交换机和网桥都有存储器,因此可以在每个端口独立地接收和发送数据
路由器用软件实现三层交换,而三层交换机拥有特定用途集成电路(Application Specific Integrated Circuit),用硬件实现三层交换
MAC表存放在CAM中
局域网交换分为对称交换与非对称交换,非对称交换需使用缓冲存储器,确保数据率不同的端口发送的帧顺序是正确的
缓冲技术分为:
基于来源端口的缓冲存储:每个来源端口都有一个队列存储接收的帧
共享缓冲存储:所有帧共享一个缓冲存储器,根据目的端口动态分配每个缓冲存储器的大小
帧的传输模式分为:
存储转发:整个帧接收完成后再转发
直通式:只要接收完帧头马上转发
无碎片模式(改良的直通式):读取帧的前64个字节后转发,小于64字节的被认为是冲突帧(碎片),马上丢弃
Ethernet/802.3局域网数据帧实质上是以广播形式发送的
所有网络都有比特时间或时隙时间的延迟。
很多局域网技术(如以太网)将比特时间定义为发送一位数据所需的基本时间单元。
传输时间等于位数乘以特定技术下比特时间。
在10BASE-T的以太网中,一个帧最少为64字节才能保证CSMA/CD工作正常。
在主配线架或主配线间(Main Distribution Frame)中应放置企业服务器,在中间配线架或中间配线间(Intermediate Distribution Frame
)中应放置工作组服务器
水平交叉连接(Horizontal Cross-Connect,HCC)在IDF中,这种连接把LAN一层中的水平线缆和LAN二层中的交换机端口相连,有时也和
三层的路由器端口相连
垂直交叉连接(Vertical Cross-Connect,VCC)将不同的IDF连接到MDF,通常使用光纤链路
微分段指把一个冲突域分割成几个小冲突域,通常用交换机来实现,集线器不行。
接入层:MAC层过滤与微分段。MAC层过滤使得交换机能够将数据帧直接送达与目的设备相连的交换端口
常用在接入层的cisco系列:Catalyst 1900,2820,2950,4000,5000等系列,目前正在销售的Catalyst系列交换机产品线有500,2960,
3560,3750,4900,6500,其中500,2960,3560和3750常用在接入层
分布层:划分多个广播域,应用策略,常为三层交换机
常用在分布层的cisco系列:Catalyst 2926G,5000,6000等系列,其中4500,4900,6500常用在分布层
核心层:数据包快速转发
常用在核心层的cisco系列:Catalyst 8500,IGX8400,Lightstream1010等系列
2950T是拥有两个固定的光纤或铜线的千兆以太网端口的非对称交换机
千兆接口转换器(Giga Bitrate Interface Conventor,GBIC)模块的非对称交换机,它们适合用于多种铜缆和光缆接入,有些像Cisco
3800系列路由器和Catalyst 3750 交换机,都包含有SFP(Small Form-factor Pluggable)模块,从而取代GBIC模块
关于交换的config.text文件:
Directory of flash:/
2 -rwx 1996 May 30 2007 18:20:06 +08:00 vlan.dat
4 -rwx 8077 May 30 2007 18:23:21 +08:00 config.text
5 -rwx 27 May 30 2007 18:23:21 +08:00 private-config.text //交换机密码保存的地方
6 drwx 192 Mar 1 1993 08:05:08 +08:00 c2960-lanbase-mz.122-25.FX
32514048 bytes total (26516992 bytes free)
Directory of system:/
3 dr-x 0 <no date> memory
1 -rw- 7968 <no date> running-config
2 dr-x 0 <no date> vfiles
No space information available
Directory of nvram:/
55 -rw- 8077 <no date> startup-config
56 ---- 27 <no date> private-config
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
上面是交换机所列所有文件,很清楚的看到:
config.text是在flash中,同时在破解密码时我们要改动的文件名称也就是它了;
startup-config是在nvram中,通常都说是交换机启动后要加载的配置文件,在破解密码是并没有直接对该文件做任何手脚,所一偶认为
config.text就是startup-config的一快捷方式。
如果你对running-config做过的任何改动,在使用copy run start命令后,config.text和startup-config文件的大小是一起变化的。
当然config.text也可能就是startup的一份副本,但在启动加载的入口出一定是config.text.
vlan 1等是交换虚拟接口(Switch Virtual Interface,BVI),其前身是网桥虚拟接口(Bridge Virtual Interface,BVI)
交换机的GUI软件:Cisco Virtual Switch Manager,Cisco Network Assistant,Connetcted Manage Suite等
Catalyst switch
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Catalyst is the brand name for a variety of network switches sold by Cisco Systems. While commonly associated with Ethernet
switches, a number of different interfaces have been available throughout the history of the brand. Cisco acquired several different
companies and rebranded their products as different versions of the Catalyst product line. The original Catalyst 5000 and 6000 series
were based on products originally developed by Crescendo Communications. The 1700, 1900, and 2800 -series Catalysts came from
Grand Junction Networks, and the Catalyst 3000 came from Kalpana in 1994.[1]
In addition, Cisco increasingly offers routers with switching capabilities, and indeed Cisco's 7600 router line and 6500 switch line have
interchangeable parts. Even Cisco's smaller routers, including their newest "ISR" series, can have switch modules installed in them -
basically making Cisco's smaller switches fully integrated devices.
Operating systems
In most cases, the technology for the Catalyst Switch was developed separately from Cisco's router technology. The Catalyst
switches traditionally ran software called CatOS rather than the more widely known Cisco IOS software used by routers. However,
this has changed as the product lines have merged closer together. In some cases, particularly in the modular chassis switches, a
configuration called 'Hybrid' has emerged - this is where the layer 2 functions are configured using CatOS, and the layer 3 elements
are configured using IOS. 'Native IOS' can also be found with newer software versions that have eliminated CatOS entirely in favor
of IOS, even on hardware that originally required CatOS.
The latest version of IOS for the Catalyst 6500 series is 12.2(33)SXI which enables ISSU(In-Service Software Upgrade) via IOS
Software Modularity.
Some newer Catalyst switch models (with recent versions of the Cisco IOS) also allow configuration via web-based graphical
interface module which is hosted on a HTTP server located on the switch. The IOS config-mode command 'ip http-server' will
enable this style of configuration. In series 12.x IOS, 'ip http-server' is always on as a factory default. The Catalyst 3750-series of
switches is an example of a Cisco Catalyst switch that allows this style of GUI configuration via HTTP.
Some newer models of Catalyst switches (called Catalyst Express) no longer allow access to IOS or CatOS at all - these switches can
only be configured by using a Graphical User Interface (GUI).
当为一个安全端口指派安全MAC地址后,对于那些不在定义中的源MAC地址的数据,端口将不会转发。
端口必须在access模式下才能启用端口安全
可以配置接口使其将动态MAC地址转换为粘性(sticky)安全MAC地址,并且通过启用粘性学习功能把它们加入到正在运行的配置文件中
配置端口安全的完整语法(在接口模式下):
swithcport port-security [mac-address mac-addr] | [mac-address sticky [mac-addr]] | [maximum value] | [violation
{protect|restrict|shutdown}]
查看端口安全配置:
show run interface f0/1
show port-security interface f0/1
show port-security address
802.1d的STP中,Blocking状态时只侦听BPDU,到了Listening状态开始转发BPDU,在Learning状态形成CAM表,最终到达 Forwarding状
态,开始真正转发数据。
802.1w的RSTP中,只有Discarding,learning,Forwarding三种状态,其中discarding对应了STP的前三项,这样提高了收敛速度,也从另
一个侧面显示出STP的Blocking和Listening状态其实区分度并不大。
快速生成树协议详解:http://networking.ctocio.com.cn/StandardProtocol/164/9080664.shtml
替代端口:提供了端口所在网桥的根端口到根桥的替代路径
备份端口:对端口所在的网桥提供对指定端口的冗余,备份端口只存在于这样的情况:两个端口通过点对点链路形成环路或网桥与同一共
享局域网段建立两个或以上的连接时。
运行在全双工为点对点,半双工为共享的。
删除vlan前,要确保该vlan下的所有端口被移除,否则会导致那些端口无法与其他vlan通信。
ISL:Inter-Switch Link,在原来的帧头加26字节ISL头,在尾部加上4字节新的CRC
MST(Mono Spanning Tree)使用802.1Q协议
PVST、PVST+使用ISL协议
动态干线协议(Dynamic Trunking Protocol,DTP)为auto与desirable模式服务的
透明模式的revision号总是0,若要重置revision,可在特权模式下执行delete vtp
默认情况下,所有的trunk口都会收到vtp管理域的所有vlan信息,可使用vtp修剪来决定哪个干线链路不需要泛洪流量,vtp修剪需在vtp服
务器上配置。
vtp的域名一旦分配就不能移除而只能重新指派。
encapsulation dot1q vlan-id [native] 指示子接口承载哪个vlan的流量,本地vlan可选。