal             // 信号处理

ev_timer              // 相对定时器

ev_periodic           // 绝对定时器

ev_child              // 子进程状态变化

ev_fork               // fork事件

ev_cleanup            // event loop退出触发事件

ev_idle               // event loop空闲触发事件

ev_embed              // 嵌入另一个后台循环

ev_prepare            // event loop之前事件

ev_check              // event loop之后事件

ev_async              // 线程间异步事件

关于每个事件的具体含义,官方文档的WATCHER TYPES部分给出了详细的说明,需要时自行查阅即可。

首先分析一下struct ev_loop,即event loop,一个线程只能有一个struct ev_loop,它的定义如下所示:

#if EV_MULTIPLICITY

  /* 支持多线程时需要定义ev_loop类 */

  struct ev_loop

  {

    ev_tstamp ev_rt_now;

    #define ev_rt_now ((loop)->ev_rt_now)

    #define VAR(name,decl) decl;

      #include "ev_vars.h"

    #undef VAR

  };

  #include "ev_wrap.h"



  static struct ev_loop default_loop_struct;

  EV_API_DECL struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop_ptr = 0; /* needs to be initialised to make it a definition despite extern */



#else

  /* 单线程时所有变量都是全局变量 */

  EV_API_DECL ev_tstamp ev_rt_now = 0; /* needs to be initialised to make it a definition despite extern */

  #define VAR(name,decl) static decl;

    #include "ev_vars.h"

  #undef VAR



  static int ev_default_loop_ptr;



#endif

条件编译宏EV_MULTIPLICITY在编译程序时判断程序是否为多线程。当程序为多线程时,也就是上面程序的if分支,由于存在不同的ev_loop,那么就需要struct ev_loop这个结构体进行封装了。当程序为单线程时,也就是上面程序的else分支,整个程序只有唯一的一个ev_loop,它将作为全局变量被所有函数使用。头文件ev_vars.h中定义了各种宏,封装在ev_loop中相当于ev_loop的成员变量,如下所示:

struct ev_loop

{

    ev_tstamp ev_rt_now;

    #define ev_rt_now ((loop)->ev_rt_now)

    ev_tstamp now_floor

    ev_tstamp mn_now

    ev_tstamp rtmn_diff

    ...

};

而else分支的ev_vars.h没有封装在任何结构体中,因此会声明一大堆全局变量,如下所示:

static ev_tstamp now_floor

static ev_tstamp mn_now

static ev_tstamp rtmn_diff

...

经过深入分析,发现EV_MULTIPLICITY等于1,所以之后的源码分析都是假设EV_MULTIPLICITY=1.

Libev中许多函数定义的形式都是这样的:

static void

timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)

EV_P_也是为了多线程而存在的,它的定义如下所示:

/* support multiple event loops? */

#if EV_MULTIPLICITY

struct ev_loop;

# define EV_P  struct ev_loop *loop               /* a loop as sole parameter in a declaration */

# define EV_P_ EV_P,                              /* a loop as first of multiple parameters */

# define EV_A  loop                               /* a loop as sole argument to a function call */

# define EV_A_ EV_A,                              /* a loop as first of multiple arguments */

# define EV_DEFAULT_UC  ev_default_loop_uc_ ()    /* the default loop, if initialised, as sole arg */

# define EV_DEFAULT_UC_ EV_DEFAULT_UC,            /* the default loop as first of multiple arguments */

# define EV_DEFAULT  ev_default_loop (0)          /* the default loop as sole arg */

# define EV_DEFAULT_ EV_DEFAULT,                  /* the default loop as first of multiple arguments */

#else

# define EV_P void

# define EV_P_

# define EV_A

# define EV_A_

# define EV_DEFAULT

# define EV_DEFAULT_

# define EV_DEFAULT_UC

# define EV_DEFAULT_UC_

# undef EV_EMBED_ENABLE

#endif

宏EV_P_最终等于struct ev_loop *loop。当系统支持多线程,每个线程都有一个struct ev_loop时,函数需要区分不同的struct ev_loop,这是就是通过这个宏EV_P_传入某个具体的struct ev_loop。也就是说,当程序为单线程时,函数最终声明为:

static void

timeout_cb (ev_timer *w, int revents)

Libev操纵唯一的一个全局struct ev_loop。当程序支持多线程时,函数最终声明为:

static void

timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)

Libev根据传入的loop操纵对应的struct ev_loop。

 

参考:

http://c4fun.cn/blog/2014/03/06/libev-study/

http://my.oschina.net/u/917596/blog/176658

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