GStreamer基础教程04——时间管理

目标

      本教程主要讲述一些和时间相关的内容。主要包括:

      1. 如何问pipeline查询到流的总时间和当前播放的时间

      2. 如何在流内部实现跳转功能


介绍

      GstQuery是向一个element或者pad询问一些信息的机制。在这个例子中我们会问pipeline是否支持跳转功能(实时流是不支持跳转功能的),如果支持跳转功能,那么在播放了10s之后跳转到另一个位置。

      在前面的教程里,我们一旦建立pipeline并运行后,我们就是在等待ERROR或者EOS消息。这个例子里面我们修改一下这个部分,改成定时唤醒并查询pipeline当前播放的位置并在屏幕上显示出来。这个已经和播放器比较类似了,定时刷新UI。

      最后,我们会查询流的总时间并且在变化后刷新。


seek的例子

#include <gst/gst.h>
  
/* Structure to contain all our information, so we can pass it around */
typedef struct _CustomData {
  GstElement *playbin2;  /* Our one and only element */
  gboolean playing;      /* Are we in the PLAYING state? */
  gboolean terminate;    /* Should we terminate execution? */
  gboolean seek_enabled; /* Is seeking enabled for this media? */
  gboolean seek_done;    /* Have we performed the seek already? */
  gint64 duration;       /* How long does this media last, in nanoseconds */
} CustomData;
  
/* Forward definition of the message processing function */
static void handle_message (CustomData *data, GstMessage *msg);
  
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  CustomData data;
  GstBus *bus;
  GstMessage *msg;
  GstStateChangeReturn ret;

  data.playing = FALSE;
  data.terminate = FALSE;
  data.seek_enabled = FALSE;
  data.seek_done = FALSE;
  data.duration = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
  
  /* Initialize GStreamer */
  gst_init (&argc, &argv);
   
  /* Create the elements */
  data.playbin2 = gst_element_factory_make ("playbin2", "playbin2");
  
  if (!data.playbin2) {
    g_printerr ("Not all elements could be created.\n");
    return -1;
  }
  
  /* Set the URI to play */
  g_object_set (data.playbin2, "uri", "http://docs.gstreamer.com/media/sintel_trailer-480p.webm", NULL);
  
  /* Start playing */
  ret = gst_element_set_state (data.playbin2, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
  if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) {
    g_printerr ("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state.\n");
    gst_object_unref (data.playbin2);
    return -1;
  }
  
  /* Listen to the bus */
  bus = gst_element_get_bus (data.playbin2);
  do {
    msg = gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered (bus, 100 * GST_MSECOND,
        GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED | GST_MESSAGE_ERROR | GST_MESSAGE_EOS | GST_MESSAGE_DURATION);
  
    /* Parse message */
    if (msg != NULL) {
      handle_message (&data, msg);
    } else {
      /* We got no message, this means the timeout expired */
      if (data.playing) {
        GstFormat fmt = GST_FORMAT_TIME;
        gint64 current = -1;
        
        /* Query the current position of the stream */
        if (!gst_element_query_position (data.playbin2, &fmt, ¤t)) {
          g_printerr ("Could not query current position.\n");
        }
        
        /* If we didn't know it yet, query the stream duration */
        if (!GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (data.duration)) {
          if (!gst_element_query_duration (data.playbin2, &fmt, &data.duration)) {
            g_printerr ("Could not query current duration.\n");
          }
        }
        
        /* Print current position and total duration */
        g_print ("Position %" GST_TIME_FORMAT " / %" GST_TIME_FORMAT "\r",
            GST_TIME_ARGS (current), GST_TIME_ARGS (data.duration));
        
        /* If seeking is enabled, we have not done it yet, and the time is right, seek */
        if (data.seek_enabled && !data.seek_done && current > 10 * GST_SECOND) {
          g_print ("\nReached 10s, performing seek...\n");
          gst_element_seek_simple (data.playbin2, GST_FORMAT_TIME,
              GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH | GST_SEEK_FLAG_KEY_UNIT, 30 * GST_SECOND);
          data.seek_done = TRUE;
        }
      }
    }
  } while (!data.terminate);
  
  /* Free resources */
  gst_object_unref (bus);
  gst_element_set_state (data.playbin2, GST_STATE_NULL);
  gst_object_unref (data.playbin2);
  return 0;
}
  
static void handle_message (CustomData *data, GstMessage *msg) {
  GError *err;
  gchar *debug_info;
  
  switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE (msg)) {
    case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR:
      gst_message_parse_error (msg, &err, &debug_info);
      g_printerr ("Error received from element %s: %s\n", GST_OBJECT_NAME (msg->src), err->message);
      g_printerr ("Debugging information: %s\n", debug_info ? debug_info : "none");
      g_clear_error (&err);
      g_free (debug_info);
      data->terminate = TRUE;
      break;
    case GST_MESSAGE_EOS:
      g_print ("End-Of-Stream reached.\n");
      data->terminate = TRUE;
      break;
    case GST_MESSAGE_DURATION:
      /* The duration has changed, mark the current one as invalid */
      data->duration = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
      break;
    case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED: {
      GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
      gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
      if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (data->playbin2)) {
        g_print ("Pipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n",
            gst_element_state_get_name (old_state), gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));
        
        /* Remember whether we are in the PLAYING state or not */
        data->playing = (new_state == GST_STATE_PLAYING);
        
        if (data->playing) {
          /* We just moved to PLAYING. Check if seeking is possible */
          GstQuery *query;
          gint64 start, end;
          query = gst_query_new_seeking (GST_FORMAT_TIME);
          if (gst_element_query (data->playbin2, query)) {
            gst_query_parse_seeking (query, NULL, &data->seek_enabled, &start, &end);
            if (data->seek_enabled) {
              g_print ("Seeking is ENABLED from %" GST_TIME_FORMAT " to %" GST_TIME_FORMAT "\n",
                  GST_TIME_ARGS (start), GST_TIME_ARGS (end));
            } else {
              g_print ("Seeking is DISABLED for this stream.\n");
            }
          }
          else {
            g_printerr ("Seeking query failed.");
          }
          gst_query_unref (query);
        }
      }
    } break;
    default:
      /* We should not reach here */
      g_printerr ("Unexpected message received.\n");
      break;
  }
  gst_message_unref (msg);
}

工作流程

/* Structure to contain all our information, so we can pass it around */
typedef struct _CustomData {
  GstElement *playbin2;  /* Our one and only element */
  gboolean playing;      /* Are we in the PLAYING state? */
  gboolean terminate;    /* Should we terminate execution? */
  gboolean seek_enabled; /* Is seeking enabled for this media? */
  gboolean seek_done;    /* Have we performed the seek already? */
  gint64 duration;       /* How long does this media last, in nanoseconds */
} CustomData;
      我们仍然定义一个struct来存储所有的信息,这个数据可以在各个函数里面使用。另外,因为消息处理部分越来越大,我们单独实现一个handle_message。

      我们建立一个仅仅包含playbin2的一个pipeline,就和我们在教程01里面做的一样。因为这里pipeline就包含一个playbin2,所以playbin2就是pipeline了,我们直接操作playbin2这个element就可以了。我们略过已经熟悉的诸如通过设置URI属性来传入播放地址这些细节。

    msg = gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered (bus, 100 * GST_MSECOND,
        GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED | GST_MESSAGE_ERROR | GST_MESSAGE_EOS | GST_MESSAGE_DURATION);
      在前面我们没有提供一个超时机制,gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered()会阻塞直到一个消息获得。我们现在增加了一个100ms的超时机制,也就是说,这个函数每秒钟会调用10次,而且返回是NULL而不是GstMessage。我们会利用这点来刷新UI。请注意,时间的计算精度是纳秒,所以推荐使用GST_SECOND或者GST_MSECOND的宏。

      如果我们获得的是一个消息,我们就调用handle_message来处理,否则:


UI刷新

      /* We got no message, this means the timeout expired */
      if (data.playing) {
      首先,如果我们不在PLAYING状态,我们就什么也不需要做——即使查询操作返回了错误。反之,我们就需要刷新屏幕。这里我们设置了100ms刷新一次,这个刷新频率对于UI来说完全足够了。我们会查询pipeline获得媒体的播放信息并在屏幕上显示,这个需要一系列的步骤(后面会提到),但是因为当前播放时间/总时间实在是太常用了,所以GstElement提供了更简单的方法:

        /* Query the current position of the stream */
        if (!gst_element_query_position (data.playbin2, &fmt, ¤t)) {
          g_printerr ("Could not query current position.\n");
        }
      gst_element_query_position()方法封装了查询的中间过程,直接返回结果给到我们。

        /* If we didn't know it yet, query the stream duration */
        if (!GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (data.duration)) {
          if (!gst_element_query_duration (data.playbin2, &fmt, &data.duration)) {
            g_printerr ("Could not query current duration.\n");
          }
        }
      这里是用gst_element_query_duration()方法来查询播放总时间。

        /* Print current position and total duration */
        g_print ("Position %" GST_TIME_FORMAT " / %" GST_TIME_FORMAT "\r",
            GST_TIME_ARGS (current), GST_TIME_ARGS (data.duration));

      请注意GST_TIME_FORMAT和GST_TIME_ARGS宏的使用,它可以让你很方便的使用GStreamer的时间。

        /* If seeking is enabled, we have not done it yet, and the time is right, seek */
        if (data.seek_enabled && !data.seek_done && current > 10 * GST_SECOND) {
          g_print ("\nReached 10s, performing seek...\n");
          gst_element_seek_simple (data.playbin2, GST_FORMAT_TIME,
              GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH | GST_SEEK_FLAG_KEY_UNIT, 30 * GST_SECOND);
          data.seek_done = TRUE;
        }
      现在我们可以使用跳转功能了,并且仅仅简单的调用gst_element_seek_simple()方法即可。一系列的中间过程都被封装起来了,这实在是很给力啊。

      让我们看一下这个方法的各个参数:

      GST_FORMAT_TIME说明我们的操作(跳转)是针对时间来计算的(有两种计算方式,时间和数据)。

      然后是GstSeekFlags,这里主要介绍常见的几个:

      GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH:跳转后会丢弃当前pipeline里面所有的数据,因为要重新解析一段数据,所以会有一个停顿,但在用户看来可以保证应用的快速响应;反之,就会继续播放一点内容,然后再跳转。

      GST_SEEK_FLAG_KEY_UNIT:大部分编码的视频流是无法精确定位到某个特定时刻的,只能是到某些帧(称为key frame)。当这个标志被置时,会自动定位到最近的一个key frame然后开始播放。如果这个标志不置,那么pipeline会跳到最接近的一个key frame,然后开始播放,但此时不输出任何东西,直到到达设定的位置。综合来看,不设置这个标志会更加准确,但是响应时间会显得较长。

      GST_SEEK_FLAG_ACCURATE:有些时候我们没法获得足够的索引信息,这个时候跳转到某个位置会非常耗时。在这种情况下,GStreamer通常就是估计一下大概的位置(一般都很准确)。如果你实际运行发现这个不够准确,那么可以置这个标志位。必须了解的是,这个标志位一旦设置,跳转的时间会大大增加。

      最后,我们会跳转到某个地方,因为我们用的是GST_FORMAT_TIME,时间的单位是用纳秒来计算的,所以需要用GST_SECOND宏来转换一下。


消息泵

      handle_message()会处理所有pipeline总线上收到的消息。ERROR和EOS消息的处理和前面教程的一样,我们看看新增的感兴趣的一些内容:

    case GST_MESSAGE_DURATION:
      /* The duration has changed, mark the current one as invalid */
      data->duration = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
      break;
      这个消息在流的总时间变化的时候会发送到总线上。在这里我们仅仅做个标记,下次循环时根据这个标记会再去获得一下总时间。

    case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED: {
      GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
      gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
      if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (data->playbin2)) {
        g_print ("Pipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n",
            gst_element_state_get_name (old_state), gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));
        
        /* Remember whether we are in the PLAYING state or not */
        data->playing = (new_state == GST_STATE_PLAYING);
      跳转和查询时间这种操作在PAUSED状态和PLAYING状态会工作的好一点。这里我们用playing这个参数记录是否在PLAYING状态,而且在进入PLAYING状态时,我们进行第一次的查询。我们向pipeline查询流是否支持跳转功能:

        if (data->playing) {
          /* We just moved to PLAYING. Check if seeking is possible */
          GstQuery *query;
          gint64 start, end;
          query = gst_query_new_seeking (GST_FORMAT_TIME);
          if (gst_element_query (data->playbin2, query)) {
            gst_query_parse_seeking (query, NULL, &data->seek_enabled, &start, &end);
            if (data->seek_enabled) {
              g_print ("Seeking is ENABLED from %" GST_TIME_FORMAT " to %" GST_TIME_FORMAT "\n",
                  GST_TIME_ARGS (start), GST_TIME_ARGS (end));
            } else {
              g_print ("Seeking is DISABLED for this stream.\n");
            }
          }
          else {
            g_printerr ("Seeking query failed.");
          }
          gst_query_unref (query);
        }
      gst_query_new_seeking()创建了一个新的查询对象,因为传入的是GST_FORMAT_TIME参数,所以我们希望的跳转是按照时间来计算的。我们也可以传入GST_FORMAT_BYTES参数,这样跳转就是按照字节数来计算的,不过通常我们不用字节数来计算。

      这个查询对象会通过gst_element_query()传给pipeline,结果也存在这个query里面,通过gst_query_parse_seeking()可以很方便的获得。这个方法的返回值是个布尔量,用来表面流是否支持跳转这个功能。

      在处理结束后不要忘记释放query资源。

      通过这样的方法,播放器可以定时的刷新一个拖动条,并且可以支持拖动一个滑块来实现跳转功能。


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