GCC-3.4.6源代码学习笔记(152)

5.12.5.2.2.2.2.          缺省实参

如果耗尽了 arg ,但 parm 还没有, parm 必然包含了缺省实参,该形参列表应该以特殊节点 void_list_node 来结尾。那么在对应的节点中, TREE_VALUE 保存了该类型,而 TREE_PURPOSE 是缺省实参的表达式。

 

4258 tree

4259 convert_default_arg (tree type, tree arg, tree fn, int parmnum)                                    in call.c

4260 {

4261    /* If the ARG is an unparsed default argument expression, the

4262      conversion cannot be performed.  */

4263    if (TREE_CODE (arg) == DEFAULT_ARG)

4264    {

4265      error ("the default argument for parameter %d of `%D' has "

4266            "not yet been parsed",

4267            parmnum, fn);

4268      return error_mark_node;

4269    }

4270

4271    if (fn && DECL_TEMPLATE_INFO (fn))

4272      arg = tsubst_default_argument (fn, type, arg);

4273

4274    arg = break_out_target_exprs (arg);

4275

4276    if (TREE_CODE (arg) == CONSTRUCTOR)

4277    {

4278      arg = digest_init (type, arg, 0);

4279      arg = convert_for_initialization (0, type, arg, LOOKUP_NORMAL,

4280                                "default argument", fn, parmnum);

4281    }

4282    else

4283    {

4284      /* This could get clobbered by the following call.  */

4285      if (TREE_HAS_CONSTRUCTOR (arg))

4286        arg = copy_node (arg);

4287

4288      arg = convert_for_initialization (0, type, arg, LOOKUP_NORMAL,

4289                                "default argument", fn, parmnum);

4290      arg = convert_for_arg_passing (type, arg);

4291    }

4292

4293    return arg;

4294 }

 

节点 DEFAULT_ARG 是为未解析的缺省实参所构建的。记得在解析类定义的过程中,缺省实参被 DEFAULT_ARG 所缓存,它将在该解析结束后才解析。因此在这里不应该出现 DEFAULT_ARG (如果是这样,这可能是在类定义中缺少了“ }; ”),而且在这一点上,前端不知道如何处理这种节点。

那么在 4274 传递给下面函数的 arg ,是由该函数所有调用所共享的缺省实参。不过,正如【 3 】所定义的,“每次调用该函数都要评估缺省实参 ”,因此在真正评估这个缺省实参之前,需要 准备合适的 arg 的拷贝(我们不能直接改变 arg ),并如下所示地更新这个局部临时对象。

 

1259 tree

1260 break_out_target_exprs (tree t)                                                                  in cp/tree.c

1261 {

1262    static int target_remap_count;

1263    static splay_tree target_remap;

1264

1265    if (!target_remap_count++)

1266      target_remap = splay_tree_new (splay_tree_compare_pointers,

1267                                  /*splay_tree_delete_key_fn=*/ NULL,

1268                                 /*splay_tree_delete_value_fn=*/ NULL);

1269    walk_tree (&t, bot_manip , target_remap, NULL);

1270    walk_tree (&t, bot_replace , target_remap, NULL);

1271

1272    if (!--target_remap_count)

1273    {

1274      splay_tree_delete (target_remap);

1275      target_remap = NULL;

1276    }

1277

1278    return t;

1279 }

 

上面, walk_tree 遍历以 t 为根的子树,并在以 t 的编码所选出的节点上执行给定的函数。在第一次遍历中,使用下面的函数。注意该函数总是返回 NULL (下面的 copy_tree_r 返回 NULL )来强制 walk_tree 执行深度优先的完整遍历(即, tp 可能是一个 tree_list ,其中的节点可以包含操作数,它们依次亦可能是 tree_list ,等等,访问将从底部开始向上);不过是否进入子树(即操作数)由局部变量 walk_subtrees 来控制(它在下面的函数中作为实参 walk_subtrees 传入)。在使用指定的函数处理树节点前, walk_subtrees 被设置为 1 ;是指定的函数来决定该节点是否是感兴趣的,并且需要进入。

 

1182 static tree

1183 bot_manip (tree* tp, int* walk_subtrees, void* data)                                     in cp/tree.c

1184 {

1185    splay_tree target_remap = ((splay_tree) data);

1186    tree t = *tp;

1187

1188    if (TREE_CONSTANT (t))

1189    {

1190      /* There can't be any TARGET_EXPRs or their slot variables below

1191        this point. We used to check !TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS, but then we

1192        failed to copy an ADDR_EXPR of the slot VAR_DECL.  */

1193      *walk_subtrees = 0;

1194      return NULL_TREE;

1195    }

1196    if (TREE_CODE (t) == TARGET_EXPR)

1197    {

1198      tree u;

1199

1200      if (TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1)) == AGGR_INIT_EXPR)

1201      {

1202        mark_used (TREE_OPERAND (TREE_OPERAND (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1), 0), 0));

1203        u = build_cplus_new

1204              (TREE_TYPE (t), break_out_target_exprs (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1)));

1205      }

1206      else

1207      {

1208         u = build_target_expr_with_type

1209              (break_out_target_exprs (TREE_OPERAND (t, 1)), TREE_TYPE (t));

1210      }

1211

1212       /* Map the old variable to the new one.  */

1213      splay_tree_insert (target_remap,

1214                      (splay_tree_key) TREE_OPERAND (t, 0),

1215                      (splay_tree_value) TREE_OPERAND (u, 0));

1216

1217      /* Replace the old expression with the new version.  */

1218      *tp = u;

1219      /* We don't have to go below this point; the recursive call to

1220        break_out_target_exprs will have handled anything below this

1221        point.  */

1222      *walk_subtrees = 0;

1223      return NULL_TREE;

1224    }

1225    else if (TREE_CODE (t) == CALL_EXPR)

1226      mark_used (TREE_OPERAND (TREE_OPERAND (t, 0), 0));

1227

1228    /* Make a copy of this node.  */

1229    return copy_tree_r (tp, walk_subtrees, NULL);

1230 }

 

对于常量或 TRAGET_EXPR 以外的节点, copy_tree_r 拷贝这个节点,如果它是 *_CST (看到它其实被上面的 TREE_CONSTANT 滤掉了),或表达式,或 TREE_LIST ,或 TREE_VEC ,或 OVERLOAD (由下面的 C++ 的钩子 tree_chain_matters_p 来辨别,并注意到在这里 walk_subtrees 没有改变, walk_tree 将进入该节点的子节点,并继续拷贝其结构)。

 

1966 tree

1967 copy_tree_r (tree *tp, int *walk_subtrees, void *data ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED)  in tree-inline.c

1968 {

1969    enum tree_code code = TREE_CODE (*tp);

1970

1971     /* We make copies of most nodes.  */

1972    if (IS_EXPR_CODE_CLASS (TREE_CODE_CLASS (code))

1973        || TREE_CODE_CLASS (code) == 'c'

1974        || code == TREE_LIST

1975        || code == TREE_VEC

1976        || (*lang_hooks .tree_inlining.tree_chain_matters_p) (*tp))

1977    {

1978       /* Because the chain gets clobbered when we make a copy, we save it

1979        here.   */

1980      tree chain = TREE_CHAIN (*tp);

1981

1982      /* Copy the node.  */

1983      *tp = copy_node (*tp);

1984

1985      /* Now, restore the chain, if appropriate. That will cause

1986        walk_tree to walk into the chain as well.  */

1987      if (code == PARM_DECL || code == TREE_LIST

1988 #ifndef INLINER_FOR_JAVA

1989          || (*lang_hooks .tree_inlining.tree_chain_matters_p) (*tp)

1990          || STATEMENT_CODE_P (code))

1991        TREE_CHAIN (*tp) = chain;

1992

1993       /* For now, we don't update BLOCKs when we make copies. So, we

1994        have to nullify all scope-statements.  */

1995      if (TREE_CODE (*tp) == SCOPE_STMT)

1996        SCOPE_STMT_BLOCK (*tp) = NULL_TREE;

1997 #else /* INLINER_FOR_JAVA */

1998          || (*lang_hooks .tree_inlining.tree_chain_matters_p) (*tp))

1999        TREE_CHAIN (*tp) = chain;

2000 #endif /* INLINER_FOR_JAVA */

2001    }

2002    else if (TREE_CODE_CLASS (code) == 't')

2003      *walk_subtrees = 0;

2004

2005    return NULL_TREE;

2006 }

 

一个 TARGET_EXPR 代表一个临时对象。其第一个操作数是表示这个临时对象的一个 VAR_DECL 。其第二个操作数是该临时对象的初始值。该初始值被评估,然后拷贝入这个临时对象。

一个 AGGR_INIT_EXPR 代表,作为一个函数调用返回值,或一个构造函数结果的初始化。一个 AGGR_INIT_EXPR 将仅出现作为一个 TARGET_EXPR 的第二个操作数。该 AGGR_INIT_EXPR 的第一个操作数是所调用函数的地址,就像在一个 CALL_EXPR 那样。第二个操作数是以一个 TREE_LIST 形式传递给该函数的实参,同样类似于在一个 CALL_EXPR 里那样。这个表达式的值由这个函数返回。

那么如果 AGGR_INIT_EXPR 被用于 TRAGET_EXPR 里,递归 break_out_target_exprs 来拷贝这个节点。对于这个拷贝过来的表达式, build_cplus_new 为其初始化产生了代码。

 

2007 tree

2008 build_cplus_new (tree type, tree init)                                                          in cp/tree.c

2009 {

2010    tree fn;

2011    tree slot;

2012    tree rval;

2013    int is_ctor;

2014

2015    /* Make sure that we're not trying to create an instance of an

2016      abstract class.  */

2017    abstract_virtuals_error (NULL_TREE, type);

2018

2019    if (TREE_CODE (init) != CALL_EXPR && TREE_CODE (init) != AGGR_INIT_EXPR)

2020      return convert (type, init);

2021

2022    fn = TREE_OPERAND (init, 0);

2023    is_ctor = (TREE_CODE (fn) == ADDR_EXPR

2024             && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (fn, 0)) == FUNCTION_DECL

2025             && DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P (TREE_OPERAND (fn, 0)));

2026

2027    slot = build_local_temp (type);

2028

2029    /* We split the CALL_EXPR into its function and its arguments here.

2030      Then, in expand_expr, we put them back together. The reason for

2031      this is that this expression might be a default argument

2032      expression. In that case, we need a new temporary every time the

2033      expression is used. That's what break_out_target_exprs does; it

2034      replaces every AGGR_INIT_EXPR with a copy that uses a fresh

2035      temporary slot. Then, expand_expr builds up a call-expression

2036      using the new slot.  */

2037

2038    /* If we don't need to use a constructor to create an object of this

2039      type, don't mess with AGGR_INIT_EXPR.  */

2040    if (is_ctor || TREE_ADDRESSABLE (type))

2041    {

2042      rval = build (AGGR_INIT_EXPR, type, fn, TREE_OPERAND (init, 1), slot);

2043      TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (rval) = 1;

2044      AGGR_INIT_VIA_CTOR_P (rval) = is_ctor;

2045    }

2046    else

2047      rval = init;

2048

2049    rval = build_target_expr (slot, rval);

2050

2051    return rval;

2052 }

 

现在需要更新在 TARGET_EXPR 中的临时对象,因为我们不是在产生原始的 TARGET_EXPR 的上下文中。看到这个临时对象成为了局部的,其 DECL_CONTEXT 被强制设置为 current_function_decl

 

253    static tree

254    build_local_temp (tree type)                                                                      in cp/tree.c

255    {

256      tree slot = build_decl (VAR_DECL, NULL_TREE, type);

257      DECL_ARTIFICIAL (slot) = 1;

258      DECL_CONTEXT (slot) = current_function_decl ;

259      layout_decl (slot, 0);

260      return slot;

261    }

 

注意如果对于这个 AGGR_INIT_EXPR AGGR_INIT_VIA_CTOR_P 成立,表示这个初始化是通过一个构造函数调用实现。在 2042 行所构建的 AGGR_INIT_EXPR ,其第三个操作数是这个临时对象,它总是一个 VAR_DECL 。而 init 是原来 TARGET_EXPR 中的 AGGR_INIT_EXPR (这个 AGGR_INIT_EXPR 的第三个操作数的地址被提取,并替换实参列表中的值。这个情况下,该表达式的值是提供给这个 AGGR_INIT_EXPR VAR_DECL ;构造函数不返回值)。

最后,这个新构建的 TARGET_EXPR build_cplus_new 返回。

而对于 TARGET_EXPR 的第二个操作数不是 AGGR_INIT_EXPR 的情况,该操作数由 build_target_expr_with_type 来处理。这里如果 init TARGET_EXPR ,它必定是由在 bot_manip 1209 行的 break_out_target_exprs 所构建的,这个节点正是我们期望的。

 

320    tree

321    build_target_expr_with_type (tree init, tree type)                                        in cp/tree.c

322    {

323      tree slot;

324   

325      if (TREE_CODE (init) == TARGET_EXPR)

326        return init;

327      else if (CLASS_TYPE_P (type) && !TYPE_HAS_TRIVIAL_INIT_REF (type)

328            && TREE_CODE (init) != COND_EXPR

329            && TREE_CODE (init) != CONSTRUCTOR

330            && TREE_CODE (init) != VA_ARG_EXPR)

331        /* We need to build up a copy constructor call. COND_EXPR is a special

332          case because we already have copies on the arms and we don't want

333          another one here. A CONSTRUCTOR is aggregate initialization, which

334          is handled separately. A VA_ARG_EXPR is magic creation of an

335           aggregate; there's no additional work to be done.  */

336        return force_rvalue (init);

337   

338      slot = build_local_temp (type);

339      return build_target_expr (slot, init);

340    }

 

上面,如果 TYPE_HAS_TRIVIAL_INIT_REF 不是 0 ,表示该拷贝初始化可以使用按位拷贝。对于这样的情形,可以简单地构建 TARGET_EXPR ;否则,需要执行一个左值到右值的转换,包括如下所示的拷贝构造函数调用。

 

590    tree

591    force_rvalue (tree expr)                                                                                  in cvt.c

592    {

593      if (IS_AGGR_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (expr)) && TREE_CODE (expr) != TARGET_EXPR)

594        expr = ocp_convert (TREE_TYPE (expr), expr,

595                        CONV_IMPLICIT|CONV_FORCE_TEMP, LOOKUP_NORMAL);

596      else

597        expr = decay_conversion (expr);

598   

599      return expr;

600    }

 

不久之后我们将看到 ocp_convert 的细节。在这里总而言之,该函数将产生调用合适的拷贝构造函数代码,然后调用 build_cplus_new 来产生构建这个临时对象及其初始化。在离开 bot_manip 之前,看一下 build_target_expr

 

234    static tree

235    build_target_expr (tree decl, tree value)                                                     in cp/tree.c

236    {

237      tree t;

238   

239      t = build (TARGET_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (decl), decl, value,

240              cxx_maybe_build_cleanup (decl), NULL_TREE);

241      /* We always set TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS so that expand_expr does not

242        ignore the TARGET_EXPR. If there really turn out to be no

243        side-effects, then the optimizer should be able to get rid of

244        whatever code is generated anyhow.  */

245      TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (t) = 1;

246   

247      return t;

248    }

 

对于具有非平凡析构函数的临时对象,编译器需要产生代码,在其越出其作用域时,通过调用这个析构函数摧毁这个临时对象。因此在 240 行, cxx_maybe_build_cleanup 产生这些代码,如果需要的话。

现在在 bot_manip 1213 行, u 是对应于 t TARGET_EXPR 。它把新旧版本的临时对象映射起来。然后,我们立即用新版本取代了旧版本。不过,在由 break_out_target_exprs 处理的节点的某些子节点中,可能仍然保留了这个旧版本的引用,它们需要如下的更新。

 

1236 static tree

1237 bot_replace (tree* t,                                                                                  in cp/tree.c

1238             int* walk_subtrees ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED ,

1239             void* data)

1240 {

1241    splay_tree target_remap = ((splay_tree) data);

1242

1243    if (TREE_CODE (*t) == VAR_DECL)

1244    {

1245      splay_tree_node n = splay_tree_lookup (target_remap,

1246                                       (splay_tree_key) *t);

1247      if (n)

1248        *t = (tree) n->value;

1249    }

1250

1251    return NULL_TREE;

1252 }

 

回到 convert_default_arg ,在 4274 行从 break_out_target_exprs 得到这个更新的 arg ,然后接下来的函数用于产生初始化代码。

5.12.5.2.2.2.3.          省略实参

最后一个的可能就是省略实参,注意到省略实参与缺省实参不可共存。在前端中,为了识别包含了省略实参的函数声明,形参列表由 NULL ,而不是 void_list_node 来结尾。

 

4161 tree

4162 convert_arg_to_ellipsis (tree arg)                                                                       in call.c

4163 {

4164    /* [expr.call]

4165

4166      The lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, and function-to-pointer

4167      standard conversions are performed.  */

4168    arg = decay_conversion (arg);

4169     /* [expr.call]

4170

4171      If the argument has integral or enumeration type that is subject

4172      to the integral promotions (_conv.prom_), or a floating point

4173      type that is subject to the floating point promotion

4174      (_conv.fpprom_), the value of the argument is converted to the

4175      promoted type before the call.  */

4176    if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (arg)) == REAL_TYPE

4177       && (TYPE_PRECISION (TREE_TYPE (arg))

4178            < TYPE_PRECISION (double_type_node)))

4179      arg = convert_to_real (double_type_node, arg);

4180    else if (INTEGRAL_OR_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (arg)))

4181      arg = perform_integral_promotions (arg);

4182

4183    arg = require_complete_type (arg);

4184   

4185    if (arg != error_mark_node

4186        && !pod_type_p (TREE_TYPE (arg)))

4187    {

4188      /* Undefined behavior [expr.call] 5.2.2/7. We used to just warn

4189        here and do a bitwise copy, but now cp_expr_size will abort if we

4190        try to do that.

4191        If the call appears in the context of a sizeof expression,

4192        there is no need to emit a warning, since the expression won't be

4193        evaluated. We keep the builtin_trap just as a safety check.  */

4194      if (!skip_evaluation )

4195        warning ("cannot pass objects of non-POD type `%#T' through `...'; "

4196                "call will abort at runtime", TREE_TYPE (arg));

4197      arg = call_builtin_trap ();

4198      arg = build (COMPOUND_EXPR, integer_type_node, arg,

4199                integer_zero_node);

4200    }

4201

4202    return arg;

4203 }

 

3 】的条文 5.2.2 “函数调用”,条款 7 如下定义了编译器在省略实参上的行为。

7.  当一个给定的实参没有对应的形参,该实参被以这样的方式传入——接受函数可以通过调用 va_arg 18.7 )来得到该实参值。左值到右值( 4.1 ),数组到指针( 4.2 ),及函数到指针( 4.3 )标准转换在该实参表达式上执行。在这些转换之后,如果该实参不是数字,枚举值,指针,成员的指针,或类类型,该程序非法。如果该实参具有一个 non-POD 类类型(条文 9 ),其行为是未定义的。如果该实参具有适用于整型提升( 4.5 )的整型或枚举类型,或适用于浮点提升( 4.6 )的浮点类型,在该调用之前,该实参的值被转换到提升后的类型。这些提升被称为缺省实参提升

函数 decay_conversion 执行在 exp 中的转换,它应用在当一个左值出现在一个右值上下文中时候。包括左值到右值,数组到指针,及函数到指针的转换。

 

1335 tree

1336 decay_conversion (tree exp)                                                                       n typeck.c

1337 {

1338    tree type;

1339    enum tree_code code;

1340

1341    type = TREE_TYPE (exp);

1342    code = TREE_CODE (type);

1343

1344    if (code == REFERENCE_TYPE)

1345    {

1346      exp = convert_from_reference (exp);

1347      type = TREE_TYPE (exp);

1348      code = TREE_CODE (type);

1349    }

1350

1351    if (type == error_mark_node)

1352      return error_mark_node;

1353

1354    if (type_unknown_p (exp))

1355    {

1356      cxx_incomplete_type_error (exp, TREE_TYPE (exp));

1357      return error_mark_node;

1358    }

1359   

1360    /* Constants can be used directly unless they're not loadable.  */

1361    if (TREE_CODE (exp) == CONST_DECL)

1362      exp = DECL_INITIAL (exp);

1363    /* Replace a nonvolatile const static variable with its value. We

1364      don't do this for arrays, though; we want the address of the

1365      first element of the array, not the address of the first element

1366      of its initializing constant.  */

1367    else if (code != ARRAY_TYPE)

1368    {

1369      exp = decl_constant_value (exp);

1370      type = TREE_TYPE (exp);

1371    }

1372

1373     /* build_c_cast puts on a NOP_EXPR to make the result not an lvalue.

1374      Leave such NOP_EXPRs, since RHS is being used in non-lvalue context.  */

1375

1376    if (code == VOID_TYPE)

1377    {

1378      error ("void value not ignored as it ought to be");

1379      return error_mark_node;

1380    }

1381    if (invalid_nonstatic_memfn_p (exp))

1382      return error_mark_node;

1383    if (code == FUNCTION_TYPE || is_overloaded_fn (exp))

1384      return build_unary_op (ADDR_EXPR, exp, 0);

1385    if (code == ARRAY_TYPE)

1386    {

1387      tree adr;

1388      tree ptrtype;

1389

1390      if (TREE_CODE (exp) == INDIRECT_REF)

1391        return build_nop (build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (type)),

1392                      TREE_OPERAND (exp, 0));

1393

1394      if (TREE_CODE (exp) == COMPOUND_EXPR)

1395      {

1396        tree op1 = decay_conversion (TREE_OPERAND (exp, 1));

1397        return build (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (op1),

1398                  TREE_OPERAND (exp, 0), op1);

1399      }

1400

1401      if (!lvalue_p (exp)

1402         && ! (TREE_CODE (exp) == CONSTRUCTOR && TREE_STATIC (exp)))

1403      {

1404        error ("invalid use of non-lvalue array");

1405        return error_mark_node;

1406      }

1407

1408      ptrtype = build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (type));

1409

1410      if (TREE_CODE (exp) == VAR_DECL)

1411      {

1412        if (!cxx_mark_addressable (exp))

1413          return error_mark_node;

1414        adr = build_nop (ptrtype, build_address (exp));

1415        TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (adr) = 0;   /* Default would be, same as EXP.  */

1416        return adr;

1417      }

1418      /* This way is better for a COMPONENT_REF since it can

1419        simplify the offset for a component.  */

1420      adr = build_unary_op (ADDR_EXPR, exp, 1);

1421      return cp_convert (ptrtype, adr);

1422    }

1423

1424    /* [basic.lval]: Class rvalues can have cv-qualified types; non-class

1425      rvalues always have cv-unqualified types.  */

1426    if (! CLASS_TYPE_P (type))

1427      exp = cp_convert (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type), exp);

1428

1429    return exp;

1430 }

 

首先对于 REFERENCE_TYPE ,它是一个左值,要把它转换为右值,就应该使用被引用的值,而不再保存引用。在前端中, INDIRECT_REF 为这个目标而构建(这是因为引用总是传入其地址就像指针那样;而在编译器中,引用的模式( mode )与指针的相同,都是 ptr_mode ,参见 build_reference_type )。

 

566    tree

567    convert_from_reference (tree val)                                                                    in cvt.c

568    {

569      if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (val)) == REFERENCE_TYPE)

570        return build_indirect_ref (val, NULL);

571      return val;

572    }

 

记得指针是右值。当处理 ARRAY_TYPE 时,如果我们正在使用形如: int *a[i] a 是维度大于 1 的数组,例如, int A[2][2] )的表达式,满足 1390 行的条件, 因此构建了形如: int** 的类型,并且看到转换指针“ int *a[i] ”到“ int** ”不需要产生任何代码,因而为这个转换构建了 NOP_EXPR

而如果 exp 只是一个数组的声明,例如: int a[8] ,这个声明的右值是“ int* ”。可以直接构建这个右值。不过,对于其他的情形,例如:“ tempA.a ”(这是一棵以 SCOPE_REF 为根节点的树),就没有可以直接使用的简单规则,因此调用 build_unary_op cp_convert 来执行合适的转换。

正如在 convert_arg_to_ellipsis 4188 行的注释所提到的,对于对应于 non-POD 类类型的未定义行为, GCC 以前使用按位拷贝,不过在当前版本中,这个行为在后面对 cp_expr_size 的调用将导致异常终止。这个终止由下面“ __builtin_trap ”的调用触发,在 4198 行它成为了 COMPOUND_EXPR 形式的 arg 的一部分。

 

4148 c tree

4149 call_builtin_trap (void)                                                                               in call.c

4150 {

4151    tree fn = IDENTIFIER_GLOBAL_VALUE (get_identifier ("__builtin_trap"));

4152

4153    my_friendly_assert (fn != NULL, 20030927);

4154    fn = build_call (fn, NULL_TREE);

4155    return fn;

4156 }

 

内建陷阱的行为是:如果目标机器定义了陷阱指令,就使用它;否则编译器将调用 abort () (参考 expand_builtin_trap )。

下面是对 non-POD 类类型省略实参的一个有趣的测试:

#include <stdarg.h>

class A {

    public : virtual void func() {}

};

int func (int a, ...) {

    va_list ap;

    va_start(ap, a) ;

    va_arg(ap, A); 

    va_end(ap);

    return 1;

}

int main() {

    A a;

    func (1, a);      // sizeof (func (1, a))

}

编译器将给出以下警告:

test2.cpp: In function ‘int func(int, ...)’:

test2.cpp:11: warning: cannot receive objects of non-POD type ‘class A’ through ‘...’; call will abort at runtime

test2.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:

test2.cpp:19: warning: cannot pass objects of non-POD type ‘class A’ through ’...’; call will abort at runtime

当执行这个程序时,得到错误: Illegal instruction.

不过,如果我们使用注释中的语句,编译器将给出警告:

test2.cpp: In function ‘int func(int, ...)’:

test2.cpp:11: warning: cannot receive objects of non-POD type ‘class A’ through ‘...’; call will abort at runtime

而在执行时,没有产生错误,因为 func(1, a) 没有被评估,除了其返回值。

 

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