和Libevent相似,Libev是一个高性事件驱动框架,据说性能比Libevent要高,bug比Libevent要少。Libev只是一个事件驱动框架,不是网络库,因为它的内部并没有任何socket编程代码。支持的事件驱动机制包括:
select poll epoll kqueue Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
支持的事件类型也很多,下面会全部列出。
官方首页地址:http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libev.html
安装方法:apt-get install libev-dev
官方文档的第一个例程:
// a single header file is required #include <ev.h> #include <stdio.h> // for puts // every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct // with the name ev_TYPE ev_io stdin_watcher; ev_timer timeout_watcher; // all watcher callbacks have a similar signature // this callback is called when data is readable on stdin static void stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents) { puts ("stdin ready"); // for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher // with its corresponding stop function. ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); // this causes all nested ev_run's to stop iterating ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ALL); } // another callback, this time for a time-out static void timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) { puts ("timeout"); // this causes the innermost ev_run to stop iterating ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ONE); } int main (void) { // use the default event loop unless you have special needs struct ev_loop *loop = EV_DEFAULT; // initialise an io watcher, then start it // this one will watch for stdin to become readable ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ); ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); // initialise a timer watcher, then start it // simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.); ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher); // now wait for events to arrive ev_run (loop, 0); // break was called, so exit return 0; }
这些基于事件的库的使用方法都大同小异:首先建立一个event loop,然后建立需要观察的event,设置好回调函数,将event加入到event loop中,最后run loop。以上程序关注了两类事件:
- i/o事件,用ev_io结构体表示。
- timer事件,用ev_timer结构体表示。
事件类型的不同,所需的结构体类型也不同,对应关系如下所示:
ev_io // IO可读可写 ev_stat // 文件属性变化 ev_signal // 信号处理 ev_timer // 相对定时器 ev_periodic // 绝对定时器 ev_child // 子进程状态变化 ev_fork // fork事件 ev_cleanup // event loop退出触发事件 ev_idle // event loop空闲触发事件 ev_embed // 嵌入另一个后台循环 ev_prepare // event loop之前事件 ev_check // event loop之后事件 ev_async // 线程间异步事件
关于每个事件的具体含义,官方文档的WATCHER TYPES部分给出了详细的说明,需要时自行查阅即可。
首先分析一下struct ev_loop,即event loop,一个线程只能有一个struct ev_loop,它的定义如下所示:
#if EV_MULTIPLICITY /* 支持多线程时需要定义ev_loop类 */ struct ev_loop { ev_tstamp ev_rt_now; #define ev_rt_now ((loop)->ev_rt_now) #define VAR(name,decl) decl; #include "ev_vars.h" #undef VAR }; #include "ev_wrap.h" static struct ev_loop default_loop_struct; EV_API_DECL struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop_ptr = 0; /* needs to be initialised to make it a definition despite extern */ #else /* 单线程时所有变量都是全局变量 */ EV_API_DECL ev_tstamp ev_rt_now = 0; /* needs to be initialised to make it a definition despite extern */ #define VAR(name,decl) static decl; #include "ev_vars.h" #undef VAR static int ev_default_loop_ptr; #endif
条件编译宏EV_MULTIPLICITY在编译程序时判断程序是否为多线程。当程序为多线程时,也就是上面程序的if分支,由于存在不同的ev_loop,那么就需要struct ev_loop这个结构体进行封装了。当程序为单线程时,也就是上面程序的else分支,整个程序只有唯一的一个ev_loop,它将作为全局变量被所有函数使用。头文件ev_vars.h中定义了各种宏,封装在ev_loop中相当于ev_loop的成员变量,如下所示:
struct ev_loop { ev_tstamp ev_rt_now; #define ev_rt_now ((loop)->ev_rt_now) ev_tstamp now_floor ev_tstamp mn_now ev_tstamp rtmn_diff ... };
而else分支的ev_vars.h没有封装在任何结构体中,因此会声明一大堆全局变量,如下所示:
static ev_tstamp now_floor static ev_tstamp mn_now static ev_tstamp rtmn_diff ...
经过深入分析,发现EV_MULTIPLICITY等于1,所以之后的源码分析都是假设EV_MULTIPLICITY=1.
Libev中许多函数定义的形式都是这样的:
static void timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
EV_P_也是为了多线程而存在的,它的定义如下所示:
/* support multiple event loops? */ #if EV_MULTIPLICITY struct ev_loop; # define EV_P struct ev_loop *loop /* a loop as sole parameter in a declaration */ # define EV_P_ EV_P, /* a loop as first of multiple parameters */ # define EV_A loop /* a loop as sole argument to a function call */ # define EV_A_ EV_A, /* a loop as first of multiple arguments */ # define EV_DEFAULT_UC ev_default_loop_uc_ () /* the default loop, if initialised, as sole arg */ # define EV_DEFAULT_UC_ EV_DEFAULT_UC, /* the default loop as first of multiple arguments */ # define EV_DEFAULT ev_default_loop (0) /* the default loop as sole arg */ # define EV_DEFAULT_ EV_DEFAULT, /* the default loop as first of multiple arguments */ #else # define EV_P void # define EV_P_ # define EV_A # define EV_A_ # define EV_DEFAULT # define EV_DEFAULT_ # define EV_DEFAULT_UC # define EV_DEFAULT_UC_ # undef EV_EMBED_ENABLE #endif
宏EV_P_最终等于struct ev_loop *loop。当系统支持多线程,每个线程都有一个struct ev_loop时,函数需要区分不同的struct ev_loop,这是就是通过这个宏EV_P_传入某个具体的struct ev_loop。也就是说,当程序为单线程时,函数最终声明为:
static void timeout_cb (ev_timer *w, int revents)
Libev操纵唯一的一个全局struct ev_loop。当程序支持多线程时,函数最终声明为:
static void timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
Libev根据传入的loop操纵对应的struct ev_loop。
参考:
http://c4fun.cn/blog/2014/03/06/libev-study/
http://my.oschina.net/u/917596/blog/176658