常见的计算机专业词汇

      作为计算机相关专业学生,面试或者笔试时不可避免地会遇到与专业相关的问题,而考核专业问题的时候,又不可避免地涉及到很多专业词汇,这就需要求职者掌握好常见的专业词汇,才能在阐述问题时得心应手,避免出现表达错误引起误解。以下是计算机专业常见相关词汇。

5.4.1          计算机专业相关课程

计算机导论           Introduction to Computer Science

高等数学              Advanced Mathematics

应用创造学           Creativity Methodology

工程图学与计算机绘图              Engineering Graphics and Computer Graphics Drawings

面向对象程序设计              Object-oriented Programming

概率论与数理统计              Probability Theory and Statistics

离散数学              Discrete Mathematics

软件工程概论              Introduction to Software Engineering

数据结构              Data Structures

计算机组成与结构              Computer Organization and Architecture

操作系统              Operating System

计算机网络           Computer Network

算法设计与分析           Algorithm Design and Analysis

软件工程经济学           Software Engineering Economics

Java技术              Java Technology

UML建模             UML Modeling (Unified Modeling Language Modeling)

数据库系统概论           Introduction to Database Systems

编译原理              Principle of Compiler

软件体系结构              Software Architecture

程序分析              Program Analysis

软件过程与项目管理           Software Process and Project Management

系统分析与设计           System Analysis and Design

程序测试              Program Testing

模式识别       Pattern Recognition

嵌入式程序设计    Embedded Programming

人机交互技术              Human-computer Interaction Technology

云计算           Cloud Computing

计算机与网络安全              Computer and Network Security

计算机图形学              Computer Graphics

数据挖掘技术              Data Mining Technology

分布对象技术              Distributed Object Technology

网络多媒体           Internet Multimedia

网络程序设计              Network Programming

.NET程序设计             . NET Programming Design

协议工程              Protocol Engineering

5.4.2          操作系统相关术语

虚拟机           Virtual Machine

访问控制列表              Access Control List

线程             Thread

多线程           Multithreading

进程              Process

守护进程             Daemon

进程间通信           IPC (Interprocess Communication)

死锁              Deadlock

银行家算法           Banker’s  algorithm

内存管理              Memory management

虚拟地址              Virtual address

物理地址              Physical address

引导盘           Boot Disk

页面失效              Page Fault

后台进程/前台进程             Background Process /Foreground Process

文件传送协议              FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

图形用户界面              GUI (Graphical User Interface)

权限              Permission

移植              Port/Ported/Porting

可移植系统接口          Portable Operating System Interface

分时              Time-sharing

工作区           Workspace

工作目录             Working Directory

窗口管理器           Window Manager

封装器           Wrapper

5.4.3          算法相关术语

字典              Dictionaries

           Heap

优先级队列           Priority queue

矩阵乘法              Matrix multiplication

贪心算法              Greedy algorithm

上界/下界             Upper bound / Lower bound

最好情况/最坏情况/平均情况            Best case /Worst Case/ Average case

插入排序             Insertion sort

合并排序              Merge sort

堆排序           Heap sort

快速排序              Quick sort

动态规划              DP (Dynamic Programming)

背包问题              Knapsack problem

霍夫曼编码          Huffman Coding

迪杰斯特拉算法           Dijkstra’s algorithm

贝尔曼-福德算法         Bellman-Ford algorithm

弗洛伊德算法              Floyd-Warshall algorithm

回溯              Back-Tracking

N皇后问题           N-Queen problem

渐进增长      Asymptotic growth(包含O-notationΩ-notation Θ-notation)

线性规划              Linear programming

随机数生成           Random number generation

图的生成              Generating graphs

图论-多项式算法         Graph Problems – polynomial algorithm      

连通分支              Connected components

最小生成树           Minimum Spanning Tree      

最短路径              Shortest path

NP问题         Non-Deterministic Polynomial problem

旅行商问题           Traveling salesman problem

同构              Graph isomorphism

压缩              Text compression

最长公共子串              Longest Common Substring

最短公共父串              Shortest Common Superstring

收敛速度              Rate of convergence  

5.4.4          数据结构相关术语

集合              Set Data Structures

线性方程组           Linear Equations

数据抽象             Data abstraction

数据元素             Data element

数据对象             Data object

数据类型              Data type

逻辑结构              Logical structure

物理结构              Physical structure

线性结构/非线性结构          Linear structure / Nonlinear structure

线性表           Linear list

           Stack

队列              Queue

           String

         Graph

插入              Insertion

删除              Deletion

前趋             Predecessor

后继             Successor

直接前趋             Immediate predecessor

直接后继              Immediate successor

双端列表              Double-ended queue

循环队列              Circular queue

指针      Pointer

先进先出表(队列)           First-in first-out list

后进先出表(队列)           Last-in first-out list

栈底/栈顶             Bottom /Top

压入/弹出             Push/ Pop

队头/队尾             Front/ Rear

上溢/下溢             Overflow/ Underflow

数组              Array

矩阵              Matrix

多维数组              Multi-dimensional array

以行为主/以列为主的顺序分配          Row major order / Column major order

三角矩阵              Triangular matrix

对称矩阵              Symmetric matrix

稀疏矩阵              Sparse matrix

转置矩阵              Transposed matrix

链表              Linked list

线性链表              Linear linked list

单链表           Single linked list

多重链表              Multilinked list

循环链表              Circular linked list

双向链表              Doubly linked list

十字链表              Orthogonal list

广义表           Generalized list

指针域          Pointer field

头结点           Head node

头指针/尾指针             Head pointer/ Tail pointer

空白串           Blank string

空串(零串)Null string

子串              Substring

           Tree

子树              Subtree

森林              Forest

           Root

叶子              Leaf

深度              Depth

双亲/孩子/兄弟/祖先/子孙   Parents/ Children/ Brother/ Ancestor/ Descendant

二叉树           Binary tree

平衡二叉树           Balanced binary tree

满二叉树              Full binary tree

完全二叉树           Complete binary tree

遍历二叉树          Traversing binary tree

二叉排序树           Binary sort tree

二叉查找树           Binary search tree

线索二叉树           Threaded binary tree

哈夫曼树              Huffman tree

有序树/无序树             Ordered tree / Unordered tree

判定树          Decision tree

数字查找树           Digital search tree

树的遍历              Traversal of tree

先序遍历              Preorder traversal

中序遍历              Inorder traversal

后序遍历              Postorder traversal

子图              Subgraph

有向图/无向图             Digraph(directed graph)/Undigraph(undirected graph)

完全图           Complete graph

连通图           Connected graph

非连通图              Unconnected graph

强连通图              Strongly connected graph

弱连通图              Weakly connected graph

有向无环图           Directed acyclic graph

重连通图              Biconnected graph

二部图           Bipartite graph

           Edge

顶点              Vertex

连接点          Articulation point

初始结点              Initial node

终端结点              Terminal node

相邻边           Adjacent edge

相邻顶点              Adjacent vertex

关联边           Incident edge

入度/出度             In-degree/ Out-degree

有序对/无序对             Ordered pair/ Unordered pair

简单路径              Simple path

简单回路              Simple cycle

连通分量              Connected component

邻接矩阵              Adjacency matrix

邻接表           Adjacency list

邻接多重表           Adjacency multi-list

遍历图           Traversing graph

生成树           Spanning tree

拓扑排序              Topological sort

偏序              Partial order

AOV          Activity On Vertex network

AOE          Activity On Edge network

关键路径              Critical path

线性查找(顺序查找)              Linear search (Sequential search)

二分查找              Binary search

分块查找              Block search

散列查找              Hash search

平均查找长度              Average search length

散列表           Hash table

散列函数              Hash function

直接定址法           Immediately allocating method

数字分析法           Digital analysis method

平方取中法           Mid-square method

随机数法       Random number method

内部排序              Internal sort

外部排序              External sort

选择排序              Selection sort

基数排序              Radix sort

平衡归并排序              Balance merging sort

二路平衡归并排序              Balance two-way merging sort

多步归并排序              Ploy phase merging sort

置换选择排序              Replacement selection sort

索引文件              Indexed file

索引顺序文件              Indexed sequential file

索引非顺序文件           Indexed non-sequential file

多重链表文件              Multi-list file

倒排文件              Inverted file

5.4.5          计算机网络相关术语

端口              Port

服务器           Server

客户端           Client

服务访问点           SAP (Service Access Point)

开放系统互联              OSI (Open System Interconnection)

物理层           Physical layer

数据链路层           Data link layer

网络层           Network layer

运输层           Transport layer

会话层           Session layer

表示层           Presentation layer

应用层           Application layer

TCP/IP协议          TCP / IP protocol

信道容量              Channel capacity

香农              Shannon

奈奎斯特              Nyquist

双绞线           UTP (Unshielded Twisted Paired)

同轴电缆              Coaxial cable

光纤              Optical fiber

不归零码              NRZ (Non Return to Zero)

曼彻斯特编码              Manchester coding

调制              Modulation

脉码调制             PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)

增量调制              DM (Delta Modulation)

同步传输/异步传输             Synchronous transmission / ATM (Asynchronous transmission)

循环冗余校验              CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)

流量控制              Flow control

滑动窗口              Sliding window

差错控制              Error control

帧结构           Frame structure

复用              Reuse     

非对称数字用户线路           ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line)

电路交换和分组交换           Circuit switching and packet switching

频分多路复用              Frequency division multiplexing

信令                     Signaling

数据报                  Datagram

虚电路                  Virtual circuit

帧中继                  Frame relay   

信元                     Ceil

拥塞                     Congestion

反压                     Back pressure

令牌桶                  Token bucket

环形/总线形/树形和星形结构            Ring/ bus/ tree and star structure        

局域网                  LAN (local area network)

集线器                  Hub

交换机                  Switch

路由器                  Router

网桥                     Network bridge

以太网监听算法           Ethernet listener algorithm

子网掩码              Subnet mask

三次握手              Three-way handshake

地址解析协议              APP (Address resolution protocol)

瘦客户机              Thin client

网际控制报文协议              ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

因特网群组管理协议           IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)

拒绝服务              Denial of service

边界网关              Border gateway

域名系统              DNS (Domain Name System)

数据链路控制              DLC (Data Link Control)

互联网电子邮件协议标准           POP (Post Office Protocol)

远程控制              Remote control

简单邮件传送协议              SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol)

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