9)实现u-boot对yaffs/yaffs2文件系统下载的支持。
注意:此篇对Nand的操作是基于MTD架构方式,在“u-boot-2009.08在2440上的移植详解(三)”中讲到过。
通常一个Nnad Flash存储设备由若干块组成,1个块由若干页组成。一般128MB以下容量的Nand Flash芯片,一页大小为528B,被依次分为2个256B的主数据区和16B的额外空间;128MB以上容量的Nand Flash芯片,一页大小通常为2KB。由于Nand Flash出现位反转的概率较大,一般在读写时需要使用ECC进行错误检验和恢复。
Yaffs/yaffs2文件系统的设计充分考虑到Nand Flash以页为存取单位等的特点,将文件组织成固定大小的段(Chunk)。以528B的页为例,Yaffs/yaffs2文件系统使用前512B存储数据和16B的额外空间存放数据的ECC和文件系统的组织信息等(称为OOB数据)。通过OOB数据,不但能实现错误检测和坏块处理,同时还可以避免加载时对整个存储介质的扫描,加快了文件系统的加载速度。以下是Yaffs/yaffs2文件系统页的结构说明:
Yaffs页结构说明
==============================================
字节 用途
==============================================
0 - 511 存储数据(分为两个半部)
512 - 515 系统信息
516 数据状态字
517 块状态字
518 - 519 系统信息
520 - 522 后半部256字节的ECC
523 - 524 系统信息
525 - 527 前半部256字节的ECC
=============================================
好了,在了解Nand Flash组成和Yaffs/yaffs2文件系统结构后,我们再回到u-boot中。目前,在u-boot中已经有对Cramfs、Jffs2等文件系统的读写支持,但与带有数据校验等功能的OOB区的Yaffs/Yaffs2文件系统相比,他们是将所有文件数据简单的以线性表形式组织的。所以,我们只要在此基础上通过修改u-boot的Nand Flash读写命令,增加处理00B区域数据的功能,即可以实现对Yaffs/Yaffs2文件系统的读写支持。
实现对Yaffs或者Yaffs2文件系统的读写支持步骤如下:
①、在include/configs/my2440.h头文件中定义一个管理对Yaffs2支持的宏和开启u-boot中对Nand Flash默认分区的宏,如下:
#gedit include/configs/my2440.h
#define CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2 1 //定义一个管理对Yaffs2支持的宏
//开启Nand Flash默认分区,注意此处的分区要和你的内核中的分区保持一致
#define MTDIDS_DEFAULT "nand0=nandflash0"
#define MTDPARTS_DEFAULT "mtdparts=nandflash0:192k(bootloader)," \
"64k(params)," \
"2m(kernel)," \
"-(root)"
②、在原来对Nand操作的命令集列表中添加Yaffs2对Nand的写命令,如下:
接着,在该文件中对nand操作的do_nand函数中添加yaffs2对nand的操作,如下:
#gedit common/cmd_nand.c
if (strncmp(cmd, "read", 4) == 0 || strncmp(cmd, "write", 5) == 0)
{
int read;
if (argc < 4)
goto usage;
addr = (ulong)simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 16);
read = strncmp(cmd, "read", 4) == 0; /* 1 = read, 0 = write */
printf("\nNAND %s: ", read ? "read" : "write");
if (arg_off_size(argc - 3, argv + 3, nand, &off, &size) != 0)
return 1;
s = strchr(cmd, '.');
if (!s || !strcmp(s, ".jffs2") || !strcmp(s, ".e") || !strcmp(s, ".i"))
{
if (read)
ret = nand_read_skip_bad(nand, off, &size, (u_char *)addr);
else
ret = nand_write_skip_bad(nand, off, &size, (u_char *)addr);
}
//添加yaffs2相关操作,注意该处又关联到nand_write_skip_bad函数
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2)
else if (s != NULL && (!strcmp(s, ".yaffs2")))
{
nand->rw_oob = 1;
nand->skipfirstblk = 1;
ret = nand_write_skip_bad(nand,off,&size,(u_char *)addr);
nand->skipfirstblk = 0;
nand->rw_oob = 0;
}
#endif
else if (!strcmp(s, ".oob"))
{
/* out-of-band data */
mtd_oob_ops_t ops =
{
.oobbuf = (u8 *)addr,
.ooblen = size,
.mode = MTD_OOB_RAW
};
if (read)
ret = nand->read_oob(nand, off, &ops);
else
ret = nand->write_oob(nand, off, &ops);
}
else
{
printf("Unknown nand command suffix '%s'.\n", s);
return 1;
}
printf(" %zu bytes %s: %s\n", size, read ? "read" : "written", ret ? "ERROR" : "OK");
return ret == 0 ? 0 : 1;
}
③、在include/linux/mtd/mtd.h头文件的mtd_info结构体中添加上面用到rw_oob和skipfirstblk数据成员,如下:
#gedit include/linux/mtd/mtd.h //在mtd_info结构体中添加
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2)
u_char rw_oob;
u_char skipfirstblk;
#endif
④、在第二步关联的nand_write_skip_bad函数中添加对Nand OOB的相关操作,如下:
#gedit drivers/mtd/nand/nand_util.c //在nand_write_skip_bad函数中添加
int nand_write_skip_bad(nand_info_t *nand, loff_t offset, size_t *length, u_char *buffer)
{
int rval;
size_t left_to_write = *length;
size_t len_incl_bad;
u_char *p_buffer = buffer;
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
if(nand->rw_oob==1)
{
size_t oobsize = nand->oobsize;
size_t datasize = nand->writesize;
int datapages = 0;
if (((*length)%(nand->oobsize+nand->writesize)) != 0)
{
printf ("Attempt to write error length data!\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
datapages = *length/(datasize+oobsize);
*length = datapages*datasize;
left_to_write = *length;
}
#endif
/* Reject writes, which are not page aligned */
if ((offset & (nand->writesize - 1)) != 0 ||
(*length & (nand->writesize - 1)) != 0) {
printf ("Attempt to write non page aligned data\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
len_incl_bad = get_len_incl_bad (nand, offset, *length);
if ((offset + len_incl_bad) >= nand->size) {
printf ("Attempt to write outside the flash area\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
#if !defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
if (len_incl_bad == *length) {
rval = nand_write (nand, offset, length, buffer);
if (rval != 0)
printf ("NAND write to offset %llx failed %d\n",
offset, rval);
return rval;
}
#endif
while (left_to_write > 0) {
size_t block_offset = offset & (nand->erasesize - 1);
size_t write_size;
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
if (nand_block_isbad (nand, offset & ~(nand->erasesize - 1))) {
printf ("Skip bad block 0x%08llx\n",
offset & ~(nand->erasesize - 1));
offset += nand->erasesize - block_offset;
continue;
}
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
if(nand->skipfirstblk==1)
{
nand->skipfirstblk=0;
printf ("Skip the first good block %llx\n", offset & ~(nand->erasesize - 1));
offset += nand->erasesize - block_offset;
continue;
}
#endif
if (left_to_write < (nand->erasesize - block_offset))
write_size = left_to_write;
else
write_size = nand->erasesize - block_offset;
printf("\rWriting at 0x%llx -- ",offset); //add yaffs2 file system support
rval = nand_write (nand, offset, &write_size, p_buffer);
if (rval != 0) {
printf ("NAND write to offset %llx failed %d\n",
offset, rval);
*length -= left_to_write;
return rval;
}
left_to_write -= write_size;
printf("%d%% is complete.",100-(left_to_write/(*length/100)));
offset += write_size;
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
if(nand->rw_oob==1)
{
p_buffer += write_size+(write_size/nand->writesize*nand->oobsize);
}
else
{
p_buffer += write_size;
}
#else
p_buffer += write_size;
#endif
}
return 0;
}
⑤、在第四步nand_write_skip_bad函数中我们看到又对nand_write函数进行了访问,所以这一步是到nand_write函数中添加对yaffs2的支持,如下:
#gedit drivers/mtd/nand/nand_base.c //在nand_write函数中添加
static int nand_write(struct mtd_info *mtd, loff_t to, size_t len, size_t *retlen, const uint8_t *buf)
{
struct nand_chip *chip = mtd->priv;
int ret;
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
int oldopsmode = 0;
if(mtd->rw_oob==1)
{
int i = 0;
int datapages = 0;
size_t oobsize = mtd->oobsize;
size_t datasize = mtd->writesize;
uint8_t oobtemp[oobsize];
datapages = len / (datasize);
for(i = 0; i < (datapages); i++)
{
memcpy((void *)oobtemp, (void *)(buf + datasize * (i + 1)), oobsize);
memmove((void *)(buf + datasize * (i + 1)), (void *)(buf + datasize * (i + 1) + oobsize), (datapages - (i + 1)) * (datasize) + (datapages - 1) * oobsize);
memcpy((void *)(buf+(datapages) * (datasize + oobsize) - oobsize), (void *)(oobtemp), oobsize);
}
}
#endif
/* Do not allow reads past end of device */
if ((to + len) > mtd->size)
return -EINVAL;
if (!len)
return 0;
nand_get_device(chip, mtd, FL_WRITING);
chip->ops.len = len;
chip->ops.datbuf = (uint8_t *)buf;
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
if(mtd->rw_oob!=1)
{
chip->ops.oobbuf = NULL;
}
else
{
chip->ops.oobbuf = (uint8_t *)(buf + len);
chip->ops.ooblen = mtd->oobsize;
oldopsmode = chip->ops.mode;
chip->ops.mode = MTD_OOB_RAW;
}
#else
chip->ops.oobbuf = NULL;
#endif
ret = nand_do_write_ops(mtd, to, &chip->ops);
*retlen = chip->ops.retlen;
nand_release_device(mtd);
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2) //add yaffs2 file system support
chip->ops.mode = oldopsmode;
#endif
return ret;
}
OK,对yaffs2支持的代码已修改完毕,重新编译u-boot并下载到nand中,启动开发板,在u-boot的命令行输入:nand help查看nand的命令,可以看到多了一个nand write[.yaffs2]的命令,这个就是用来下载yaffs2文件系统到nand中的命令了。
⑥、使用nand write[.yaffs2]命令把事前制作好的yaffs2文件系统下载到Nand Flash中(yaffs2文件系统的制作请参考:Linux-2.6.30.4在2440上的移植之文件系统),下载操作步骤和效果图如下:
#gedit common/cmd_nand.c //在U_BOOT_CMD中添加
U_BOOT_CMD(nand, CONFIG_SYS_MAXARGS, 1, do_nand,
"NAND sub-system",
"info - show available NAND devices\n"
"nand device [dev] - show or set current device\n"
"nand read - addr off|partition size\n"
"nand write - addr off|partition size\n"
" read/write 'size' bytes starting at offset 'off'\n"
" to/from memory address 'addr', skipping bad blocks.\n"
//注意:这里只添加了yaffs2的写命令,因为我们只用u-boot下载(即写)功能,所以我们没有添加yaffs2读的命令
#if defined(CONFIG_MTD_NAND_YAFFS2)
"nand write[.yaffs2] - addr off|partition size - write `size' byte yaffs image\n"
" starting at offset off' from memory address addr' (.yaffs2 for 512+16 NAND)\n"
#endif
"nand erase [clean] [off size] - erase 'size' bytes from\n"
" offset 'off' (entire device if not specified)\n"
"nand bad - show bad blocks\n"
"nand dump[.oob] off - dump page\n"
"nand scrub - really clean NAND erasing bad blocks (UNSAFE)\n"
"nand markbad off [...] - mark bad block(s) at offset (UNSAFE)\n"
"nand biterr off - make a bit error at offset (UNSAFE)"
#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_NAND_LOCK_UNLOCK
"\n"
"nand lock [tight] [status]\n"
" bring nand to lock state or display locked pages\n"
"nand unlock [offset] [size] - unlock section"
#endif
);
执行如下命令:下载yaffs2文件系统 image
tftp 0x30000000 root-2.6.30.4.bin //用tftp将yaffs2文件系统下载到内存的0x30000000位置
nand erase 0x250000 0x658170 //擦除Nand的文件系统分区,注意这里的0x658170是yaffs2文件系统的实际大小(可以在tftp传送完后可以看到),要写正确,否则会形成假坏块
nand write.yaffs2 0x30000000 0x250000 0x658170 //将内存中的yaffs2文件系统写入Nand的文件系统分区,注意这里的0x658170是yaffs2文件系统的实际大小(可以在tftp传送完后可以看到),要写正确,否则会形成假坏块
结果如下图:
个人总结:本人在制作、烧写文件系统时,遇到了很多问题
起初,我是用网上下载下来的mkyaffs2image源码编译出来的工具,用此工具,生成的yaffs2 image,怎么烧到NAND FLASH都不能启动;
后来,改为 友善的mkyaffs2image-128M,生成image,用友善的minitools烧进板,系统可以启动了
可是用OPENJTAG烧写工具,依旧不行
后来,改为本文提到的u-boot烧写,也没完全OK
在此记录一下出问题的原因:
1、mkyaffs2image不能用网上直接下载下来编译的,因为其不支持128M 及以上容量 NAND FLASH
解决方案:用友善的mkyaffs2image-128M,或者网上,也有人改过mkyaffs2image源码之后,对128M及以上容量做了支持。
2、用本文提到的烧写方式,有一点需要注意执行以下两个命令时:
nand erase
nand write.yaffs2
最后一个参数是yaffs2文件系统的实际大小(可以在tftp传送完后可以看到),要写正确,否则会形成假坏块
最严重的是:文件系统可能不能启动。
3、本还遇到了,假坏块的现象,这个可以用u-boot的 nand scrub命令解决。
最后,终于搞定了。