第二章、情态动词的其他形式
1. shall的用法
(1) shall用于疑问句中,征求对方的意愿;这时可以用第一人称和第三人称。如:
Shall I turn on the light? 要开灯吗?(我把灯打开好吗?)
Shall we sit here? 咱们坐这儿怎么样?(坐这儿好吗?)
Shall we begin now? 我们现在开始,好吗?
Shall he send you a check? 要不要他给你寄张支票?
(2) shall用于陈述句,与第二人称或第三人称连用,表示允诺、命令、警告和强制,或表示说话人的决心等。如:
She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。(允诺)
Then you shall come. 那你就得来.(命令)
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan.
什么也不能阻止我们实现这项计划。(决心)
2. should的用法
(1) should表“应该”,用于所有人称,表示常理认为是对的事或适宜做的事,通常意义为“应该”。如:
You should be more careful next time. 你下次应该再细心些。
We should always bear this in mind. 我们要把这一点常记在心里。
(2)“should+完成式”表示说话人对过去情况的抱怨、责备、后悔等。如:
I should have taken her advice. 我本该采纳她的建议的。
I shouldn't have treated her like that. 我不该那样待她来着。
(3) 表示说话人对过去情况的猜测。如:
The guests should have arrived now. 客人可能已经到了。
3. will的用法
(1) will表示主语的决心或意愿。如:
I won't argue with you. 我不愿意跟你争辩。
I will do all I can. 我会尽力去做。
If you want help, let me know, will you?
需要帮忙就告诉我,好吗?
(2) 作为情态动词,will表示说话人的猜测,意为“大概”。如:
That will be the book you want. 那大概是你所要的书。
Ask him. He will know. 问他吧,他大概知道。
(3) will表示主语的习惯或习惯能力。如:
The young man will sit there for hours doing nothing.
那个年轻人常几个小时坐在那儿无所事事。
Water will boil at 100℃. 水在100℃时沸腾。
4. would的用法
(1) would表示主语的意愿。如:
That's just what he would want. 那正是他想要的。
His daughter wouldn't listen to anybody.
他女儿谁的话也听不进去。
(2) “Would you...?”表示客气的请求。如:
Would you please lend me your pen? 借用一下你的钢笔好吗?
What would you like to drink? 你想喝点什么?
(3)“Would you like / prefer...?”表示提议或邀请。如:
Would you like some coffee? 你要不要喝点咖啡?
(4) would表示说话人的猜测,其把握性比will小。如:
It would be about ten o'clock when he left home.
他离开家时大概是10点左右。
That would be in 1976, I think. 我想那可能是在1976年。
(5) would表示过去的习惯性动作。如:
Sometimes he would come to see us. 他有时来看看我们。
Every evening he would come to say goodnight.
每天晚上他都来道晚安。
(6)“would+完成式”表示对过去情况的猜测。如:
The tour group would have reached New York.
旅游团可能已经到纽约了。
I thought you knew. I thought Maxim would have told you.
我以为你知道了。我以为马克西姆会告诉你的。
5. have to的用法
have to主要用于表示客观外界向主语施加的义务。它有一般现在时单数第三人称形式has to和过去时形式had to,也可以与助动词和其他情态动词连用。如:
I shall have to go to the clinic today for my bad cough.
我咳嗽得很厉害,今天得去诊所。
You will have to come tomorrow. 你明天得来。
在口语中也可用have(has)got to(美国英语可省去have)。英国英语还可用其否定与疑问结构。如:
You haven't got to work tomorrow. 明天你不用上班。(got可省去)
Have you got to work tomorrow? 你明天得上班吗?(got可省去)
有时 don't have to与haven't got to的含义有所不同,如:
You don't have to change at London. 你不用在伦敦换车。(指通常)
You haven't got to change at London. 你不用在伦敦换车。(指这一次)
6. ought to的用法
(1) ought to表示出于义务、责任、道义等方面的要求而该做的事。如:
You ought to go to see the doctor. 你该去看病。
He said you ought to tell the police.
他说你应该去报警。
(2) ought to表示说话人的猜测。如:
John ought to know how to use the mchine.
约翰可能知道怎么用这个机器。
但要注意:在表示义务和猜测时,ought to通常可以和should换用。
7. need的用法
(1) 表必要性,多用于疑问句、否定句或否定意味的疑问句中。如:
You needn't hurry. 你不必着急。
Need I repeat it? 需要我重复吗?/p>
(2) “need+完成式”表示对过去情况温和的责备、后悔等,通常限于否定句。如:
We needn't have hurried. 我们当时不必那么匆忙。
The car needs cleaning.=The car needs to be cleaned.
车需要清洗了。
We need some more money. 我们还需要些钱。/p>
8. dare的用法
(1) 作为情态动词, dare没有人称和数的变化,现在时和过去时的形式相同,通常用于否定句和疑问句。如:
Dare you jump down from the tree? 你敢从树上跳下来吗?
How dare you be so rude? 你怎么敢如此无理?
(2) dare还可用作实义动词,作实义动词时,它有动词的全部形式,后面要跟带to的不定式。如:
The girl didn't dare to go by herself. 那女孩不敢独自去。
He dared to say no more.他不再敢说什么了。
(3) dare作实义动词时有人称和数的变化,有现在时和过去时形式,可以和助动词连用,也不仅只用于否定和疑问句,而且dare之后的不定式符号to可以省略。如:
Who dares (to) go? 谁敢去?
She did not dare (to) go out after dark.
她天黑以后不敢出门。
(4) 作为实义动词, dare除了作上面的“敢于”之外,还可以作“向……挑战”和“敢于面对”解。如:
I dare you to do it. 我谅你不敢做这事。
The young man dared the anger of the entire family.
那年轻人不怕惹起全家人的愤怒。
9. used to的用法
(1) used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,没有人称和数的变化。如:
Natalie told us she used to go church.
纳塔莉告诉我们她过去常去做礼拜。
It used to be a prosperous town.
这里过去是一个繁荣的城镇。
(2) used to的否定式和疑问式有两种形式。一种是不用助动词,另一种是借助于助动词did,而借助于助动词的形式更为常见。如:
I didn't use to/usedn't to/used not to get tired when I played tennis.
我过去打网球时不感到累。
Did you use to / used to play tennis?或Used you to play tennis?
你过去打网球吗?
There used to be a pub here,didn't use there / usedn't there?
过去这里有一个小酒馆,对吗?
(3) used to do(作“过去经常做”解)与be used to sth / doing sth (作“习惯于某事 / 做某事”解)。如:
I'm used to life in the country. 我习惯于乡村生活。
She was not used to getting up early. 她不习惯早起。