同步状态
AQS采用的是CLH队列,CLH队列是由一个一个结点构成的,前面提到结点中有一个状态位,这个状态位与线程状态密切相关,这个状态位(waitStatus)是一个32位的整型常量,它的取值如下:
- static final int CANCELLED = 1;
- static final int SIGNAL = -1;
- static final int CONDITION = -2;
- static final int PROPAGATE = -3;
下面解释一下每个值的含义
CANCELLED:因为超时或者中断,结点会被设置为取消状态,被取消状态的结点不应该去竞争锁,只能保持取消状态不变,不能转换为其他状态。处于这种状态的结点会被踢出队列,被GC回收;
SIGNAL:表示这个结点的继任结点被阻塞了,到时需要通知它;
CONDITION:表示这个结点在条件队列中,因为等待某个条件而被阻塞;
PROPAGATE:使用在共享模式头结点有可能牌处于这种状态,表示锁的下一次获取可以无条件传播;
0:None of the above,新结点会处于这种状态。
获取
AQS中比较重要的两个操作是获取和释放,以下是各种获取操作:
- public final void acquire(int arg);
- public final void acquireInterruptibly(int arg);
- public final void acquireShared(int arg);
- public final void acquireSharedInterruptibly(int arg);
- protected boolean tryAcquire(int arg);
- protected int tryAcquireShared(int arg);
- public final boolean tryAcquireNanos(int arg, long nanosTimeout) throws InterruptedException;
- public final boolean tryAcquireSharedNanos(int arg, long nanosTimeout) throws InterruptedException;
获取操作的流程图如下:
1、如果尝试获取锁成功整个获取操作就结束,否则转到2. 尝试获取锁是通过方法tryAcquire来实现的,AQS中并没有该方法的具体实现,只是简单地抛出一个不支持操作异常,在AQS简介中谈到tryAcquire有很多实现方法,这里不再细化,只需要知道如果获取锁成功该方法返回true即可;
2、如果获取锁失败,那么就创建一个代表当前线程的结点加入到等待队列的尾部,是通过addWaiter方法实现的,来看该方法的具体实现:
- /**
- * Creates and enqueues node for current thread and given mode.
- *
- * @param mode Node.EXCLUSIVE for exclusive, Node.SHARED for shared
- * @return the new node
- */
- private Node addWaiter(Node mode) {
- Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), mode);
- // Try the fast path of enq; backup to full enq on failure
- Node pred = tail;
- if (pred != null) {
- node.prev = pred;
- if (compareAndSetTail(pred, node)) {
- pred.next = node;
- return node;
- }
- }
- enq(node);
- return node;
- }
该方法创建了一个独占式结点,然后判断队列中是否有元素,如果有(pred!=null)就设置当前结点为队尾结点,返回;
如果没有元素(pred==null),表示队列为空,走的是入队操作
- /**
- * Inserts node into queue, initializing if necessary. See picture above.
- * @param node the node to insert
- * @return node's predecessor
- */
- private Node enq(final Node node) {
- for (;;) {
- Node t = tail;
- if (t == null) { // Must initialize
- if (compareAndSetHead(new Node()))
- tail = head;
- } else {
- node.prev = t;
- if (compareAndSetTail(t, node)) {
- t.next = node;
- return t;
- }
- }
- }
- }
enq方法采用的是变种CLH算法,先看头结点是否为空,如果为空就创建一个傀儡结点,头尾指针都指向这个傀儡结点,这一步只会在队列初始化时会执行;
如果头结点非空,就采用CAS操作将当前结点插入到头结点后面,如果在插入的时候尾结点有变化,就将尾结点向后移动直到移动到最后一个结点为止,然后再把当前结点插入到尾结点后面,尾指针指向当前结点,入队成功。
3、将新加入的结点放入队列之后,这个结点有两种状态,要么获取锁,要么就挂起,如果这个结点不是头结点,就看看这个结点是否应该挂起,如果应该挂起,就挂起当前结点,是否应该挂起是通过shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire方法来判断的
- /**
- * Checks and updates status for a node that failed to acquire.
- * Returns true if thread should block. This is the main signal
- * control in all acquire loops. Requires that pred == node.prev
- *
- * @param pred node's predecessor holding status
- * @param node the node
- * @return {@code true} if thread should block
- */
- private static boolean shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(Node pred, Node node) {
- int ws = pred.waitStatus;
- if (ws == Node.SIGNAL)
- /*
- * This node has already set status asking a release
- * to signal it, so it can safely park.
- */
- return true;
- if (ws > 0) {
- /*
- * Predecessor was cancelled. Skip over predecessors and
- * indicate retry.
- */
- do {
- node.prev = pred = pred.prev;
- } while (pred.waitStatus > 0);
- pred.next = node;
- } else {
- /*
- * waitStatus must be 0 or PROPAGATE. Indicate that we
- * need a signal, but don't park yet. Caller will need to
- * retry to make sure it cannot acquire before parking.
- */
- compareAndSetWaitStatus(pred, ws, Node.SIGNAL);
- }
- return false;
- }
该方法首先检查前趋结点的waitStatus位,如果为SIGNAL,表示前趋结点会通知它,那么它可以放心大胆地挂起了;
如果前趋结点是一个被取消的结点怎么办呢?那么就向前遍历跳过被取消的结点,直到找到一个没有被取消的结点为止,将找到的这个结点作为它的前趋结点,将找到的这个结点的waitStatus位设置为SIGNAL,返回false表示线程不应该被挂起。
上面谈的不是头结点的情况决定是否应该挂起,是头结点的情况呢?
是头结点的情况,当前线程就调用tryAcquire尝试获取锁,如果获取成功就将头结点设置为当前结点,返回;如果获取失败就循环尝试获取锁,直到获取成功为止。整个acquire过程就分析完了。
释放
释放操作有以下方法:
- public final boolean release(int arg);
- protected boolean tryRelease(int arg);
- protected boolean tryReleaseShared(int arg);
下面看看release方法的实现过程
1、release过程比acquire要简单,首先调用tryRelease释放锁,如果释放失败,直接返回;
2、释放锁成功后需要唤醒继任结点,是通过方法unparkSuccessor实现的
- /**
- * Wakes up node's successor, if one exists.
- *
- * @param node the node
- */
- private void unparkSuccessor(Node node) {
- /*
- * If status is negative (i.e., possibly needing signal) try
- * to clear in anticipation of signalling. It is OK if this
- * fails or if status is changed by waiting thread.
- */
- int ws = node.waitStatus;
- if (ws < 0)
- compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, ws, 0);
- /*
- * Thread to unpark is held in successor, which is normally
- * just the next node. But if cancelled or apparently null,
- * traverse backwards from tail to find the actual
- * non-cancelled successor.
- */
- Node s = node.next;
- if (s == null || s.waitStatus > 0) {
- s = null;
- for (Node t = tail; t != null && t != node; t = t.prev)
- if (t.waitStatus <= 0)
- s = t;
- }
- if (s != null)
- LockSupport.unpark(s.thread);
- }
1、node参数传进来的是头结点,首先检查头结点的waitStatus位,如果为负,表示头结点还需要通知后继结点,这里不需要头结点去通知后继,因此将该该标志位清0.
2、然后查看头结点的下一个结点,如果下一个结点不为空且它的waitStatus<=0,表示后继结点没有被取消,是一个可以唤醒的结点,于是唤醒后继结点返回;如果后继结点为空或者被取消了怎么办?寻找下一个可唤醒的结点,然后唤醒它返回。
这里并没有从头向尾寻找,而是相反的方向寻找,为什么呢?
因为在CLH队列中的结点随时有可能被中断,被中断的结点的waitStatus设置为CANCEL,而且它会被踢出CLH队列,如何个踢出法,就是它的前趋结点的next并不会指向它,而是指向下一个非CANCEL的结点,而它自己的next指针指向它自己。一旦这种情况发生,如何从头向尾方向寻找继任结点会出现问题,因为一个CANCEL结点的next为自己,那么就找不到正确的继任接点。
有的人又会问了,CANCEL结点的next指针为什么要指向它自己,为什么不指向真正的next结点?为什么不为NULL?
第一个问题的答案是这种被CANCEL的结点最终会被GC回收,如果指向next结点,GC无法回收。
对于第二个问题的回答,JDK中有这么一句话: The next field of cancelled nodes is set to point to the node itself instead of null, to make life easier for isOnSyncQueue.大至意思是为了使isOnSyncQueue方法更新简单。isOnSyncQueue方法判断一个结点是否在同步队列,实现如下:
- /**
- * Returns true if a node, always one that was initially placed on
- * a condition queue, is now waiting to reacquire on sync queue.
- * @param node the node
- * @return true if is reacquiring
- */
- final boolean isOnSyncQueue(Node node) {
- if (node.waitStatus == Node.CONDITION || node.prev == null)
- return false;
- if (node.next != null) // If has successor, it must be on queue
- return true;
- /*
- * node.prev can be non-null, but not yet on queue because
- * the CAS to place it on queue can fail. So we have to
- * traverse from tail to make sure it actually made it. It
- * will always be near the tail in calls to this method, and
- * unless the CAS failed (which is unlikely), it will be
- * there, so we hardly ever traverse much.
- */
- return findNodeFromTail(node);
- }
如果一个结点next不为空,那么它在同步队列中,如果CANCEL结点的后继为空那么CANCEL结点不在同步队列中,这与事实相矛盾。
因此将CANCEL结点的后继指向它自己是合理的选择。
参考资料: