RDD是个抽象类,定义了诸如map()、reduce()等方法,但实际上继承RDD的派生类一般只要实现两个方法:
getPartitions()用来告知怎么将input分片;
compute()用来输出每个Partition的所有行(行是我给出的一种不准确的说法,应该是被函数处理的一个单元);
以一个hdfs文件HadoopRDD为例:
override def getPartitions: Array[Partition] = { val jobConf = getJobConf() // add the credentials here as this can be called before SparkContext initialized SparkHadoopUtil.get.addCredentials(jobConf) val inputFormat = getInputFormat(jobConf) if (inputFormat.isInstanceOf[Configurable]) { inputFormat.asInstanceOf[Configurable].setConf(jobConf) } val inputSplits = inputFormat.getSplits(jobConf, minPartitions) val array = new Array[Partition](inputSplits.size) for (i <- 0 until inputSplits.size) { array(i) = new HadoopPartition(id, i, inputSplits(i)) } array }
override def compute(theSplit: Partition, context: TaskContext): InterruptibleIterator[(K, V)] = { val iter = new NextIterator[(K, V)] { val split = theSplit.asInstanceOf[HadoopPartition] logInfo("Input split: " + split.inputSplit) var reader: RecordReader[K, V] = null val jobConf = getJobConf() val inputFormat = getInputFormat(jobConf) HadoopRDD.addLocalConfiguration(new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMddHHmm").format(createTime), context.stageId, theSplit.index, context.attemptId.toInt, jobConf) reader = inputFormat.getRecordReader(split.inputSplit.value, jobConf, Reporter.NULL) // Register an on-task-completion callback to close the input stream. context.addTaskCompletionListener{ context => closeIfNeeded() } val key: K = reader.createKey() val value: V = reader.createValue() // Set the task input metrics. val inputMetrics = new InputMetrics(DataReadMethod.Hadoop) try { /* bytesRead may not exactly equal the bytes read by a task: split boundaries aren't * always at record boundaries, so tasks may need to read into other splits to complete * a record. */ inputMetrics.bytesRead = split.inputSplit.value.getLength() } catch { case e: java.io.IOException => logWarning("Unable to get input size to set InputMetrics for task", e) } context.taskMetrics.inputMetrics = Some(inputMetrics) override def getNext() = { try { finished = !reader.next(key, value) } catch { case eof: EOFException => finished = true } (key, value) } override def close() { try { reader.close() } catch { case e: Exception => logWarning("Exception in RecordReader.close()", e) } } } new InterruptibleIterator[(K, V)](context, iter) }
再来看看数据库的JdbcRDD:
override def getPartitions: Array[Partition] = { // bounds are inclusive, hence the + 1 here and - 1 on end val length = 1 + upperBound - lowerBound (0 until numPartitions).map(i => { val start = lowerBound + ((i * length) / numPartitions).toLong val end = lowerBound + (((i + 1) * length) / numPartitions).toLong - 1 new JdbcPartition(i, start, end) }).toArray }它直接将结果集分成numPartitions份。其中很多参数都来自于构造函数:
class JdbcRDD[T: ClassTag]( sc: SparkContext, getConnection: () => Connection, sql: String, lowerBound: Long, upperBound: Long, numPartitions: Int, mapRow: (ResultSet) => T = JdbcRDD.resultSetToObjectArray _)
override def compute(thePart: Partition, context: TaskContext) = new NextIterator[T] { context.addTaskCompletionListener{ context => closeIfNeeded() } val part = thePart.asInstanceOf[JdbcPartition] val conn = getConnection() val stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY, ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY) // setFetchSize(Integer.MIN_VALUE) is a mysql driver specific way to force streaming results, // rather than pulling entire resultset into memory. // see http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/connector-j-reference-implementation-notes.html if (conn.getMetaData.getURL.matches("jdbc:mysql:.*")) { stmt.setFetchSize(Integer.MIN_VALUE) logInfo("statement fetch size set to: " + stmt.getFetchSize + " to force MySQL streaming ") } stmt.setLong(1, part.lower) stmt.setLong(2, part.upper) val rs = stmt.executeQuery() override def getNext: T = { if (rs.next()) { mapRow(rs) } else { finished = true null.asInstanceOf[T] } } override def close() { try { if (null != rs && ! rs.isClosed()) { rs.close() } } catch { case e: Exception => logWarning("Exception closing resultset", e) } try { if (null != stmt && ! stmt.isClosed()) { stmt.close() } } catch { case e: Exception => logWarning("Exception closing statement", e) } try { if (null != conn && ! conn.isClosed()) { conn.close() } logInfo("closed connection") } catch { case e: Exception => logWarning("Exception closing connection", e) } } }
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以下内容为转载,来自:http://developer.51cto.com/art/201309/410276_1.htm
◆ RDD的特点:
◆ RDD的好处
◆ RDD的存储与分区
◆ RDD的内部表示
在RDD的内部实现中每个RDD都可以使用5个方面的特性来表示:
◆ RDD的存储级别
RDD根据useDisk、useMemory、deserialized、replication四个参数的组合提供了11种存储级别:
- val NONE = new StorageLevel(false, false, false)
- val DISK_ONLY = new StorageLevel(true, false, false)
- val DISK_ONLY_2 = new StorageLevel(true, false, false, 2)
- val MEMORY_ONLY = new StorageLevel(false, true, true)
- val MEMORY_ONLY_2 = new StorageLevel(false, true, true, 2)
- val MEMORY_ONLY_SER = new StorageLevel(false, true, false)
- val MEMORY_ONLY_SER_2 = new StorageLevel(false, true, false, 2)
- val MEMORY_AND_DISK = new StorageLevel(true, true, true)
- val MEMORY_AND_DISK_2 = new StorageLevel(true, true, true, 2)
- val MEMORY_AND_DISK_SER = new StorageLevel(true, true, false)
- val MEMORY_AND_DISK_SER_2 = new StorageLevel(true, true, false, 2)
◆ RDD定义了各种操作,不同类型的数据由不同的RDD类抽象表示,不同的操作也由RDD进行抽实现。
RDD的生成
◆ RDD有两种创建方式:
1、从Hadoop文件系统(或与Hadoop兼容的其它存储系统)输入(例如HDFS)创建。
2、从父RDD转换得到新RDD。
◆ 下面来看一从Hadoop文件系统生成RDD的方式,如:val file = spark.textFile("hdfs://...")
,file变量就是RDD(实际是HadoopRDD实例),生成的它的核心代码如下:
- // SparkContext根据文件/目录及可选的分片数创建RDD, 这里我们可以看到Spark与Hadoop MapReduce很像
- // 需要InputFormat, Key、Value的类型,其实Spark使用的Hadoop的InputFormat, Writable类型。
- def textFile(path: String, minSplits: Int = defaultMinSplits): RDD[String] = {
- hadoopFile(path, classOf[TextInputFormat], classOf[LongWritable],
- classOf[Text], minSplits) .map(pair => pair._2.toString) }
- // 根据Hadoop配置,及InputFormat等创建HadoopRDD
- new HadoopRDD(this, conf, inputFormatClass, keyClass, valueClass, minSplits)
◆ 对RDD进行计算时,RDD从HDFS读取数据时与Hadoop MapReduce几乎一样的:
RDD的转换与操作
◆ 对于RDD可以有两种计算方式:转换(返回值还是一个RDD)与操作(返回值不是一个RDD)。
◆ 转换(Transformations) (如:map, filter, groupBy, join等),Transformations操作是Lazy的,也就是说从一个RDD转换生成另一个RDD的操作不是马上执行,Spark在遇到Transformations操作时只会记录需要这样的操作,并不会去执行,需要等到有Actions操作的时候才会真正启动计算过程进行计算。
◆ 操作(Actions) (如:count, collect, save等),Actions操作会返回结果或把RDD数据写到存储系统中。Actions是触发Spark启动计算的动因。