标准非STL容器 : bitset

1. 概念
什么是“标准非STL容器”?标准非STL容器是指“可以认为它们是容器,但是他们并不满足STL容器的所有要求”。前文提到的容器适配器stack、queue及priority_queue都是标准非STL容器的一部分。此外,valarray也是标准非STL容器。
bitset:一种 高效位集合操作容器。

2. API
bitset提供的api:
(constructor)    Construct bitset (public member function)
operator[]    Access bit (public member function)
set    Set bits (public member function)
reset    Reset bits (public member function )
flip    Flip bits (public member function)
to_ulong    Convert to unsigned long integer (public member function)
to_string    Convert to string (public member function)
count    Count bits set (public member function)
size    Return size (public member function)
test    Return bit value (public member function )
any    Test if any bit is set (public member function)
none    Test if no bit is set (public member function)

3. 源码剖析
SGI bitset部分实现源码

template<size_t _Nb>
class bitset : private _Base_bitset<__BITSET_WORDS(_Nb)>
{
private:
  typedef _Base_bitset<__BITSET_WORDS(_Nb)> _Base;
  typedef unsigned long _WordT;

private:
  void _M_do_sanitize() {
    _Sanitize<_Nb%__BITS_PER_WORD>::_M_do_sanitize(this->_M_hiword());
  }
.....
}
#define __BITS_PER_WORD (CHAR_BIT*sizeof(unsigned long))
#define __BITSET_WORDS(__n) \
 ((__n) < 1 ? 1 : ((__n) + __BITS_PER_WORD - 1)/__BITS_PER_WORD)
template<size_t _Nw>
struct _Base_bitset {
  typedef unsigned long _WordT;

  _WordT _M_w[_Nw];                // 0 is the least significant word.

  _Base_bitset( void ) { _M_do_reset(); }
  _Base_bitset(unsigned long __val) {
    _M_do_reset();
    _M_w[0] = __val;
  }

  static size_t _S_whichword( size_t __pos )
    { return __pos / __BITS_PER_WORD; }
  static size_t _S_whichbyte( size_t __pos )
    { return (__pos % __BITS_PER_WORD) / CHAR_BIT; }
  static size_t _S_whichbit( size_t __pos )
    { return __pos % __BITS_PER_WORD; }
  static _WordT _S_maskbit( size_t __pos )
    { return (static_cast<_WordT>(1)) << _S_whichbit(__pos); }

  _WordT& _M_getword(size_t __pos)       { return _M_w[_S_whichword(__pos)]; }
  _WordT  _M_getword(size_t __pos) const { return _M_w[_S_whichword(__pos)]; }

  _WordT& _M_hiword()       { return _M_w[_Nw - 1]; }
  _WordT  _M_hiword() const { return _M_w[_Nw - 1]; }

  void _M_do_and(const _Base_bitset<_Nw>& __x) {
    for ( size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++ ) {
      _M_w[__i] &= __x._M_w[__i];
    }
  }

  void _M_do_or(const _Base_bitset<_Nw>& __x) {
    for ( size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++ ) {
      _M_w[__i] |= __x._M_w[__i];
    }
  }

  void _M_do_xor(const _Base_bitset<_Nw>& __x) {
    for ( size_t __i = 0; __i < _Nw; __i++ ) {
      _M_w[__i] ^= __x._M_w[__i];
    }
  }

节选上述代码,可以得到:
1. bitset继承_Base_bitset,具体操作封装在_Base_bitset中
2. bitset 的size作为模板参数(非类型模板参数的一个要求是,编译器能在编译期就能把参数确定下来),因此, bitset大小在编译期固定,不支持插入和删除元素
3. 各种位操作, 性能高
4._Base_bitset使unsigned long作为底层存储, 不支持指针、引用、迭代器
5. 使用 _WordT _M_w[_Nw];分配内存, 因此在栈中定义bitset需要注意大小(和STL标准容器堆内存分配区别开)
     eg,下面的代码将栈溢出(测试机器栈内存10M) 
void fun()
{
        const int n = 800000000;

        bitset<n> a;
        cout << a.size() << endl;
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
        fun();

        return 0;
}
大内存分配可以分配在堆中,如下:
        const int n = 800000000;

        bitset<n> *a = new(std::nothrow) bitset<n>;

        if(a)
        {
                cout << a->size() << endl;
                delete a;
                a = NULL;
        }
4. vector<bool>及deque<bool>
bitset高效,但是size必须在编译器确定,不支持插入和删除。因此,一个可能的替代品是vector<bool>和deque<bool>
两者的区别:
vector<bool>不是一个STL容器,并且不容纳bool(like bitse底层t机制)
deque<bool>是一个STL容器,它保存真正的bool值
分别运行
        deque<bool> a;
        a[0] = 0;
        bool* b = &a[0];
        cout << *b << endl;

        vector<bool> a;
        a[0] = 0;
        bool* b = &a[0];
        cout << *b << endl;
将会发现:
使用deque<bool>正确,而是用vector<bool>会报错:“cannot convert `std::_Bit_reference*' to `bool*' in initialization“

但是,deque简直是在践踏内存。
使用deque<bool>
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
        deque<bool> a(10000000000);
        sleep(100);
        return 0;
}
内存使用:
  PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND                                                               
23612 work      25   0 9990m 9.8g  720 S  0.0 65.0   0:39.35 test

使用vector<bool>
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
        vector<bool> a(10000000000);
        sleep(100);
        return 0;
}
内存使用:
  PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND                                                               
23909 work      25   0 1198m 1.2g  716 S  0.0  7.8   0:01.31 test

使用bitset
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
        const unsigned long int n = 10000000000;
        bitset<n> *a = new(std::nothrow) bitset<n>;
        sleep(100);

        return 0;
}

  PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND                                                               
24439 work      25   0 1198m 1.2g  712 S 30.7  7.8   0:00.92 test  

10亿个bool,vector<bool>和bitset使用内存1198M,deque<bool>则是9990M


5. 总结
在需要对位集合进行操作的时候,如何操作集合大小比较固定,优先选择高效的bitset;
如果需要动态增删元素,或者编译期间无法确定集合大小,则可以考虑vector<bool>,deque<bool>内存开销太大,基本上不考虑。

参考:
http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/download.html
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/stl/vector/
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/stl/bitset/

扩展阅读:

Vector specialization: vector<bool>

The vector class template has a special template specialization for the bool type.

This specialization is provided to optimize for space allocation: In this template specialization, each element occupies only one bit (which is eight times less than the smallest type in C++: char).

The references to elements of a bool vector returned by the vector members are not references to bool objects, but a special member type which is a reference to a single bit, defined inside the vector<bool> class specialization as:
class vector<bool>::reference {
  friend class vector;
  reference();                                 // no public constructor
public:
  ~reference();
  operator bool () const;                      // convert to bool
  reference& operator= ( const bool x );       // assign from bool
  reference& operator= ( const reference& x );  // assign from bit
  void flip();                                 // flip bit value.
}

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