iPhone开发技巧之调试篇(3)— 程序Crash后的调试技巧
当我们的程序突然死掉了,Xcode突然送出一段 "message sent to deallocated instance" 的错误,我们该怎样定位我们的程序bug呢?
又或者我们已经通过AdHoc发布了我们的β版程序,更甚至于我们的程序已经发布到了app store上;而当我们的程序突然在测试人员,或者是最终用户那里突然当掉,是否能收集到这样的日志信息,供我们解析bug呢?
当我们在模拟器上调试时,可能经常遇到下面的内存访问错误:
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2011-01-17 20:21:11.41 App[26067:207] *** -[Testedit retain]: message sent to deallocated instance 0x12e4b0 |
首先,我们为了定位问题,需要Xcode帮我们显示栈信息,可以通过Scode中执行文件的属性来设置。如下图所示,选中 MallocStackLogging 选项。该选项只能在模拟器上有效,并且如果你改变了iOS的版本后也需要再次设定该选项。
这之后,你就可以在终端输入 info malloc-history 命令,如下所示;
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(gdb) info malloc-history 0x12e4b0 |
之后得到如下的堆栈信息,从此分析具体的问题所在。
除此之外,也可以使用下面的命令;
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(gdb) shell malloc_history {pid/partial-process-name} {address} |
例如下图所示;
另外,内存使用时“EXC_BAD_ACCESS”的错误信息也是经常遇到的,这时我们只要将上面执行文件属性中的 NSZombieEnabled 选上,也能定位该问题。
最后,这些设置信息都是可以在运行期确认的,如下;
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NSLog(@"NSZombieEnabled: %s", getenv("NSZombieEnabled")); |
如果不是在模拟器上,又或者我们的设备没有连接到PC上,那么如何调试我们的程序呢?假如我们通过AdHoc发布了程序,希望随时得到测试人员的反馈,可以利用下面的方法,将标准出力(stderr)信息记录到文件中,然后通过邮件新式发给开发者。
1. 设置一个开关,用来清空日志文件内容,并切换输出位置;
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- (BOOL)deleteLogFile { [self finishLog]; BOOL success = [[NSFileManager defaultManager] removeItemAtPath:[self loggingPath] error:nil]; [self startLog]; return success; } |
当我们调用上面的deleteLogFile后,就会清空之前的日志,并设置新的输出。
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- (void)finishLog { fflush(stderr); dup2(dup(STDERR_FILENO), STDERR_FILENO); close(dup(STDERR_FILENO)); } - (NSString*)loggingPath { NSArray *paths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES); NSString *documentsDirectory = [paths objectAtIndex:0]; NSString *logPath = [documentsDirectory stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"console.log"]; return logPath; } - (void)startLog { freopen([[self loggingPath] cStringUsingEncoding:NSASCIIStringEncoding],"a+",stderr); } |
2. 当日志取得之后,可以通过下面的方式发送邮件给开发者
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- (void)sendLogByMail { MFMailComposeViewController *picker = [[MFMailComposeViewController alloc] init]; picker.mailComposeDelegate = self; [picker setSubject:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ - Log", [self appName]]]; NSString *message = [NSString stringWithContentsOfFile:[self loggingPath] encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil]; [picker setMessageBody:message isHTML:NO]; [self.navigationController presentModalViewController:picker animated:YES]; [picker release]; } |
苹果在固件2.0发布的时候,其中一项特性是向iPhone开发者通过邮件发送错误报告,以便开发人员更好的了解自己的软件运行状况。不过不少开发者报告此服务有时无法获取到~/Library/Logs/CrashReporter/MobileDevice directory的错误信息。
现在苹果提供了一种更简单的方法,使iPhone开发者可以通过iTunes更容易的查看崩溃报告。具体方法使进入iTunesConnect(在进入之前确定你有iPhone开发者帐号),点击管理你应用程序,之后就可以看到用户崩溃日志了。
这里我介绍一下从设备中取出CrashLog,并解析的方法。
程序Crash之后,将设备与PC中的iTunes连接,设备中的CrashLog文件也将一并同步到PC中。其中位置如下;
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Mac: ~/Library/Logs/CrashReporter/MobileDevice Windows Vista/7: C:\Users\<user_name>\AppData\Roaming\Apple computer\Logs\CrashReporter/MobileDevice Windows XP: C:\Documents and Settings\<user_name>\Application Data\Apple computer\Logs\CrashReporter |
在这些目录下,会有具体设备的目录,其下就是许多*.crash的文件。
比如程序TestEditor在iPhone1设备上的crashLog如下:
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~Library/Logs/CrashReporter/MobileDevice/iPhone1/TestEditor_2010-09-23-454678_iPhone1.crash
Incident Identifier: CAF9ED40-2D59-45EA-96B0-52BDA1115E9F
CrashReporter Key: 30af939d26f6ecc5f0d08653b2aaf47933ad8b8e
Process: TestEditor [12506]
Path: /var/mobile/Applications/60ACEDBC-600E-42AF-9252-42E32188A044/TestEditor.app/TestEditor
Identifier: TestEditor
Version: ??? (???)
Code Type: ARM (Native)
Parent Process: launchd [1]
Date/Time: 2010-09-23 11:25:56.357 +0900
OS Version: iPhone OS 3.1.3 (7E18)
Report Version: 104
Exception Type: EXC_BAD_ACCESS (SIGBUS)
Exception Codes: KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE at 0x00000059
Crashed Thread: 0
Thread 0 Crashed:
0 UIKit 0x332b98d8 0x331b2000 + 1079512
1 UIKit 0x3321d1a8 0x331b2000 + 438696
2 UIKit 0x3321d028 0x331b2000 + 438312
3 UIKit 0x332b9628 0x331b2000 + 1078824
4 UIKit 0x33209d70 0x331b2000 + 359792
5 UIKit 0x33209c08 0x331b2000 + 359432
6 QuartzCore 0x324cc05c 0x324ae000 + 122972
7 QuartzCore 0x324cbe64 0x324ae000 + 122468
8 CoreFoundation 0x3244f4bc 0x323f8000 + 357564
9 CoreFoundation 0x3244ec18 0x323f8000 + 355352
10 GraphicsServices 0x342e91c0 0x342e5000 + 16832
11 UIKit 0x331b5c28 0x331b2000 + 15400
12 UIKit 0x331b4228 0x331b2000 + 8744
13 TestEditor 0x00002c3a 0x1000 + 7226
14 TestEditor 0x00002c04 0x1000 + 7172
... (以下略) |
虽然我们看到了出为题时的堆栈信息,但是因为没有符号信息,仍然不知道到底哪里出问题了...
编译调试相关的符号信息都被包含在编译时的 xxxx.app.dSYM 文件当中,所以我们在发布程序前将它们保存起来,调试Crash问题的时候会很有用。
首先,我们来找到该文件。
用Xcode编译的程序,在其编译目录下都会生成 [程序名].app.dSMY 文件,比如 Xcode 4 的编译目录缺省的是
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~Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData # 在改目录下搜寻编译后的.dSMY文件 $ cd ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData $ find . -name '*.dSYM' |
另外,我们也可以通过 Xcode的Preferences... -> Locations -> Locations 的Derived Data来确认该目录的位置。
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~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/TestEditor-aahmlrjpobenlsdvhjppcfqhogru/ArchiveIntermediates/TestEditor/BuildProductsPath/Release-iphoneos/TestEditor.app.dSYM |
※ 大家每次像App Store发布自己程序的时候都记着保存该文件哦,要不然出现Crash的时候,就无从下手了。
接下来,我们再来介绍一下使用.dSYM文件来恢复程序符号的方法。
首先,使用一个Xcode提供的叫做 symbolicatecrash 的小工具,它可以实现我们在CrashLog中添加符号信息的机能。该文件位于下面的位置,为方便起见,可以把它拷贝到系统默认路径下。
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/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/Library/PrivateFrameworks/DTDeviceKit.framework/Versions/A/Resources/symbolicatecrash $ sudo cp /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/Library/PrivateFrameworks/DTDeviceKit.framework/Versions/A/Resources/symbolicatecrash /usr/local/bin |
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$ symbolicatecrash [CrashLog file] [dSYM file] $ symbolicatecrash TestEditor_2010-09-23-454678_iPhone1.crash TestEditor.app.dSYM |
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Thread 0 Crashed: 0 UIKit 0x332b98d8 -[UIWindowController transitionViewDidComplete:fromView:toView:] + 668 1 UIKit 0x3321d1a8 -[UITransitionView notifyDidCompleteTransition:] + 160 2 UIKit 0x3321d028 -[UITransitionView _didCompleteTransition:] + 704 3 UIKit 0x332b9628 -[UITransitionView _transitionDidStop:finished:] + 44 4 UIKit 0x33209d70 -[UIViewAnimationState sendDelegateAnimationDidStop:finished:] + 284 5 UIKit 0x33209c08 -[UIViewAnimationState animationDidStop:finished:] + 60 6 QuartzCore 0x324cc05c _ZL23run_animation_callbacksdPv + 440 7 QuartzCore 0x324cbe64 _ZN2CAL14timer_callbackEP16__CFRunLoopTimerPv + 156 8 CoreFoundation 0x3244f4bc CFRunLoopRunSpecific + 2192 9 CoreFoundation 0x3244ec18 CFRunLoopRunInMode + 44 10 GraphicsServices 0x342e91c0 GSEventRunModal + 188 11 UIKit 0x331b5c28 -[UIApplication _run] + 552 12 UIKit 0x331b4228 UIApplicationMain + 960 13 TestEditor 0x00002c3a main (main.m:14) 14 TestEditor 0x00002c04 0x1000 + 7172 |
由此,我们可以具体定位程序中出问题的地方。
任何语言都有异常的处理机制,Objective-C也不例外。与C++/Java类似的语法,它也提供@try, @catch, @throw, @finally关键字。使用方法如下。
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@try { ... } @catch (CustomException *ce) { ... } @catch (NSException *ne) { // Perform processing necessary at this level. ... } @catch (id ue) { ... } @finally { // Perform processing necessary whether an exception occurred or not. ... } |
同时对于系统Crash而引起的程序异常退出,可以通过UncaughtExceptionHandler机制捕获;也就是说在程序中catch以外的内容,被系统自带的错误处理而捕获。我们要做的就是用自定义的函数替代该ExceptionHandler即可。
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void MyUncaughtExceptionHandler(NSException *exception) { printf("uncaught %s\n", [[exception name] cString]); // ~ // 显示当前堆栈内容 NSArray *callStackArray = [exception callStackReturnAddresses]; int frameCount = [callStackArray count]; void *backtraceFrames[frameCount]; for (int i=0; i<frameCount; i++) { backtraceFrames[i] = (void *)[[callStackArray objectAtIndex:i] unsignedIntegerValue]; } } int main() { // ~ NSUncaughtExceptionHandler *ueh = NSGetUncaughtExceptionHandler(); NSSetUncaughtExceptionHandler(&MyUncaughtExceptionHandler); // ~ } - (void)exit_processing:(NSNotification *)notification { NSSetUncaughtExceptionHandler(ueh); } - (void)viewDidLoad { // 这里重载程序正常退出时UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification接口 UIApplication *app = [UIApplication sharedApplication]; [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] addObserver:self selector:@selector(exit_processing:) name:UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification object:app] } |
使用Objective-C的异常处理是不能得到signal的,如果要处理它,我们还要利用unix标准的signal机制,注册SIGABRT, SIGBUS, SIGSEGV等信号发生时的处理函数。该函数中我们可以输出栈信息,版本信息等其他一切我们所想要的。
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#include <signal.h> void stacktrace(int sig, siginfo_t *info, void *context) { [mstr appendString:@"Stack:\n"]; void* callstack[128]; int i, frames = backtrace(callstack, 128); char** strs = backtrace_symbols(callstack, frames); for (i = 0; i <; frames; ++i) { [mstr appendFormat:@"%s\n", strs[i]]; } } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct sigaction mySigAction; mySigAction.sa_sigaction = stacktrace; mySigAction.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO; sigemptyset(&mySigAction.sa_mask); sigaction(SIGQUIT, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGILL , &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGTRAP, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGABRT, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGEMT , &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGFPE , &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGBUS , &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGSEGV, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGSYS , &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGPIPE, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGALRM, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGXCPU, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGXFSZ, &mySigAction, NULL); NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init]; int retVal = UIApplicationMain(argc, argv, nil, nil); [pool release]; return (retVal); } |
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#include <signal.h> void stacktrace(int sig, siginfo_t *info, void *context) { [mstr appendString:@"Stack:\n"]; void* callstack[128]; int i, frames = backtrace(callstack, 128); char** strs = backtrace_symbols(callstack, frames); for (i = 0; i <; frames; ++i) { [mstr appendFormat:@"%s\n", strs[i]]; } } void MyUncaughtExceptionHandler(NSException *exception) { printf("uncaught %s\n", [[exception name] cString]); // ~ // 显示当前堆栈内容 NSArray *callStackArray = [exception callStackReturnAddresses]; int frameCount = [callStackArray count]; void *backtraceFrames[frameCount]; for (int i=0; i<frameCount; i++) { backtraceFrames[i] = (void *)[[callStackArray objectAtIndex:i] unsignedIntegerValue]; } } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct sigaction mySigAction; mySigAction.sa_sigaction = stacktrace; mySigAction.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO; sigemptyset(&mySigAction.sa_mask); sigaction(SIGQUIT, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGILL , &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGTRAP, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGABRT, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGEMT , &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGFPE , &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGBUS , &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGSEGV, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGSYS , &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGPIPE, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGALRM, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGXCPU, &mySigAction, NULL); sigaction(SIGXFSZ, &mySigAction, NULL); // ~ NSUncaughtExceptionHandler *ueh = NSGetUncaughtExceptionHandler(); NSSetUncaughtExceptionHandler(&MyUncaughtExceptionHandler); // ~ NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init]; int retVal = UIApplicationMain(argc, argv, nil, nil); [pool release]; return (retVal); } - (void)exit_processing:(NSNotification *)notification { NSSetUncaughtExceptionHandler(ueh); } - (void)viewDidLoad { // 这里重载程序正常退出时UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification接口 UIApplication *app = [UIApplication sharedApplication]; [[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] addObserver:self selector:@selector(exit_processing:) name:UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification object:app] } |
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Signal:10 Stack: 0 TestEditor 0x0006989d dump + 64 1 TestEditor 0x00069b4b signalHandler + 46 2 libSystem.B.dylib 0x31dcd60b _sigtramp + 26 3 TestEditor 0x000252b9 -[PopClientcreateUnreadMessageWithUIDL:maxMessageCount:] + 76 4 TestEditor 0x00025b85 -[PopClientgetUnreadIdList:] + 348 5 TestEditor 0x000454dd -[Connection receiveMessages:] + 688 6 TestEditor 0x00042db1 -[Connection main] + 188 7 Foundation 0x305023f9 __NSThread__main__ + 858 8 libSystem.B.dylib 0x31d6a5a8 _pthread_body + 28 AppVer:TestEditor 1.2.0 System:iPhone OS OS Ver:3.0 Model:iPhoneDate:09/06/08 21:25:59JST |
其中从_sigtramp函数下面开始进入我们的程序,即地址0x000252b9开始。其所对应的具体文件名和行号我们能知道吗?
利用之前介绍的dSYM文件和gdb,我们可以得到这些信息。
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cd $PROJ_PATH$/build/Release-iphoneos/TestEditor.app.dSYM/ cd Contents/Resources/DWARF gdb TestEditor gdb>info line *0x000252b9 Line 333 of "~/IbisMail/Classes/Models/PopClient.m"; starts at address 0x2a386 <-[PopClient retrieve:]+86> and ends at 0x2a390 <-[PopClient retrieve:]+96> |