snd_kcontrol探究

kcontrol控制接口


控制接口对于许多开关(switch)和调节器(slider)应用广泛,它能被用户空间存取,从而读写CODEC相关寄存器。snd kcontrol的主要用于mixer。它用snd_kcontrol_new结构体描述。


snd_kcontrol_new


struct snd_kcontrol_new {  
    snd_ctl_elem_iface_t iface; /* interface identifier */  
    unsigned int device;        /* device/client number */  
    unsigned int subdevice;     /* subdevice (substream) number */  
    unsigned char *name;        /* ASCII name of item */  
    unsigned int index;     /* index of item */  
    unsigned int access;        /* access rights */  
    unsigned int count;     /* count of same elements */  
    snd_kcontrol_info_t *info;  
    snd_kcontrol_get_t *get;  
    snd_kcontrol_put_t *put;  
    union {  
        snd_kcontrol_tlv_rw_t *c;  
        const unsigned int *p;  
    } tlv;  
    unsigned long private_value;  
};


iface字段定义了control的类型,形式为SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_XXX,对于mixer是SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,对于不属于mixer的全局控制,使用CARD;如果关联到某类设备,则是PCM、RAWMIDI、TIMER或SEQUENCER。在这里,我们主要关注mixer。

name字段是名称标识,这个字段非常重要,因为control的作用由名称来区分,对于名称相同的control,则使用index区分。下面会详细介绍上层应用如何根据name名称标识来找到底层相应的control。

name定义的标准是“SOURCE DIRECTION FUNCTION”即“源 方向 功能”,SOURCE定义了control的源,如“Master”、“PCM”等;DIRECTION 则为“Playback”、“Capture”等,如果DIRECTION忽略,意味着Playback和capture双向;FUNCTION则可以是“Switch”、“Volume”和“Route”等。

上层也可以根据numid来找到对应的control,snd_ctl_find_id()也是优先判断上层是否传递了numid,是则直接返回这个numid对应的control。用户层设置numid和control的关联时,可用alsa-lib的snd_mixer_selem_set_enum_item()函数。snd_kcontrol_new结构体并没有numid这个成员,是因为numid是系统自动管理的,原则是该control的注册次序,保存到snd_ctl_elem_value结构体中。

access字段是访问控制权限。SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ意味着只读,这时put()函数不必实现;SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_WRITE意味着只写,这时get()函数不必实现。若control值频繁变化,则需定义 VOLATILE标志。当control处于非激活状态时,应设置INACTIVE标志。

private_value字段包含1个长整型值,可以通过它给info()、get()和put()函数传递参数。


kcontrol宏


在早期的ALSA创建一个新的control需要实现snd_kcontrol_new中的info、get和put这三个成员函数。现在较新版本的ALSA均定义了一些宏,如:

#define SOC_SINGLE(xname, reg, shift, max, invert) /  
{   .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, /  
    .info = snd_soc_info_volsw, .get = snd_soc_get_volsw,/  
    .put = snd_soc_put_volsw, /  
    .private_value =  SOC_SINGLE_VALUE(reg, shift, max, invert) } 
这个宏的对象是MIXER,对寄存器reg的位偏移shift可以设置0-max的数值。

又如:

#define SOC_DOUBLE_R_TLV(xname, reg_left, reg_right, xshift, xmax, xinvert, tlv_array) /  
{   .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = (xname),/  
    .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_TLV_READ |/  
         SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE,/  
    .tlv.p = (tlv_array), /  
    .info = snd_soc_info_volsw_2r, /  
    .get = snd_soc_get_volsw_2r, .put = snd_soc_put_volsw_2r, /  
    .private_value = (unsigned long)&(struct soc_mixer_control) /  
        {.reg = reg_left, .rreg = reg_right, .shift = xshift, /  
        .max = xmax, .invert = xinvert} }
这个宏与刚才类似,但是它是对两个寄存器reg_left和reg_right进行同一操作,Codec芯片中左右声道的寄存器配置一般来说是差不多的,这就是这个宏存在的意义。

例如我们一个Playback Volume的kcontrol接口这样定义:

SOC_DOUBLE_R_TLV("Playback Volume", REG_VOL_L, REG_VOL_R, 0, 192, 0, digital_tlv)

我们仅仅需要将Volume寄存器地址及位偏移,最大值填进去即可,当然这些数据要从Codec的datasheet取得。这里Volume寄存器地址是REG_VOL_L(左声道)和REG_VOL_R(右声道),位偏移为0,DAC Digital Gain范围是0-192(steps)。


触发过程


为了探讨这些kcontrol是如何触发的,我们以SOC_DOUBLE_R_TLV的put函数为例说明:

/** 
 * snd_soc_put_volsw_2r - double mixer set callback 
 * @kcontrol: mixer control 
 * @ucontrol: control element information 
 * 
 * Callback to set the value of a double mixer control that spans 2 registers. 
 * 
 * Returns 0 for success. 
 */  
int snd_soc_put_volsw_2r(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol,  
    struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol)  
{  
    struct soc_mixer_control *mc =  
        (struct soc_mixer_control *)kcontrol->private_value;  
    struct snd_soc_codec *codec = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol);  
    unsigned int reg = mc->reg;  
    unsigned int reg2 = mc->rreg;  
    unsigned int shift = mc->shift;  
    int max = mc->max;  
    unsigned int mask = (1 << fls(max)) - 1;  
    unsigned int invert = mc->invert;  
    int err;  
    unsigned int val, val2, val_mask;  
  
    val_mask = mask << shift;  
    val = (ucontrol->value.integer.value[0] & mask);  
    val2 = (ucontrol->value.integer.value[1] & mask);  
   
    if (invert) {  
        val = max - val;  
        val2 = max - val2;  
    }   
  
    val = val << shift;  
    val2 = val2 << shift;  
  
    err = snd_soc_update_bits(codec, reg, val_mask, val);  
    if (err < 0)  
        return err;  
  
    err = snd_soc_update_bits(codec, reg2, val_mask, val2);  
    return err;  
}
struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol:从用户层传递下来的,这个也可以从命名看出来(kcontrol-kernel control,ucontrol-user control);

shift是位偏移,而位掩码mask是通过宏SOC_DOUBLE_R_TLV中的xmax运算得到:unsigned int mask = (1 << fls(max)) - 1;

调用snd_soc_update_bits()->snd_soc_write()将ucontrol的value送到CODEC的寄存器上。

snd_soc_put_volsw_2r()作为一个callback函数,用户层要设置某些功能时,如改变Playback Volume:

#amixer cset numid=3,iface=MIXER,name='Playback Volume' 100

注:amixer相关用法见:http://hi.baidu.com/serial_story/blog/item/c4e826d82a562f3f32fa1c31.html


到内核层时,会遍历一个节点类型为struct snd_kcontrol *的链表,找到kcontrol.id.numid与3相匹配的kctl(这个过程见snd_ctl_find_id()函数),然后调用kctl.put()函数将100写到Playback Volume寄存器中。当然如果上层没有提供numid,则可根据name找到kcontrol.id.name相匹配的kctl。详细见snd_ctl_find_id函数:

/** 
 * snd_ctl_find_id - find the control instance with the given id 
 * @card: the card instance 
 * @id: the id to search 
 * 
 * Finds the control instance with the given id from the card. 
 * 
 * Returns the pointer of the instance if found, or NULL if not. 
 * 
 * The caller must down card->controls_rwsem before calling this function 
 * (if the race condition can happen). 
 */  
struct snd_kcontrol *snd_ctl_find_id(struct snd_card *card,  
                     struct snd_ctl_elem_id *id)  
{  
    struct snd_kcontrol *kctl;  
  
    if (snd_BUG_ON(!card || !id))  
        return NULL;  
    if (id->numid != 0)  
        return snd_ctl_find_numid(card, id->numid);  
    list_for_each_entry(kctl, &card->controls, list) {  
        if (kctl->id.iface != id->iface)  
            continue;  
        if (kctl->id.device != id->device)  
            continue;  
        if (kctl->id.subdevice != id->subdevice)  
            continue;  
        if (strncmp(kctl->id.name, id->name, sizeof(kctl->id.name)))  
            continue;  
        if (kctl->id.index > id->index)  
            continue;  
        if (kctl->id.index + kctl->count <= id->index)  
            continue;  
        return kctl;  
    }  
    return NULL;  
} 

从上往下的大致流程:

amixer-用户层  
  |->snd_ctl_ioctl-系统调用  
       |->snd_ctl_elem_write_user-内核钩子函数  
            |->snd_ctl_elem_wirte-  
                 |->snd_ctl_find_id-遍历kcontrol链表找到name字段匹配的kctl  
                 |->kctl->put()-调用kctl的成员函数put()  
                      |->snd_soc_put_volsw_2r 
PS:上层如何设置kctl的numid,可参考: http://blog.csdn.net/cpuwolf/archive/2009/10/17/4686830.aspx

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