Linux管理磁盘配额

Ａ、磁盘配额作用限制普通用户使用磁盘空间，不至于因为个别人的浪费而影响到其它人的正常使用；

Ｂ、需要内核的支持；

Ｃ、只有 Ext2/Ext3 文件系统目前支持这种功能；

Ｄ、需要用户程序 quota 软件包 .
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　磁盘配额配置过程

１）、使用 usrquota ， grpquota 选项挂载一个分区，激活内核的支持（只能在分区上做）

２）、方法： #mount �Co usrquota,grpquota /dev/sdb1 /mnt/d1

或 mount �Co remount,usrquota,grpquota / ( 因为根目录已经挂载过，可重新挂载 )

３）、 init 1 （进入单用户环境来配置）
４）、 quotacheck �Ccvuga 检查并创建磁盘配额的数据库文件（存放位置：在每一个分区的根目录下面）

-c ： 创建 create ； �Cv ：更详细地表述； �Cu ：用户 user ； �Cg ：组 group ； -a ：所有 all

５）、 edquota �Cu 为指定用户分配磁盘空间和节点数量

６）、 quota 命令可以查看用户的配额使用情况

如： [root@localhost root]# ls /mnt

cdrom floppy

[root@localhost root]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sd1/
mke2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)

mkfs.ext3: bad blocks count - /mnt/sd1/

[root@localhost root]# mkfs.ext3 -f /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sd1/

[root@localhost root]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 1 652 5237158+ 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 4294 MB, 4294967296 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 522 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 250 522 2192872+ 83 Linux

[root@localhost root]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.32 (09-Nov-2002)
Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

274176 inodes, 548218 blocks

27410 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0
17 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

16128 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (8192 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 30 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

[root@localhost root]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/sd1 -o usrquota,grpquota
[root@localhost root]# mount

/dev/sda1 on / type ext3 (rw)

none on /proc type proc (rw)
usbdevfs on /proc/bus/usb type usbdevfs (rw)

none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)

/dev/sdb1 on /mnt/sd1 type ext3 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)

[root@localhost root]# more /etc/mtab

/dev/sda1 / ext3 rw 0 0

none /proc proc rw 0 0

usbdevfs /proc/bus/usb usbdevfs rw 0 0

none /dev/pts devpts rw,gid=5,mode=620 0 0

none /dev/shm tmpfs rw 0 0

/dev/sdb1 /mnt/sd1 ext3 rw,usrquota,grpquota 0 0

[root@localhost root]# quotacheck �Ccvuga <-------

quotacheck: Scanning /dev/sdb1 [/mnt/sd1] done
quotacheck: Checked 2 directories and 0 files

[root@localhost root]# ls /mnt/sd1/

aquota.group aquota.user lost+found

aquota.group 和 aquota.user 两个数据文件，用来分配组和用户的配额情况。

[root@localhost root]# quotaon 或 reboot 或 quotaon /dev/sdb1

[root@localhost root]# edquota -u redhat

Disk quotas for user redhat (uid 502):

Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard

/dev/sdb1 125 10 0 80 0 10

注： blocks 表示：块的数量； inodes 表示：节点的数量或建立文件的个数；
soft 表示：软限制，可以超过这个数值的设定，但是有天数限制；

hard 表示：硬限制，这是一个任何时候也不能超过的数值，永远不可能达到。

[root@localhost root]# \ls /mnt/sd1

aquota.group aquota.user lost+found

[root@localhost root]# mkdir /mnt/sd1/redhat

[root@localhost root]# chown redhat /mnt/sd1/redhat/

[root@localhost root]# su - redhat

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ pwd

/home/redhat

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ cd /mnt/sd1/redhat/

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ pwd
/mnt/sd1/redhat

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ quota

Disk quotas for user redhat (uid 502):

Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace

/dev/sdb1 4 10 0 1 0 9

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ ls -lh

total 8.0K

drwxrwxr-x 2 redhat redhat 4.0K Mar 12 22:41 dir
drwxrwxr-x 2 redhat redhat 4.0K Mar 12 22:41 dir1

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ ls -ld

drwxr-xr-x 4 redhat root 4096 Mar 12 22:41 .

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=file1 bs=1k count=1024

1024+0 records in

1024+0 records out

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ quota -u redhat

Disk quotas for user redhat (uid 502):

Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace

/dev/sdb1 1040* 10 0 6days 4 0 9
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file1

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file2

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file3

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file4

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file5

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ ls

file1 file2 file3 file4 file5
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ quota -u redhat

Disk quotas for user redhat (uid 502):

Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace

/dev/sdb1 1032* 10 0 6days 6 0 9
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file6

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file7

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file8

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file9

sd(8,17): write failed, user file limit reached.

touch: creating `file9': Disk quota exceeded

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ touch file10

touch: creating `file10': Disk quota exceeded
[redhat@localhost redhat]$ quota -u redhat

Disk quotas for user redhat (uid 502):

Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace

/dev/sdb1 1032* 10 0 6days 9* 0 9

[redhat@localhost redhat]$ cat /etc/fstab

LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1

none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0

none /proc proc defaults 0 0

none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0

/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0
/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0

/dev/sdb5 /mnt/sdb5 ext3 defaults 0 0

[root@localhost root]# repquota -a

*** Report for user quotas on device /dev/sdb1

Block grace time: 7days; Inode grace time: 7days

Block limits File limits
User used soft hard grace used soft hard grace

----------------------------------------------------------------------

root -- 20 0 0 2 0 0

redhat +- 1032 10 0 7days 9 0 9

#quotaoff /mnt/sdb1

#edquota �Cu redhat
如果要永久用配额限制的话，可以手动编辑 /etc/fstab 增加：

/dev/sdb1 /mnt/sb1 ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 0 0

保存退出！

取消磁盘配额的方法：

1 ）、使用命令 quotaoff �Ca 关闭对应磁盘分区上的配额文件 2 ）、可编辑 /etc/fstab 文件 3 ）、删除 /mnt/sd1 目录下的 aquota.usr 、 aquota.group 两个数据库文件 .