Linux-2.6.32.2内核在mini2440上的移植(四)---根文件系统制作(2)

移植环境(红色粗字体字为修改后内容，蓝色粗体字为特别注意内容)

1，主机环境：VMare下CentOS 5.5 ，1G内存。

2，集成开发环境：Elipse IDE

3，编译编译环境：arm-linux-gcc v4.4.3，arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc v4.5.1。

4，开发板：mini2440，2M nor flash，128M nand flash。

5，u-boot版本：u-boot-2009.08

6，linux 版本：linux-2.6.32.2

7，参考文章：

嵌入式linux应用开发完全手册，韦东山，编著。

Mini2440 之Linux 移植开发实战指南

http://linux.chinaunix.net/techdoc/system/2009/08/24/1131864.shtml

 接上篇，问题的解决

解题思路：用tar 压缩我自己做的rootfs根文件系统打包， 这个系统是可以启动到NFS的,所以东西是全的。然后用nand flash 工具将nand flash的mtdblock3分区格式化后挂载，再将打包的rootfs下所有子目录和文件解压到此分区。
【4】挂载分区测试

按照之前内核引导参数的设定方式，将u-boot的bootgars参数设为nfs启动

[root@mini2440 /]#mount -t yaffs /dev/mtdblock1 /mnt/yaffs
yaffs: dev is 32505857 name is "mtdblock1" rw
yaffs: passed flags ""
mount: mounting /dev/mtdblock1 on /mnt/yaffs failed: Invalid argument
[root@mini2440 /]#mount -t yaffs /dev/mtdblock0 /mnt/yaffs
yaffs: dev is 32505856 name is "mtdblock0" rw
yaffs: passed flags ""
mount: mounting /dev/mtdblock0 on /mnt/yaffs failed: Invalid argument
[root@mini2440 /]#umount /mnt/yaffs
[root@mini2440 /]#mount -t yaffs /dev/mtdblock2 /mnt/yaffs
yaffs: dev is 32505858 name is "mtdblock2" rw
yaffs: passed flags ""
[root@mini2440 /]#ls -a /mnt/yaffs
.           ..          lost+found
[root@mini2440 /]#umount /mnt/yaffs
[root@mini2440 /]#mount -t yaffs /dev/mtdblock3 /mnt/yaffs
yaffs: dev is 32505859 name is "mtdblock3" rw
yaffs: passed flags ""
[root@mini2440 /]#ls -a /mnt/yaffs
.           ..          lost+found
[root@mini2440 /]#cat proc/mtd
dev:    size   erasesize  name
mtd0: 00040000 00020000 "boot"
mtd1: 00020000 00020000 "param"
mtd2: 00500000 00020000 "kernel"
mtd3: 07aa0000 00020000 "rootfs"
mtd4: 08000000 00020000 "nand"
[root@mini2440 /]#

根据挂载的反馈信息，可以确定mtdblock0和mtdblock1分别是u-boot和其参数的分区而不能够被挂载，mtdblock2和mtdblock3分别是内核kernel和根文件系统rootfs分区能够被挂载。虽然成功挂载了yaffs文件系统，但不能从中读取因存在的文件信息。

【5】制作在nand flash操作工具mtd-utils工具

 参考文章

mtd-utils工具的编译和使用

mtd-utils 及 i-utils 交叉编译

mtd-utils交叉编译

UBI文件系统简介

在ubuntu 10.04上交叉编译编译 mtd-utils

交叉编译libz, lzo, mtd-utils的脚本

对于mtd-utils工具的编译，可谓是费了不少周折，着重参考了上面几篇文章，可以用以下两种办法来解决其libz,lzo,uuid库的依赖问题

<1>手动安装mtd-utils所需要的库

A ，下载源代码：

zlib和lzo是编译mtd-utils所需库文件，需提前交叉编译完成，以供mtd-utils编译时调用

zlib：

http://www.zlib.net/zlib-1.2.5.tar.gz

http://www.dnaphp.com/downloads/server/linux/30-zlib-1-2-5-tar

lzo：

http://www.oberhumer.com/opensource/lzo/download/，这里下载是lzo-2.05.tar.gz

E2fsprogs：

http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/，这里下载的是e2fsprogs-1.41.14.tar.gz

mtd-utils：

ftp://ftp.infradead.org/p /mtd-utils/

下载后

[root@localhost linux-test]# cd mtdtools

[root@localhost mtdtools]# ls
e2fsprogs-1.41.14.tar.gz  mtd-utils-1.4.4.tar.bz2
lzo-2.05.tar.gz           zlib-1.2.5.tar.gz

可以在打开的页面中下载最新版本，分别对其进行解压

[root@localhost mtdtools]# tar -zxf zlib-1.2.5.tar.gz

[root@localhost mtdtools]# tar -zxf lzo-2.05.tar.gz

[root@localhost mtdtools]# tar -jxf mtd-utils-1.4.4.tar.bz2 -C ./

B，编译安装zlib

[root@localhost linux-test]# cd zlib-1.2.5

[root@localhost zlib-1.2.5]#CC=arm-linux-gcc  ./configure  --enable-static --disable-shared --prefix=/usr/local/arm/4.4.3/arm-none-linux-gnueabi
[root@localhost zlib-1.2.5]# make
[root@localhost zlib-1.2.5]# make install

检查： zconf.h 和 libz.a 都安装到了工具链目录.
其中-prefix指定zlib的安装路径，需要指定到交叉编译器所在路径，而且是与命令执行的bin文件夹同一级别的目录下而非软连接的bin目录！

C，编译安装lzo

[root@localhost zlib-1.2.5]# cd ../lzo-2.05
[root@localhost lzo-2.05]#CC=arm-linux-gcc ./configure   --host=arm-linux --enable-static --disable-shared  --prefix=/usr/local/arm/4.4.3/arm-none-linux-gnueabi
[root@localhost lzo-2.05]# make

[root@localhost lzo-2.05]# make install

检查：liblzo2.a 已经拷贝到工具链的lib目录.
解决错误现象：error: lzo/lzo1x.h: No s h file or director

D，编译安装e2fsprogs

配置e2fsprogs
[root@localhost e2fsprogs-1.41.14]#CC=arm-linux-gcc ./configure  --host=arm-linux --prefix=/usr/local/arm/4.4.3/arm-none-linux-gnueabi

编译

[root@localhost e2fsprogs-1.41.14]# make
安装，因为我们只需要 uuid 库, 所以不需要完全安装, 查看 Makefile文件, 所以只执行make install-libs

[root@localhost e2fsprogs-1.41.14]# make install-libs

检查，可以在工具链目录看到, uuid/uuid.h 文件已经安装. libuuid.a 已经安装.
解决错误现象：uuid/uuid.h: No s h file or directory
E，编译安装mtd-uitls

进入到mtd-uitls目录所在的目录，在make时需要指定交叉编译工具
[root@localhost lzo-2.05]# cd ../mtd-utils-1.4.4

[root@localhost mtd-utils-1.4.4]# mkdir mtd_install
[root@localhost mtd-utils-1.4.4]# export CROSS=arm-linux-

[root@localhost mtd-utils-1.4.4]# export  WITHOUT_XATTR=1

[root@localhost mtd-utils-1.4.4]# export DESTDIR=./mtd_install

需要指定WITHOUT_XATTR=1 是由于在编译 mkfs.jffs2使其不调用acl.h而是用zlib的库，否则出现

sys/acl.h:mkfs.jffs2.c:69:21: error: sys/acl.h: No s h file or directory

 

直接编译：
make

make install

检查1：mtdtools/mtd-utils-1.4.4/arm-linux(即所指定的CROSS)目录已经拷贝了所有mtd-utils的工具.

检查2：file flash_erase
flash_erase: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped

上面信息有两点要注意， 第一是使用静态/动态库，第二是没有striped/not triped。

这里strip是用来去除编译出来的命令中的debug信息的。

如果file出的信息是dynamically linked 和stripped ，那么要在目标板上执行此程序，需要将编译器的lib目录下所有库文件复制到目标板的lib目录下，如果不想使用库文件，就要编译成静态链接方式：

查看mtd-utils-1.4.4的common.mk 文件，发现有 CFLAGS ?= -O2 -g 编译选项。

所以再加上一个选项：
export CFLAGS="-static -O2 -g"

重新运行make 和 make install 后发现

file flash_erase
flash_erase: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped

遗留问题1
显然采用-static方式编译后，仍然是动态链接方式，这个问题目前也是悬而未决。

目前也只能采用复制库的方式。

F，去掉调试信息：

在当前目录的mtd_intall/usr/sbin下运行

arm-linux-strip * //注意*前面有一空格

再次检查：file flash_erase
flash_erase: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), stripped

完成, 编译出来的工具如： flash_eraseall, ubimkvol, ubiattach 等都可以独立运行而不需要链接库文件。  

下面是有关trip一些用法：

strip经常用来去除目标文件中的一些符号表、调试符号表信息，以减小程序的大小，在rpmbuild包的最后就用到。
其支持的选项如下：
>strip -h
用法：strip <选项> 输入文件
从文件中删除符号和节
 选项为：
  -I --input-target=<bfdname>      Assume input file is in format <bfdname>
  -O --output-target=<bfdname>     Create an output file in format <bfdname>
  -F --target=<bfdname>            Set both input and output format to <bfdname>
  -p --preserve-dates              Copy modified/access timestamps to the output
  -R --remove-section=<name>       Remove section <name> from the output
  -s --strip-all                   Remove all symbol and relocation information
  -g -S -d --strip-debug           Remove all debugging symbols & sections
     --strip-unneeded              Remove all symbols not needed by relocations
     --only-keep-debug             Strip everything but the debug information
  -N --strip-symbol=<name>         Do not copy symbol <name>
  -K --keep-symbol=<name>          Do not strip symbol <name>
     --keep-file-symbols           Do not strip file symbol(s)
  -w --wildcard                    Permit wildcard in symbol comparison
  -x --discard-all                 Remove all non-global symbols
  -X --discard-locals              Remove any compiler-generated symbols
  -v --verbose                     List all object files modified
  -V --version                     Display this program's version number
  -h --help                        Display this output
     --info                        List object formats & architectures supported
  -o <file>                        Place stripped output into <file>
strip：支持的目标： elf32-i386 a.out-i386-linux efi-app-ia32 elf32-little elf32-big elf64-alpha ecoff-littlealpha elf64-little elf64-big elf32-littlearm elf32-bigarm elf32-hppa-linux elf32-hppa elf64-ia64-little elf64-ia64-big efi-app-ia64 elf32-m68k a.out-m68k-linux elf32-powerpc aixcoff-rs6000 elf32-powerpcle ppcboot elf64-powerpc elf64-powerpcle aixcoff64-rs6000 elf32-s390 elf64-s390 elf32-sparc a.out-sparc-linux elf64-sparc a.out-sunos-big elf64-x86-64 pe-i386 pei-i386 srec symbolsrec tekhex binary ihex trad-core

目标文件分为：可重定位文件、可执行文件、共享文件
strip的默认选项会去除.symbol节的内容以及.debug节的内容，因此尽量只对可执行文件执行strip而不要对静态库或动态库等目标文件strip。

可见无论是静态库(libxxx.a)还是动态库(libxxx.so)还是可执行文件(如test)，去掉一些符号信息后都减小了很多，但如果这时再链接这两个库的话是编不过的，因此，如果不是指定特殊的strip选项的话，还是尽量不要对库文件strip，只对链接后的可执行文件strip就可以了(如果也不调试)。 

 

 <2>制作脚本文件，使其自动生成mtd-utils工具。

 A，在mtdtools目录下新建一个文件mtdtools_build.sh,将下面内容复制其中，此文件我在GuoWenxue博主的基础上做了一些改动经过调试运行完成。

 #!/bin/sh
#+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
#|decription:  This shell script is used to download lzo,zlib,e2fsporgs,
#| mtd-utils source code and cross compile it for ARM Linux,
#| all is static cross compile.
#|      Author:   GuoWenxue <[email protected]>
#| Modified: singleboy <[email protected]>
#|  ChangeLog:
#|           1, Initialize 1.0.1 on 2011.06.16
#+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
PRJ_PATH=`pwd`
#CROSS=arm-linux-
CROSS=arm-none-linux-gnueabi-
#COMPILER_PATH=/usr/local/arm/4.4.3/arm-none-linux-gnueabi
#COMPILER_PATH=/usr/local/CodeSourcery/Sourcery_G++_Lite/arm-none-linux-gnueabi

CC=${CROSS}gcc
AR=${CROSS}ar
LD=${CROSS}ld
STRIP=${CROSS}strip
NM=${CROSS}nm
RANLIB=${CROSS}ranlib
OBJDUMP=${CROSS}objdump

export CC=${CC}
export AR=${AR}
export LD=${LD}
export STRIP=${STRIP}
export NM=${NM}
export RANLIB=${RANLIB}
export OBJDUMP=${OBJDUMP}

LZO="lzo-2.05"
ZLIB="zlib-1.2.5"
E2FSPROGS="e2fsprogs"

function decompress_packet()
(

   echo "+----------------------------------------+"
   echo "|  Decompress $1 now" 
   echo "+----------------------------------------+"
   if [ `ls $1 | grep "tar.bz2"` ] ; then
       set -x
       tar -xjf $1
       set +x
   fi

   if [ `ls $1 | grep "tar.gz"` ] ; then
       set -x
       tar -xzf $1
       set +x
   fi
)

echo "+----------------------------------------+"
echo "|  Cross compile $ZLIB now " 
echo "+----------------------------------------+"
# Download zlib source code packet
if [ ! -s $ZLIB.tar* ] ; then
#wget http://www.zlib.net/$ZLIB.tar.gz
   wget http://www.imagemagick.org/download/delegates/$ZLIB.tar.bz2
fi

# Decompress zlib source code packet
if [ ! -d $ZLIB ] ; then
    decompress_packet $ZLIB.tar.*
fi

#Cross compile zlib
cd  $ZLIB
   echo "first clean the middle object files befor compiling in case of incompatible compiled error"
   make clean
if [ ! -s libz.a ] ; then
    unset LDFLAGS
    ./configure  --static
    make
fi
cd  -

echo "+----------------------------------------+"
echo "|  Cross compile $LZO now " 
echo "+----------------------------------------+"
# Download lzo source code packet
if [ ! -s $LZO.tar.gz ] ; then
   wget http://www.oberhumer.com/opensource/lzo/download/$LZO.tar.gz
fi

# Decompress lzo source code packet

if [ ! -d $LZO ] ; then
    decompress_packet $LZO.tar.*
fi

# Cross compile lzo
cd  $LZO
   echo "first clean the middle object files befor compiling in case of incompatible compiled error"
   make clean
if [ ! -s src/.libs/liblzo*.a ] ; then
   unset LDFLAGS
   ./configure  --host=arm-linux --enable-static --disable-shared \
 CC=${CROSS}gcc AR=${AR} LD=${LD} \
   NM=${NM} RANLIB=${RANLIB} STRIP="${STRIP}" OBJDUMP=${OBJDUMP}
   make
fi
cd  -

echo "+----------------------------------------+"
echo "|  Cross compile $E2FSPROGS now " 
echo "+----------------------------------------+"
# Download e2fsprogs source code packet
if [ ! -s $E2FSPROGS.tar* ] ; then
#wget http://cdnetworks-kr-1.dl.sourceforge.net/project/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs/1.41.14/e2fsprogs-1.41.14.tar.gz
   git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git
fi

# Decompress e2fsprogs source code packet
if [ ! -d $E2FSPROGS ] ; then
    decompress_packet $E2FSPROGS.tar.*
fi

#Cross compile e2fsprogs
cd  $E2FSPROGS
#   echo "first make clean the middle object files"
   echo "first clean the middle object files befor compiling in case of incompatible compiled error"
#   make clean
if [ ! -s libuuid.a ] ; then
    unset LDFLAGS
    ./configure  --host=arm-linux --enable-static --disable-shared \
        CC=${CROSS}gcc AR=${AR} LD=${LD} \
    NM=${NM} RANLIB=${RANLIB} STRIP="${STRIP}" OBJDUMP=${OBJDUMP}
    make
fi
cd  -

echo "+----------------------------------------+"
echo "|  Cross compile mtd-utils now " 
echo "+----------------------------------------+"
if [ -s mtd-utils.tar.* ] ; then
    decompress_packet mtd-utils.tar.*
fi

# download mtd-utils source code
if [ ! -d  mtd-utils ] ; then
   git clone git://git.infradead.org/mtd-utils.git
fi

#Add the CROSS tool in file mtd-utils/common.mk
#head -1 mtd-utils/common.mk | grep "CROSS=${CROSS}"
#if [ 0 != $? ] ; then
#   echo "Modify file mtd-utils/common.mk"
#   sed -i -e 1i"CROSS=${CROSS}" mtd-utils/common.mk
#fi
cd mtd-utils
   echo "first clean the middle object files befor compiling in case of incompatible compiled error"
   make clean
   unset LDFLAGS
   export CFLAGS="-DWITHOUT_XATTR -I$PRJ_PATH/$ZLIB -I$PRJ_PATH/$LZO/include -I$PRJ_PATH/$E2FSPROGS/lib/"
   export ZLIBLDFLAGS=-L$PRJ_PATH/$ZLIB
   export LZOLDFLAGS=-L$PRJ_PATH/$LZO/src/.libs
   export E2FSPROGSLDFLAGS=-L$PRJ_PATH/$E2FSPROGS/lib
   export LDFLAGS=-static
   make CROSS=${CROSS}

   echo "now build the mtd-utils tools directory to install"
   if [ ! -d usrdir ] ; then
     mkdir usrdir
     echo "the directory to install is usrdir"
   fi
   make CROSS=${CROSS} DESTDIR=./usrdir  install
#  remove the debug infomation with trip command
#  BUILDDIR=${CROSS%-}
#  echo "now entering  ${BUILDDIR} ..."
#  cd ${BUILDDIR}
   echo "now entering the directory usrdir/usr/sbin"
   cd usrdir/usr/sbin  
   echo "now remove the debug infomation with trip command"
   ${CROSS}strip *
   file *
   echo "now the mtd-utils has been made completely and you can copy the tools in ./usrdir/usr/sbin/ to your target directory/usr/sbin/"
   cd -
cd -

遗留问题2

说明，这个脚本arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc v 4.5.1版本中执行成功，但是在arm-linux-gcc(arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc v4.4.3)没有执行成功，出现“Unknown mandatory EABI object attribute 44”错误，目前还未查清原因。

 以下是脚本在v4.5.1版本运行的部分信息：

[root@localhost mtdtools]#./mtdtools_build.sh

... ...

now entering the directory usrdir/usr/sbin
now remove the debug infomation with trip command
arm-none-linux-gnueabi-strip:flash_eraseall: File format not recognized
docfdisk:       ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
doc_loadbios:   ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
flashcp:        ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
flash_erase:    ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
flash_eraseall: Bourne shell script text executable
flash_info:     ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
flash_lock:     ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
flash_otp_dump: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
flash_otp_info: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
flash_unlock:   ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
ftl_check:      ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
ftl_format:     ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
jffs2dump:      ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
mkfs.jffs2:     ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
mtd_debug:      ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
nanddump:       ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
nandtest:       ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
nandwrite:      ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
nftldump:       ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
nftl_format:    ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
recv_image:     ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
rfddump:        ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
rfdformat:      ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
serve_image:    ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
sumtool:        ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped
now the mtd-utils has been made completely and you can copy the tools in ./usrdir/usr/sbin/ to your target directory/usr/sbin/
/root/linux-test/mtdtools/mtd-utils
/root/linux-test/mtdtools/mtd-utils/usrdir/usr/sbin
[root@localhost mtdtools]# ls mtd-utils/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/
compr_lzo.o    flash_erase     ftl_format    nanddump     rfddump
compr.o        flash_info      jffs2dump     nandtest     rfdformat
compr_rtime.o  flash_lock      lib           nandwrite    serve_image
compr_zlib.o   flash_otp_dump  mkfs.jffs2    nftldump     sumtool
docfdisk       flash_otp_info  mkfs.jffs2.o  nftl_format  ubi-utils
doc_loadbios   flash_unlock    mkfs.ubifs    rbtree.o
flashcp        ftl_check       mtd_debug     recv_image
[root@localhost mtdtools]#

其中mkfs.ubifs目录中存放的是制作ubifs文件系统映像的工具，ubi-utils目录中存放的是ubifs文件系统的操作工具。

接下来，将回到前面遗留问题即mtdblock分区加载和挂载根目录问题