1.命令介绍
最近学习并使用了一个python的内置函数dir,首先help一下:
>>>
help(dir)
Help on built - in function dir in module __builtin__ :
dir()
dir([object]) -> list of strings
Return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it:
No argument: the names in the current scope.
Module object: the module attributes.
Type or class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes of
its bases.
Otherwise: its attributes, its class ' s attributes, and recursively the
attributes of its class ' s base classes.
Help on built - in function dir in module __builtin__ :
dir()
dir([object]) -> list of strings
Return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it:
No argument: the names in the current scope.
Module object: the module attributes.
Type or class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes of
its bases.
Otherwise: its attributes, its class ' s attributes, and recursively the
attributes of its class ' s base classes.
通过help,可以简单的认为dir列出指定对象或类的属性。
2.实例
下面是一个简单的测试:
1
class
A:
2 def a(self):
3 pass
4
5
6 class A1(A):
7 def a1(self):
8 pass
9
10
11 if __name__ == ' __main__ ' :
12 print ( " dir without arguments: " , dir())
13 print ( " dir class A: " , dir(A))
14 print ( " dir class A1: " , dir(A1))
15 a = A1()
16 print ( " dir object a(A1): " , dir(a))
17 print ( " dir function a.a: " , dir(a.a))
18
2 def a(self):
3 pass
4
5
6 class A1(A):
7 def a1(self):
8 pass
9
10
11 if __name__ == ' __main__ ' :
12 print ( " dir without arguments: " , dir())
13 print ( " dir class A: " , dir(A))
14 print ( " dir class A1: " , dir(A1))
15 a = A1()
16 print ( " dir object a(A1): " , dir(a))
17 print ( " dir function a.a: " , dir(a.a))
18
测试结果:
dir without arguments: [
'
A
'
,
'
A1
'
,
'
__builtins__
'
,
'
__doc__
'
,
'
__file__
'
,
'
__name__
'
,
'
__package__
'
]
dir class A: [ ' __class__ ' , ' __delattr__ ' , ' __dict__ ' , ' __doc__ ' , ' __eq__ ' , ' __format__ ' , ' __ge__ ' , ' __getattribute__ ' , ' __gt__ ' , ' __hash__ ' , ' __init__ ' , ' __le__ ' , ' __lt__ ' , ' __module__ ' , ' __ne__ ' , ' __new__ ' , ' __reduce__ ' , ' __reduce_ex__ ' , ' __repr__ ' , ' __setattr__ ' , ' __sizeof__ ' , ' __str__ ' , ' __subclasshook__ ' , ' __weakref__ ' , ' a ' ]
dir class A1: [ ' __class__ ' , ' __delattr__ ' , ' __dict__ ' , ' __doc__ ' , ' __eq__ ' , ' __format__ ' , ' __ge__ ' , ' __getattribute__ ' , ' __gt__ ' , ' __hash__ ' , ' __init__ ' , ' __le__ ' , ' __lt__ ' , ' __module__ ' , ' __ne__ ' , ' __new__ ' , ' __reduce__ ' , ' __reduce_ex__ ' , ' __repr__ ' , ' __setattr__ ' , ' __sizeof__ ' , ' __str__ ' , ' __subclasshook__ ' , ' __weakref__ ' , ' a ' , ' a1 ' ]
dir object a(A1): [ ' __class__ ' , ' __delattr__ ' , ' __dict__ ' , ' __doc__ ' , ' __eq__ ' , ' __format__ ' , ' __ge__ ' , ' __getattribute__ ' , ' __gt__ ' , ' __hash__ ' , ' __init__ ' , ' __le__ ' , ' __lt__ ' , ' __module__ ' , ' __ne__ ' , ' __new__ ' , ' __reduce__ ' , ' __reduce_ex__ ' , ' __repr__ ' , ' __setattr__ ' , ' __sizeof__ ' , ' __str__ ' , ' __subclasshook__ ' , ' __weakref__ ' , ' a ' , ' a1 ' ]
dir function a.a: [ ' __call__ ' , ' __class__ ' , ' __delattr__ ' , ' __doc__ ' , ' __eq__ ' , ' __format__ ' , ' __func__ ' , ' __ge__ ' , ' __get__ ' , ' __getattribute__ ' , ' __gt__ ' , ' __hash__ ' , ' __init__ ' , ' __le__ ' , ' __lt__ ' , ' __ne__ ' , ' __new__ ' , ' __reduce__ ' , ' __reduce_ex__ ' , ' __repr__ ' , ' __self__ ' , ' __setattr__ ' , ' __sizeof__ ' , ' __str__ ' , ' __subclasshook__ ' ]
dir class A: [ ' __class__ ' , ' __delattr__ ' , ' __dict__ ' , ' __doc__ ' , ' __eq__ ' , ' __format__ ' , ' __ge__ ' , ' __getattribute__ ' , ' __gt__ ' , ' __hash__ ' , ' __init__ ' , ' __le__ ' , ' __lt__ ' , ' __module__ ' , ' __ne__ ' , ' __new__ ' , ' __reduce__ ' , ' __reduce_ex__ ' , ' __repr__ ' , ' __setattr__ ' , ' __sizeof__ ' , ' __str__ ' , ' __subclasshook__ ' , ' __weakref__ ' , ' a ' ]
dir class A1: [ ' __class__ ' , ' __delattr__ ' , ' __dict__ ' , ' __doc__ ' , ' __eq__ ' , ' __format__ ' , ' __ge__ ' , ' __getattribute__ ' , ' __gt__ ' , ' __hash__ ' , ' __init__ ' , ' __le__ ' , ' __lt__ ' , ' __module__ ' , ' __ne__ ' , ' __new__ ' , ' __reduce__ ' , ' __reduce_ex__ ' , ' __repr__ ' , ' __setattr__ ' , ' __sizeof__ ' , ' __str__ ' , ' __subclasshook__ ' , ' __weakref__ ' , ' a ' , ' a1 ' ]
dir object a(A1): [ ' __class__ ' , ' __delattr__ ' , ' __dict__ ' , ' __doc__ ' , ' __eq__ ' , ' __format__ ' , ' __ge__ ' , ' __getattribute__ ' , ' __gt__ ' , ' __hash__ ' , ' __init__ ' , ' __le__ ' , ' __lt__ ' , ' __module__ ' , ' __ne__ ' , ' __new__ ' , ' __reduce__ ' , ' __reduce_ex__ ' , ' __repr__ ' , ' __setattr__ ' , ' __sizeof__ ' , ' __str__ ' , ' __subclasshook__ ' , ' __weakref__ ' , ' a ' , ' a1 ' ]
dir function a.a: [ ' __call__ ' , ' __class__ ' , ' __delattr__ ' , ' __doc__ ' , ' __eq__ ' , ' __format__ ' , ' __func__ ' , ' __ge__ ' , ' __get__ ' , ' __getattribute__ ' , ' __gt__ ' , ' __hash__ ' , ' __init__ ' , ' __le__ ' , ' __lt__ ' , ' __ne__ ' , ' __new__ ' , ' __reduce__ ' , ' __reduce_ex__ ' , ' __repr__ ' , ' __self__ ' , ' __setattr__ ' , ' __sizeof__ ' , ' __str__ ' , ' __subclasshook__ ' ]
3.使用dir查找module下的所有类
最初使用这个函数的初衷,就是在一个module中查找实现的类名,通过该函数可以很容易的实现。
比如把上面的测试程序保存为A.py,再建一个测试程序,内容如下:
1
import
A
2
3
4 if __name__ == ' __main__ ' :
5 print ( " dir module A: " , dir(A))
6
2
3
4 if __name__ == ' __main__ ' :
5 print ( " dir module A: " , dir(A))
6
结果如下:
dir module A: [
'
A
'
,
'
A1
'
,
'
__builtins__
'
,
'
__doc__
'
,
'
__file__
'
,
'
__name__
'
,
'
__package__
'
]
可以看出class A和A1都能够找到。
4.如何找到当前模块下的类
这是一个烦恼较长时间的一个问题,也没有搜到详细的解决方法,下面是我的集中实现方法。
4.1.方法一:在module下面直接调用
比如在上面的A.py最下面添加一行,即可在后续的代码中可以使用selfDir来查找当前的module下的类,修改后的代码如下:
4.2.方法二:import当前module
把当前module和别的import一样引用,代码如下:
我们知道module下面有个属性__name__显示module名称,怎么能够根据module名称来查找module对象呢?可以借助sys.modules。代码如下:
1
class
A:
2 def a(self):
3 pass
4
5 class A1(A):
6 def a1(self):
7 pass
8
9 curModuleDir = dir() # get dir of current file(module)
10
11 if __name__ == ' __main__ ' :
12 print ( " dir without arguments: " , dir())
13 print ( " dir class A: " , dir(A))
14 print ( " dir class A1: " , dir(A1))
15 a = A1()
16 print ( " dir object a(A1): " , dir(a))
17 print ( " dir function a.a: " , dir(a.a))
18 print ( " dir current file: " , curModuleDir)
19
2 def a(self):
3 pass
4
5 class A1(A):
6 def a1(self):
7 pass
8
9 curModuleDir = dir() # get dir of current file(module)
10
11 if __name__ == ' __main__ ' :
12 print ( " dir without arguments: " , dir())
13 print ( " dir class A: " , dir(A))
14 print ( " dir class A1: " , dir(A1))
15 a = A1()
16 print ( " dir object a(A1): " , dir(a))
17 print ( " dir function a.a: " , dir(a.a))
18 print ( " dir current file: " , curModuleDir)
19
4.2.方法二:import当前module
把当前module和别的import一样引用,代码如下:
1
#
A.py
2 import A as this # import current module
3
4 class A:
5 def a(self):
6 pass
7
8 class A1(A):
9 def a1(self):
10 pass
11
12 if __name__ == ' __main__ ' :
13 print ( " dir without arguments: " , dir())
14 print ( " dir class A: " , dir(A))
15 print ( " dir class A1: " , dir(A1))
16 a = A1()
17 print ( " dir object a(A1): " , dir(a))
18 print ( " dir function a.a: " , dir(a.a))
19 print ( " dir current file: " , dir(this))
4.3.方法三:根据module名称查找module,然后调用dir
2 import A as this # import current module
3
4 class A:
5 def a(self):
6 pass
7
8 class A1(A):
9 def a1(self):
10 pass
11
12 if __name__ == ' __main__ ' :
13 print ( " dir without arguments: " , dir())
14 print ( " dir class A: " , dir(A))
15 print ( " dir class A1: " , dir(A1))
16 a = A1()
17 print ( " dir object a(A1): " , dir(a))
18 print ( " dir function a.a: " , dir(a.a))
19 print ( " dir current file: " , dir(this))
我们知道module下面有个属性__name__显示module名称,怎么能够根据module名称来查找module对象呢?可以借助sys.modules。代码如下:
import
sys
class A:
def a(self):
pass
class A1(A):
def a1(self):
pass
if __name__ == ' __main__ ' :
print ( " dir without arguments: " , dir())
print ( " dir class A: " , dir(A))
print ( " dir class A1: " , dir(A1))
a = A1()
print ( " dir object a(A1): " , dir(a))
print ( " dir function a.a: " , dir(a.a))
print ( " dir current file: " , dir(sys.modules[ __name__ ])) # 使用__name__获取当前module对象,然后使用对象获得dir
class A:
def a(self):
pass
class A1(A):
def a1(self):
pass
if __name__ == ' __main__ ' :
print ( " dir without arguments: " , dir())
print ( " dir class A: " , dir(A))
print ( " dir class A1: " , dir(A1))
a = A1()
print ( " dir object a(A1): " , dir(a))
print ( " dir function a.a: " , dir(a.a))
print ( " dir current file: " , dir(sys.modules[ __name__ ])) # 使用__name__获取当前module对象,然后使用对象获得dir