使用异步方式调用同步方法

 

使用异步方式调用同步方法

 

.NET Framework 4
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.NET Framework 允许您异步调用任何方法。 为此,应定义与您要调用的方法具有相同签名的委托;公共语言运行时会自动使用适当的签名为该委托定义 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke方法。

注意 注意

.NET Compact Framework 中不支持异步委托调用,也就是 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke 方法。

BeginInvoke 方法启动异步调用。 该方法与您需要异步执行的方法具有相同的参数,还有另外两个可选参数。 第一个参数是一个 AsyncCallback 委托,该委托引用在异步调用完成时要调用的方法。 第二个参数是一个用户定义的对象,该对象将信息传递到回调方法。 BeginInvoke 立即返回,不等待异步调用完成。 BeginInvoke 返回一个 IAsyncResult,后者可用于监视异步调用的进度。

EndInvoke 方法检索异步调用的结果。 在调用 BeginInvoke 之后随时可以调用该方法。 如果异步调用尚未完成,则 EndInvoke 会一直阻止调用线程,直到异步调用完成。EndInvoke 的参数包括您需要异步执行的方法的 out 和 ref 参数(在 Visual Basic 中为 <Out> ByRef 和 ByRef)以及由 BeginInvoke 返回的 IAsyncResult

注意 注意

Visual Studio 2005 中的 IntelliSense 功能显示 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke 的参数。 如果您没有使用 Visual Studio 或类似工具,或您使用的是带有 Visual Studio 2005 的 C#,请参见 异步编程概述 以获取为这些方法定义的参数的说明。

本主题中的代码示例演示了使用 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke 进行异步调用的四种常用方法。 调用 BeginInvoke 之后,您可以执行下列操作:

  • 进行某些操作,然后调用 EndInvoke 一直阻止到调用完成。

  • 使用 IAsyncResult.AsyncWaitHandle 属性获取 WaitHandle,使用其 WaitOne 方法阻止执行,直至 WaitHandle 收到信号,然后调用 EndInvoke

  • 轮询由 BeginInvoke 返回的 IAsyncResult,以确定异步调用何时完成,然后调用 EndInvoke

  • 将用于回调方法的委托传递给 BeginInvoke 异步调用完成后,将在 ThreadPool 线程上执行该方法。 回调方法调用 EndInvoke

重要说明 重要事项

无论您使用何种方法,都要调用 EndInvoke 来完成异步调用。

下面的代码示例演示异步调用同一个长时间运行的方法 TestMethod 的各种方式。 TestMethod 方法会显示一条控制台消息,说明该方法已开始处理,休眠了几秒钟,然后结束。TestMethod 有一个 out 参数,用于说明此类参数添加到 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke 的签名中的方式。 您可以按同样的方式处理 ref 参数。

下面的代码示例演示 TestMethod 的定义和名为 AsyncMethodCaller 的、可用来异步调用 TestMethod 的委托。 若要编译代码示例,必须包括 TestMethod 的定义和AsyncMethodCaller 委托。

using System;
using System.Threading; 

namespace Examples.AdvancedProgramming.AsynchronousOperations
{
    public class AsyncDemo 
    {
        // The method to be executed asynchronously.
        public string TestMethod(int callDuration, out int threadId) 
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Test method begins.");
            Thread.Sleep(callDuration);
            threadId = Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId;
            return String.Format("My call time was {0}.", callDuration.ToString());
        }
    }
    // The delegate must have the same signature as the method
    // it will call asynchronously.
    public delegate string AsyncMethodCaller(int callDuration, out int threadId);
}


异步执行方法的最简单方式是通过调用委托的 BeginInvoke 方法来开始执行方法,在主线程上执行一些操作,然后调用委托的 EndInvoke 方法。 EndInvoke 可能会阻止调用线程,因为该方法直到异步调用完成后才返回。 这种方式非常适合执行文件或网络操作。

重要说明 重要事项  

因为 EndInvoke 可能会阻塞,所以不应从服务于用户界面的线程调用该方法。

using System;
using System.Threading;

namespace Examples.AdvancedProgramming.AsynchronousOperations
{
    public class AsyncMain 
    {
        public static void Main() 
        {
            // The asynchronous method puts the thread id here.
            int threadId;

            // Create an instance of the test class.
            AsyncDemo ad = new AsyncDemo();

            // Create the delegate.
            AsyncMethodCaller caller = new AsyncMethodCaller(ad.TestMethod);

            // Initiate the asychronous call.
            IAsyncResult result = caller.BeginInvoke(3000, 
                out threadId, null, null);

            Thread.Sleep(0);
            Console.WriteLine("Main thread {0} does some work.",
                Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);

            // Call EndInvoke to wait for the asynchronous call to complete,
            // and to retrieve the results.
            string returnValue = caller.EndInvoke(out threadId, result);

            Console.WriteLine("The call executed on thread {0}, with return value \"{1}\".",
                threadId, returnValue);
        }
    }
}

/* This example produces output similar to the following:

Main thread 1 does some work.
Test method begins.
The call executed on thread 3, with return value "My call time was 3000.".
 */


您可以使用由 BeginInvoke 返回的 IAsyncResult 的 AsyncWaitHandle 属性来获取 WaitHandle 异步调用完成时,WaitHandle 会收到信号,您可以通过调用 WaitOne 方法等待它。

如果您使用 WaitHandle,则在异步调用完成之前或之后,但在通过调用 EndInvoke 检索结果之前,还可以执行其他处理。

注意 注意  

调用 EndInvoke 时不会自动关闭等待句柄。 如果释放对等待句柄的所有引用,则当垃圾回收功能回收等待句柄时,将释放系统资源。 若要在等待句柄使用完毕后立即释放系统资源,请调用 WaitHandle.Close 方法来释放等待句柄。 显式释放可释放的对象时,垃圾回收的工作效率会更高。

using System;
using System.Threading;

namespace Examples.AdvancedProgramming.AsynchronousOperations
{
    public class AsyncMain 
    {
        static void Main() 
        {
            // The asynchronous method puts the thread id here.
            int threadId;

            // Create an instance of the test class.
            AsyncDemo ad = new AsyncDemo();

            // Create the delegate.
            AsyncMethodCaller caller = new AsyncMethodCaller(ad.TestMethod);

            // Initiate the asychronous call.
            IAsyncResult result = caller.BeginInvoke(3000, 
                out threadId, null, null);

            Thread.Sleep(0);
            Console.WriteLine("Main thread {0} does some work.",
                Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);

            // Wait for the WaitHandle to become signaled.
            result.AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne();

            // Perform additional processing here.
            // Call EndInvoke to retrieve the results.
            string returnValue = caller.EndInvoke(out threadId, result);

            // Close the wait handle.
            result.AsyncWaitHandle.Close();

            Console.WriteLine("The call executed on thread {0}, with return value \"{1}\".",
                threadId, returnValue);
        }
    }
}

/* This example produces output similar to the following:

Main thread 1 does some work.
Test method begins.
The call executed on thread 3, with return value "My call time was 3000.".
 */


您可以使用由 BeginInvoke 返回的 IAsyncResult 的 IsCompleted 属性来发现异步调用何时完成。 从用户界面的服务线程中进行异步调用时可以执行此操作。 轮询完成允许调用线程在异步调用在 ThreadPool 线程上执行时继续执行。

using System;
using System.Threading;

namespace Examples.AdvancedProgramming.AsynchronousOperations
{
    public class AsyncMain 
    {
        static void Main() {
            // The asynchronous method puts the thread id here.
            int threadId;

            // Create an instance of the test class.
            AsyncDemo ad = new AsyncDemo();

            // Create the delegate.
            AsyncMethodCaller caller = new AsyncMethodCaller(ad.TestMethod);

            // Initiate the asychronous call.
            IAsyncResult result = caller.BeginInvoke(3000, 
                out threadId, null, null);

            // Poll while simulating work.
            while(result.IsCompleted == false) {
                Thread.Sleep(250);
                Console.Write(".");
            }

            // Call EndInvoke to retrieve the results.
            string returnValue = caller.EndInvoke(out threadId, result);

            Console.WriteLine("\nThe call executed on thread {0}, with return value \"{1}\".",
                threadId, returnValue);
        }
    }
}

/* This example produces output similar to the following:

Test method begins.
.............
The call executed on thread 3, with return value "My call time was 3000.".
 */


如果启动异步调用的线程不需要是处理结果的线程,则可以在调用完成时执行回调方法。 回调方法在 ThreadPool 线程上执行。

若要使用回调方法,必须将表示回调方法的 AsyncCallback 委托传递给 BeginInvoke 也可以传递包含回调方法要使用的信息的对象。 在回调方法中,可以将 IAsyncResult(回调方法的唯一参数)强制转换为 AsyncResult 对象。 然后,可以使用 AsyncResult.AsyncDelegate 属性获取已用于启动调用的委托,以便可以调用 EndInvoke

有关示例的说明:

  • TestMethod 的 threadId 参数为 out 参数(在 Visual Basic 中为 <Out> ByRef),因此 TestMethod 从不使用该参数的输入值。 会将一个虚拟变量传递给 BeginInvoke 调用。 如果 threadId 参数为 ref 参数(在 Visual Basic 中为 ByRef),则该变量必须为类级别字段,这样才能同时传递给 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke

  • 传递给 BeginInvoke 的状态信息是一个格式字符串,回调方法使用该字符串来设置输出消息的格式。 因为作为类型 Object 进行传递,所以状态信息必须强制转换为正确的类型才能被使用。

  • 回调在 ThreadPool 线程上执行。 ThreadPool 线程是后台线程,这些线程不会在主线程结束后保持应用程序的运行,因此示例的主线程必须休眠足够长的时间以便回调完成。

using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging;

namespace Examples.AdvancedProgramming.AsynchronousOperations
{
    public class AsyncMain 
    {
        static void Main() 
        {
            // Create an instance of the test class.
            AsyncDemo ad = new AsyncDemo();

            // Create the delegate.
            AsyncMethodCaller caller = new AsyncMethodCaller(ad.TestMethod);

            // The threadId parameter of TestMethod is an out parameter, so
            // its input value is never used by TestMethod. Therefore, a dummy
            // variable can be passed to the BeginInvoke call. If the threadId
            // parameter were a ref parameter, it would have to be a class-
            // level field so that it could be passed to both BeginInvoke and 
            // EndInvoke.
            int dummy = 0;

            // Initiate the asynchronous call, passing three seconds (3000 ms)
            // for the callDuration parameter of TestMethod; a dummy variable 
            // for the out parameter (threadId); the callback delegate; and
            // state information that can be retrieved by the callback method.
            // In this case, the state information is a string that can be used
            // to format a console message.
            IAsyncResult result = caller.BeginInvoke(3000,
                out dummy, 
                new AsyncCallback(CallbackMethod),
                "The call executed on thread {0}, with return value \"{1}\".");

            Console.WriteLine("The main thread {0} continues to execute...", 
                Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);

            // The callback is made on a ThreadPool thread. ThreadPool threads
            // are background threads, which do not keep the application running
            // if the main thread ends. Comment out the next line to demonstrate
            // this.
            Thread.Sleep(4000);

            Console.WriteLine("The main thread ends.");
        }

        // The callback method must have the same signature as the
        // AsyncCallback delegate.
        static void CallbackMethod(IAsyncResult ar) 
        {
            // Retrieve the delegate.
            AsyncResult result = (AsyncResult) ar;
            AsyncMethodCaller caller = (AsyncMethodCaller) result.AsyncDelegate;

            // Retrieve the format string that was passed as state 
            // information.
            string formatString = (string) ar.AsyncState;

            // Define a variable to receive the value of the out parameter.
            // If the parameter were ref rather than out then it would have to
            // be a class-level field so it could also be passed to BeginInvoke.
            int threadId = 0;

            // Call EndInvoke to retrieve the results.
            string returnValue = caller.EndInvoke(out threadId, ar);

            // Use the format string to format the output message.
            Console.WriteLine(formatString, threadId, returnValue);
        }
    }
}

/* This example produces output similar to the following:

The main thread 1 continues to execute...
Test method begins.
The call executed on thread 3, with return value "My call time was 3000.".
The main thread ends.
 */


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