1) 字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,
2) 音标:词的语音形式。
3) 音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。
4) 音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
5) 元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。
6) 辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。
7) 开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due ;b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi
8) 闭音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it
9) 重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
2. 元音:(注意:下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)
1) 【 i: 】 sea, he, see, piece, ceiling
2) 【 i 】 sit, build, miss, myth
3) 【 e 】 bed, desk, head,
4) 【 】 bad, land, bank, stamp
5) 【 a: 】 car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt
6) 【 】 hot, want
7) 【 】 door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught
8) 【 u: 】 good, who, blue, soup,
9) 【 u 】 look, put, women, could
10) 【 】 cup, come, blood, rough
11) 【 】 girl, work, serve, nurse
12) 【 】 cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday
13) 【 ei 】 cake, they, play, eight, great,
14) 【 ai 】 bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye
15) 【 】 phone, cold, boat, soul, grow
16) 【 au 】 house, town
17) 【 】 boy, oil
18) 【 】 dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,
19) 【 】 pear, care, there, fair
20) 【 】 tour, poor,
3. 容易混淆的元音
1) 【 e 】 【 】 bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land
2) 【 i: 】 【 ei 】 real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid
3) 【 e 】 【 AI 】 bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide
4) 【 au 】 【 】 house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause
5) 【 au 】 【 】 found fond; gown gone; down don
4. 辅音
1) 【 p 】 pen,
2) 【 b 】 bed, comb
3) 【 t 】 tell,
4) 【 d 】 , day, played, wanted
5) 【 k 】 cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box
6) 【 g 】 big, go, guess, language
7) 【 m 】 man
8) 【 n 】 nine, knife, autumn
9) 【 】 bank, uncle, English, sing,
10) 【 l 】 land, world
11) 【 r 】 read, write,
12) 【 f 】 five, cough, laugh
13) 【 v 】 voice, of
14) 【 】 think,
15) 【 】 this, bathe
16) 【 s 】 sit, miss, science, case, scarf
17) 【 z 】 zoo, close,
18) 【 】 sure, she, social, nation
19) 【 】 pleasure,
20) 【 h 】 hot, who, hour
21) 【 w 】 wall, what, answer
22) 【 j 】 yes
23) 【 】 child, teach, catch
24) 【 】 joke, bridge,
25) 【 ts 】 boats
26) 【 dz 】 goods
27) 【 tr 】 tree
28) 【 dr 】 dream
5. 容易混淆的辅音
1) 【 v 】 【 w 】 vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2) 【 s 】 【 】 sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math
3) 【 z 】 【 】 closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes
4) 【 n 】 【 】 thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang
6. 读音规则
1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)
2) 非重读音节【 】 banana, student, today, after, 【 i 】 orange, secret, evening, very, Monday
7. 特殊读音
1)音的连读:前面的词以元辅音结尾,后面的单词以元音开头,这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如:not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2)失去爆破:辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等,前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如:good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
3)音的同化:两个特殊的音碰到一起,会发出变异成特殊的音。例如:Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,
8. 重音
1)单词重音
A)双音节词
a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry
b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音。a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late
c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上,其它的词性在第二个音节上。'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent
d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词,有两个重音。'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war
B)多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.
b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,
c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词,重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective
d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette
2)句子重音
A) 英语的节奏:(轻)-轻-重-轻-(轻)或重-轻-(轻)(轻)重
B) 英语句子的长短:是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的,而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。
C) 实词重读(副词重读),虚词轻读(冠词,单音节介词,单音节连词,人称代词,反代词,物主代词,关系代词,相互代词,助动词,情态动词和系动词be
D) 实词不重读的特殊情况
a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station.
c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one.
d) 感叹词中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street.
f)this在这些短语中,this morning/afternoon/evening
E)虚词重读的特殊情况
a) 情态动词,助动词和系动词be在句首,句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b) 情态动词表示可能,惊奇和肯定时。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.
d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.
e)反身代词表示强调。He couldn't come himself.