OpenGL织梦之旅【第四章】第1节.设置视点函数gluLookAt
在做所有的事情之前，我们必须要了解怎么在3D的世界中绘图。这也是为了帮助我们调整视点，不然调来调去都是黑框...
3D世界中的坐标系也是笛卡尔坐标系，y轴就像是现实世界中的“高低”，而x和z像是地面的坐标。
我们写一个DrawBox函数，这函数负责绘制一个正方体。
void DrawBox()
{
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(1.0,0.0,1.0);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(1.0,1.0,0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(0.0,1.0,1.0);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glEnd();
}
为了让整体的效果更具有3D的效果，我准备在地面上在画上一些蓝色的格子。
像这样:
void DrawGrid()
{
glLineWidth(2);
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0);
for (int i=-100; i<=100; i+=10)
{
glBegin(GL_LINES);
glVertex3f(i,0.0f,-100.0f);
glVertex3f(i,0.0f,100.0f);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_LINES);
glVertex3f(-100.0f,0.0f,i);
glVertex3f(100.0f,0.0f,i);
glEnd();
}
}
在Draw函数中，调用这个函数。这时是没有画面的，因为我们还没有调整视角和视景体。就好比，你放了个东西在0，0，0这个地方，但是视线却没有移到这里来一样，看不到任何东西。
gluLookAt有九个参数，前三个是视点的坐标(眼睛),中间三个是事物的坐标,最后三个是向上向量,一般把最后三个定为(0,1,0)就行了，因为我们现在暂时不会用到。
在介绍了gluLookAt后，我们可以发现这个函数有很多个参数，管理起来比较麻烦，所以我直接把这9个参数设为全局变量，写了三个函数来方便使用。
double posX,posY,posZ,viewX,viewY,viewZ,upX,upY,upZ;
void setAll(double px,double py,double pz,
double vx,double vy,double vz,
double ux,double uy,double uz)
{
posX=px;
posY=py;
posZ=pz;
viewX=vx;
viewY=vy;
viewZ=vz;
upX=ux;
upY=uy;
upZ=uz;
}
void setLookAt()
{
gluLookAt(posX,posY,posZ,
viewX,viewY,viewZ,
upX,upY,upZ);
}
void setPos(double x,double y,double z)
{
posX=x;
posY=y;
posZ=z;
}
注：最好是把这个封装到一个类里面，这样管理起来就更方便了！
在调用gluLookAt之前一定要记得调用glLoadIdentity来重置当前指定的矩阵为单位矩阵.不然就会出问题。
所有的工作的弄完了，下面就剩下一些细节。
在init函数中启动深度缓冲，在Reshape函数中指定视景体，
void Reshape(int w,int h)
{
WinWidth=w;
WinHeight=h;
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glViewport(0,0,w,h);
gluPerspective(45,1.0*w/h,1,1000);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
}
这个函数比较复杂，想了解详细就这里。
再次编译应该就能够看到效果。
(有点小。。)
这个时候当然是要调整一下，视角来看看这个到底是不是我们所画的箱子。
所以我们注册一个键盘事件函数。
我把摄像机的y轴坐标固定，然后使其在一个圆形的轨道上移动。摁下‘a’键就向轨道左边移动，摁下‘d’键就向右边移动。这样就像是在一个圆形的小剧场，而中间的那个箱子就是演出的内容（额。。暂时是这个）。
void ProcessKeyboard(unsigned char key,int x,int y)
{
static double delta;
if (key == 'a')
{
delta+=0.03;
}
if (key == 'd')
{
delta-=0.03;
}
setPos(20*cos(delta),posY,20*sin(delta));
}
再次编译运行就可以看到效果了。
笔者的话：
进入3D世界最让人感到麻烦的是三维坐标，我刚刚开始学这个的时候也是被各种坐标搞崩溃，用了大量的时间来调坐标，一旦有某个地方坐标错了，就会导致出现黑屏。。。OpenGL 3D编程要求一定的空间想象力和数学能力。克服困难的捷径当时是多多练习，熟练了速度就会快很多。
附本节全部代码：
#define GLUT_DISABLE_ATEXIT_HACK
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <iostream>
#define PI 3.1415926
int WinWidth,WinHeight;
double posX,posY,posZ,viewX,viewY,viewZ,upX,upY,upZ;
void setAll(double px,double py,double pz,
double vx,double vy,double vz,
double ux,double uy,double uz)
{
posX=px;
posY=py;
posZ=pz;
viewX=vx;
viewY=vy;
viewZ=vz;
upX=ux;
upY=uy;
upZ=uz;
}
void setLookAt()
{
gluLookAt(posX,posY,posZ,
viewX,viewY,viewZ,
upX,upY,upZ);
}
void setPos(double x,double y,double z)
{
posX=x;
posY=y;
posZ=z;
}
void DrawBox()
{
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(1.0,0.0,1.0);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(1.0,1.0,0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3f(0.0,1.0,1.0);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glEnd();
}
void DrawGrid()
{
glLineWidth(2);
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0);
for (int i=-100; i<=100; i+=10)
{
glBegin(GL_LINES);
glVertex3f(i,0.0f,-100.0f);
glVertex3f(i,0.0f,100.0f);
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_LINES);
glVertex3f(-100.0f,0.0f,i);
glVertex3f(100.0f,0.0f,i);
glEnd();
}
}
void Draw()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
DrawGrid();
DrawBox();
glutSwapBuffers();
}
void Update()
{
glLoadIdentity();
setLookAt();
glutPostRedisplay();
}
void Reshape(int w,int h)
{
WinWidth=w;
WinHeight=h;
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glViewport(0,0,w,h);
gluPerspective(45,1.0*w/h,1,1000);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
}
void init()
{
glClearColor(0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
setAll(20,1.75,0,0,1.75,0,0,1,0);
}
void ProcessKeyboard(unsigned char key,int x,int y)
{
static double delta;
if (key == 'a')
{
delta+=0.03;
}
if (key == 'd')
{
delta-=0.03;
}
setPos(20*cos(delta),posY,20*sin(delta));
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
WinWidth=400;
WinHeight=400;
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DEPTH | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DOUBLE);
glutInitWindowPosition(100, 100);
glutInitWindowSize(WinWidth, WinHeight);
glutCreateWindow("HelloOpenGL");
glutReshapeFunc(&Reshape);
glutIdleFunc(&Update);
glutDisplayFunc(&Draw);
glutKeyboardFunc(&ProcessKeyboard);
init();
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
作者：plusplus7
日期：2013年3月1日
转载请注明出处