【Objective-C】单例模式的实现

单例模式在Cocoa和Cocoa Touch中非常常见。比如这两个,[UIApplication sharedApplication][NSApplication sharedApplication],大家应该都见过。但是我们应该如何在代码中实现一个单例模式呢?

如果你对苹果的文档很熟悉的话,你一定知道,在Cocoa Foundamentals Guide中有一段实现单例模式的示例代码。大致如下:

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/* Singleton.h */ #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>  @interface Singleton : NSObject + (Singleton *)instance; @end  /* Singleton.m */ #import "Singleton.h" static Singleton *instance = nil;  @implementation Singleton  + (Singleton *)instance {  if (!instance) {  instance = [[super allocWithZone:NULL] init];  }  return instance; }  + (id)allocWithZone:(NSZone *)zone {  return [self instance]; }  - (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone {  return self; }  - (id)init {  if (instance) {  return instance;  }  self = [super init];  return self; }  - (id)retain {  return self; }  - (oneway void)release {  // Do nothing }  - (id)autorelease {  return self; }  - (NSUInteger)retainCount {  return NSUIntegerMax; }  @end 

这是一种很标准的Singleton实现,中规中矩。不过这种实现并不是线程安全的。所以各路大神都各显神威,给出了多种单例模式的实现。

Matt Gallagher在博客中放出了一个Macro,用来实现单例模式。虽然是一个宏定义的代码,但是具体实现还是很清楚的。代码如下:

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// // SynthesizeSingleton.h // CocoaWithLove // // Created by Matt Gallagher on 20/10/08. // Copyright 2009 Matt Gallagher. All rights reserved. // // Permission is given to use this source code file without charge in any // project, commercial or otherwise, entirely at your risk, with the condition // that any redistribution (in part or whole) of source code must retain // this copyright and permission notice. Attribution in compiled projects is // appreciated but not required. //  #define SYNTHESIZE_SINGLETON_FOR_CLASS(classname) \  \ static classname *shared##classname = nil; \  \ + (classname *)shared##classname \ { \  @synchronized(self) \  { \  if (shared##classname == nil) \  { \  shared##classname = [[self alloc] init]; \  } \  } \  \  return shared##classname; \ } \  \ + (id)allocWithZone:(NSZone *)zone \ { \  @synchronized(self) \  { \  if (shared##classname == nil) \  { \  shared##classname = [super allocWithZone:zone]; \  return shared##classname; \  } \  } \  \  return nil; \ } \  \ - (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone \ { \  return self; \ } \  \ - (id)retain \ { \  return self; \ } \  \ - (NSUInteger)retainCount \ { \  return NSUIntegerMax; \ } \  \ - (void)release \ { \ } \  \ - (id)autorelease \ { \  return self; \ } 

然而,eschaton则觉得这些实现都太繁琐了,他给出的实现如下:

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@interface SomeManager : NSObject + (id)sharedManager; @end  /* 非线程安全的实现 */ @implementation SomeManager  + (id)sharedManager {  static id sharedManager = nil;   if (sharedManager == nil) {  sharedManager = [[self alloc] init];  }   return sharedManager; } @end  /* 线程安全的实现 */ @implementation SomeManager  static id sharedManager = nil;  + (void)initialize {  if (self == [SomeManager class]) {  sharedManager = [[self alloc] init];  } }  + (id)sharedManager {  return sharedManager; } @end 

关于为什么上述代码就能实现单例模式,以及关于线程安全问题的考量,请参考他的博客。

最后介绍一个比较现代的单例模式实现。为什么说现代呢?因为这种实现利用了GCD(Grand Central Dispatch)和ARC(Automatic Reference Counting)。核心代码如下:

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+ (id)sharedInstance {  static dispatch_once_t pred = 0;  __strong static id _sharedObject = nil;  dispatch_once(&pred, ^{  _sharedObject = [[self alloc] init]; // or some other init method  });  return _sharedObject; } 

作者还写了一个宏(gist)来方便使用,大家可以阅读作者的博文A note on Objective-C singletons了解详情。

大多数情况下,Apple官方文档里的单例模式的示例代码实现已经够用了。虽然它最繁琐,但是也是本文介绍的几种单例模式中最容易理解的一个。至于其他的实现就留给读者们根据需要选择和应用了。

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