主外键有两大特点:
1)主键本身是一个唯一索引,保证主键所在列的唯一性;
2)外键列指必须在主表中的主键列有相应记录。
我们知道,主键本身是一个唯一索引,外键是一个约束,默认情况下没有索引,但在实际使用中强烈建议在外键上建索引,下面看两个例子:
SQL> alter database mount; Database altered. SQL> alter database open; Database altered. SQL> create table p (id number, name varchar2(30)); Table created. SQL> alter table p add constraint pk primary key(id); Table altered. SQL> create table f (id number, pid number, name varchar2(30)); Table created. SQL> alter table f add constraint fk foreign key(pid) references p(id); Table altered. SQL> insert into p select rownum,table_name from dba_tables; 1206 rows created. SQL> insert into f select rownum,mod(rownum,1000)+1,object_name from dba_objects; 14090 rows created. SQL> commit; Commit complete.上面语句分别创建了两个表,其中表p有主键,另一个表f有外键。但我们没有在外键上创建索引,下面我们看下这两表关联的执行计划和性能:
SQL> set autotrace traceonly SQL> set line 1000 SQL> select p.id,p.name,f.name from p,f where p.id=f.pid and p.id=880; 14 rows selected. Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- Plan hash value: 3936432439 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 14 | 840 | 19 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 1 | NESTED LOOPS | | 14 | 840 | 19 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| P | 1 | 30 | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 | |* 3 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | PK | 1 | | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 | |* 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | F | 14 | 420 | 19 (0)| 00:00:01 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Predicate Information (identified by operation id): --------------------------------------------------- 3 - access("P"."ID"=880) 4 - filter("F"."PID"=880) Note ----- - dynamic sampling used for this statement (level=2) Statistics ---------------------------------------------------------- 5 recursive calls 0 db block gets 137 consistent gets 0 physical reads 0 redo size 1094 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client 524 bytes received via SQL*Net from client 2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client 0 sorts (memory) 0 sorts (disk) 14 rows processed从执行计划中,我们可以看出,对f表进行了全表扫描,试想一下,如果p表不是返回1条记录,而是返回多条记录,那f表是不是要做多次的全部扫描?答案是肯定的,为了避免对f表的全表扫描,我们应该在外键上创建索引,如下所示:
SQL> create index fk on f(pid); Index created. SQL> set autotrace traceonly SQL> set line 1000 SQL> select p.id,p.name,f.name from p,f where p.id=f.pid and p.id=880; 14 rows selected. Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- Plan hash value: 2077701003 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 14 | 840 | 16 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 1 | NESTED LOOPS | | 14 | 840 | 16 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| P | 1 | 30 | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 | |* 3 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | PK | 1 | | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 4 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| F | 14 | 420 | 16 (0)| 00:00:01 | |* 5 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | FK | 14 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Predicate Information (identified by operation id): --------------------------------------------------- 3 - access("P"."ID"=880) 5 - access("F"."PID"=880) Note ----- - dynamic sampling used for this statement (level=2) Statistics ---------------------------------------------------------- 9 recursive calls 0 db block gets 90 consistent gets 1 physical reads 0 redo size 1094 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client 524 bytes received via SQL*Net from client 2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client 0 sorts (memory) 0 sorts (disk) 14 rows processed从上面的执行计划我们可以知道,对f表不进行全表扫描了,而是走索引。
首先,我们把外键上的索引删除,然后在f表上随便删除某条记录,但不提交。
SQL> drop index fk; Index dropped. SQL> delete from f where id=2; 1 row deleted.接着,我们打开另一个会话,在p表上随便删除一条数据,发现被阻塞了:
SQL> delete from p where id=2000;以下是锁的情况:
SQL> select sid,type,id1,id2,lmode,request,block from v$lock where type in ('TM','TX') order by sid, type; SID TY ID1 ID2 LMODE REQUEST BLOCK ---------- -- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 254 TM 14356 0 3 0 0 254 TM 14359 0 3 0 1 254 TX 655369 1307 6 0 0 1388 TM 14359 0 0 4 0 1388 TM 14356 0 3 0 0在这里我们惊奇的发现,p这个主键所在的表,居然因为外键所在的f表随意删除一条记录,导致p表被完全锁住,无法做任何的DML操作,这是多么可怕啊!
如果今天生产系统有一张大表的某字段符合主键的条件,没有重复记录,但却只是一个普通索引,要更改为主键,该如何操作呢?
因为建主键的操作其实就是建了一个唯一性索引,再增加一个约束,所以我们只要增加一个约束就可以了:
SQL> create index normal_idx on p(id); Index created. SQL> alter table p add constraint pk primary key(id); Table altered.