一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用; 非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。在非限制性定语从句中, 先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列分句、状语从句等。
He has two sons, who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)
他有两个儿子, 他们在同一家公司上班。
He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.)
他有两个儿子在同一家公司上班。
He failed in the match, which was a great pity. (非限制性定语从句, 先行词为前面的句子) (=He failed in the match, and it was a great pity.)
他在比赛中失败了, 这真令人遗憾。
题组训练 句型转换
①That is his father, and he works in Shanghai.
That is his father, who works in Shanghai.
②I like the boy, who is very lovely.
I like the boy, because/for he is very lovely.
③ He told me a story yesterday, and I think it is very interesting.
He told me a story yesterday, which I think is very interesting.
二、关系代词的用法
(一)限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法
1. 先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语, 需用who/that 引导, 且不能省略。
She is the girl who/that lives next door.
她就是住在隔壁的女孩。
2. 先行词指物且在定语从句中作主语, 需用 that/which 引导, 且不能省略。
The work that/which has just been finished is very important.
刚刚完成的那份工作很重要。
3. 先行词指物且在定语从句中作宾语, 用 that 或 which 引导, 且可省略 that/which。
That is the book (that/which) I want to read.
那就是我想要读的那本书。
4. 先行词指人且在定语从句中作宾语, 用whom/who/that 引导, 且可省略 whom/who/that。
That's the girl (whom/who/that) I teach.
那就是我教的女孩。
5. 先行词指人或物且在定语从句中作定语, 用whose 或of whom/of which 引导。
This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.
= This is the scientist, the achievements of whom are well known.
= This is the scientist, of whom the achievements are well known. 这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。
This is the house whose window broke last night.
=This is the house, the window of which broke last night.
=This is the house, of which the window broke last night.
(注意等号后两个定语从句中的定冠词)
这就是昨晚窗户被打破的那所房子。
6. as 引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式:
such+名词 + as...像……一样的, 像……之类的
such(pron.) + as...像……一样的, 像……之类的
the same + 名词 + as...和……同样的
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as 作主语)
This book is not such as I expect.
这不是我期望的书。(as 作宾语)
I have the same book as he has.
我和他有同样的书。(as 作宾语)
题组训练 用 who, whom, that, which, whose, as 填空
④The house whose windows face to the north belongs to him.
⑤The man who/whom/that you met just now is my old friend.
⑥ The man who/that is walking in the playground is my old friend.
⑦ Take the book which/that is lying on the table.
⑧ She is such a girl as is always finding fault with other people.
(二)非限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法
1. 关系代词在任何情况下都不能省略。
I want to buy a dictionary, which is valuable to my learning.(which 不能省略)
我想买本字典, 字典对我的学习很有价值。
2. who(主语, 宾语), whom(宾语), which(主语, 宾语)不能用that 代替。
This is New York, which I have visited for several times.(which 不能用that 取代)
这就是纽约, 我来这里有好多次了。
3. which 引导非限制性定语从句时, 先行词可以是一个词, 也可以是个句子。
He was late again, which made the teacher very unhappy.(先行词为一句话)他又迟到了, 这使老师很不高兴。
4. 关系代词as 也可引导非限制性定语从句, 先行词为句子, as 在从句中作主语、宾语。
As we know, China is a developing country.
我们知道, 中国是个发展中国家。
As is known to us all, China is in the east of Asia.
众所周知, 中国在亚洲的东部。
(三)关系代词除上面的基本用法外, 还有下列特殊用法:
1. 有时为了使表达的意思更清楚, 用“ which+名词” 引导定语从句。
He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once. 他建议我躲在门后, 我立即照着做了。
2.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
(1)当介词放在关系代词的前面时, 关系代词常用 which 或 whom, 并且不能省略。
He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.
他付给男孩10 美元擦洗10 扇窗户, 这10 扇窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person, to whom she could turn for help.
在黑暗的街道上, 她没有一个可以求助的人。
(2)在限制性定语从句中, 当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,
可用 that/ which(指物), that/ whom/ who(指人) 作介词的宾语, 而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。
This is the hero that we are proud of.
This is the hero who we are proud of.
This is the hero whom we are proud of.
This is the hero (可省略) we are proud of.
这是我们引以为荣的那个英雄。
This is the pen that I wrote the letter with.
This is the pen which I wrote the letter with.
This is the pen (可省略) I wrote the letter with.
这是我写信时用的那支钢笔。
(3)在非限制性定语从句中, “介词 + which/ whom 从句”结构中的介词不能移到从句的后面。
He has visited Gu'an No.One High School for several times, in which he has many friends.(in 不能放在定语从句句末)
他已经去过固安一中几次了, 在那里他有很多朋友。
(4)“复合介词短语 + 关系代词 which”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开, 定语从句常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.
他住在一所大房子里, 房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。
(5)“介词+which/ whom+不定式”结构。
The poor man has no house in which to live.
=The poor man has no house (that/which) he can live in.
=The poor man has no house in which he can live.
=The poor man has no house to live in.
那个穷人没房子住。
题组训练 单句填空
⑨(2013 辽宁, 34) He may win the competition, in which case he is likely to get into the national team.
⑩Frank's dream is to have his own garden in which to produce many beautiful flowers.
(四)几组关系词的辨析
1. 关系代词 that 和 which 的区别
(1)限制性定语从句中, 用关系代词 that 不能用 which 的情况:
1) 当先行词是不定代词 all, little, few, much, everything, anything, nothing, none, some 等时。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?
你有什么要为自己说的吗?
2)当先行词被 the only, the very (恰恰, 正好), any, every, some, no, all, few, little, much, the right, the last, just 等词修饰时。
This is the very bus that I'm waiting for.
这就是我正在等的公交车。
The only thing that we can do is(to)give you some money.
我们唯一能做的事情就是给你一些钱。
3)当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best way that has been used against pollution.
这是已经用过的抗污染的最好的办法。
This is the most interesting film that I've ever seen.
这是我曾经看过的最有趣的电影。
4)当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。
This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.
这是去苏州的最后一趟火车。
What is the first American film that you have seen?
你看过的第一部美国电影是什么?
5)当先行词既有人又有物时。
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗?
6)当主句的主语是疑问词who 或which 时。
Which is the bike that you lost?
哪辆是你丢的自行车?
Who is the boy that won the gold medal?
赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁?
7)有两个定语从句时, 其中一个关系代词宜用which, 另外一个宜用that。
They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.
他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂, 这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。
8)当先行词在主句中作表语, 而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是过去的那座城市了。
9)主句是there be 句型且关系词在从句中作主语时, 用that不用which 引导。
There is a seat in the corner that is still available.
在那个角落还有一个座位可用。
(2)当先行词指事/ 物时, 定语从句中关系代词用which 不用that 的情况:
1)在非限制性定语从句中, 只用which, 不用that。
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.
海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多, 这当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。
2)当动词短语中的介词提前时, 只用 which, 不用 that。
This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。
注意: 在一些固定搭配的动词短语中, 由于动词和介词不可分割, 因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。
This is the pen (which/ that) I'm looking for.
这是我正在寻找的那支钢笔。
不可以说: This is the pen for which I'm looking.
3)先行词后面有插入语时, 只用 which, 不用 that。
Here is the English grammar book which, as I've told you, will help you improve your English.
这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书, 它能帮你提高英语。
4)先行词本身就是 that 时, 只用 which, 不用 that。
What's that which flashed through the sky just now?
刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么?
题组训练 用关系代词that 或which 填空
[11]I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.
[12]Whenever I met her, which was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.
[13]All the presents that your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.
[14]This is the very book that I have been looking for.
[15]He was late for the opening ceremony, which was very surprising to me.
2. 关系代词as 和which 的区别
as 和 which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句, 先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分内容, 先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语, as 与which 均不可省略, 有时两者可以互换。
He married her, as/which was natural.
他跟她结婚了, 这是很自然的事。
(1)下列情况通常只用 as 而不用 which:
1)当定语从句置于主句前面时, 用 as 不用 which。
As you see, the Chinese people are hard-working.(定语从句在句首)你知道, 中国人民是勤劳的。
注意下面句子的多种表达方法:
众所周知, 月球每月绕地球转一圈。
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody.
It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
(后两句属名词性从句范畴)
题组训练 用as, it, what 填空
[16] What is known to us all is that China has the largest population in the world.
[17] It is known to us all that China has the largest population in the world.
[18] As is known to us all, China has the largest population in the world.
2)先行词作主语且定语从句为被动语态时, 通常用 as 不用 which, 从句谓语通常为: be known, be said, be reported, be announced, be mentioned 等。如果从句是主动语态, 一般用 which 作主语。
She has been absent again, as is expected.
她又缺席了, 这在预料之中。
Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy.
汤姆进步很快, 这使我很高兴。
另外, as 常用在下列习惯用语中: as(it)seems likely, as(it) often happens, as(it) was printed out, as(it) was said earlier, as I remember(it), as I understand(it), as(it) appears, as is often the case, as anybody can see, as we have expected。
Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens.
像往常一样, 杰克得了一等奖。
She has read widely in Romantic Literature, as it appears from her essay.
她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学, 这从她的文章中可以看出来。
(2)下列情况通常用 which 而不用 as:
1)关系代词代替前面主句中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语动词后有复合宾语时。
I don't think that he will come to see me, which makes me sad.
我认为他不会来看我了, 这使我伤心。
2)which 一般用作实义动词的主语, 这时它所引导的从句与主句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时。
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
汤姆一次又一次上学迟到, 这使得他的老师很生气。
3)当非限制性定语从句是否定句时。
He pretended not to know me, which I didn't understand.
他假装不认识我, 我真不明白。
4)非限制性定语从句中的be 动词不能省略时, 用which;反之用as。
Jane told me she won the match, which was a lie.
简告诉我她赢了这场比赛, 这是谎话。(was 不可省略)
As (was) planned, we met at the airport.
按照计划, 我们在机场相见了。(was 可省略)
题组训练 单句填空
[19] A lot of language learning, as has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
[20] There is no simple answer, as is often the case in science.
三、关系副词的用法
(一)当关系词在定语从句中作状语时, 要用关系副词。其中 when = 表时间的介词(如: in, at, on, during 等) + which; where = 表地点的介词(如: in, at, on, under 等) + which; why = 表原因的介词(如: for) + which。
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when= on which)
我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。
Can you tell me the office where he works? (where=in which)
你能告诉我他工作的办公室吗?
Do you know the reason why he is absent? (why=for which)
你知道他缺席的原因吗?
此外, 当先行词为 situation, case, stage, point 等, 且关系词在定语从句中作状语时, 也要用关系副词where 引导。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
题组训练 单句填空
[21] (2013 江西, 33) He wrote a letter where he explained what had happened in the accident.
[22]Sales director is a position where communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
(二)where/ when = 介词 + 关系代词(which), 有时为表达清楚, 还可以在关系副词where/when 前加介词 from/to 等。
China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spreads to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
中国是风筝的发源地吧,从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。
(三)关系副词 when, where 可用于非限制性定语从句中, 而关系副词why 不可以。
四、注意way 和time 后接定语从句的情况
1. 当先行词是way(意为“方式, 方法”)时, 引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。
What surprised me was not what he said but the way in which he said it.
What surprised me was not what he said but the way that he said it.
What surprised me was not what he said but the way (不填) he said it.
让我吃惊的不是他说的话, 而是他说话的方式。
注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同, 试比较:
The way that he explained to us was quite simple.
The way which he explained to us was quite simple.
The way (不填) he explained to us was quite simple.
他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。
The way that he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
The way in which he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
The way (不填) he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
他向我们解释句子的那种方式不难理解。
2. 先行词是 time, 若 time 作“次数”讲时, 应用关系代词 that 引导定语从句, that 可省略;若 time 作“ 一段时间” 讲且作状语时, 应用关系副词 when 或介词at/during + which 引导定语从句。
This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country. 这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。
This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.
这是在一个没有收音机、没有电话, 也没有电视的时期。
题组训练 用适当的关系代词、关系副词或“介词+关系代词”填空
[23]I don't like the way that/in which he laughs at her.
[24]This is the second time that I have been here.
[25]Can you still remember the time that/which we spent together in our childhood?
[26]The first time that he saw her, he fell in love with her.
五、定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的比较
引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词除了起连接主句和从句的作用外, 它们还有一个最重要的作用, 那就是它们分别在定语从句中作成分。具体地说, 关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语, 而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此, 在选择关系词时, 最重要的是分析一下定语从句中所缺的成分, 若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语, 那么需用关系代词;若从句中缺状语, 那么需用关系副词。
试比较下面的句子:
(1)Do you still remember the days (that/which) we spent in Qingdao? 你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗?
(2)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?
你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗?
在句(1)中, 定语从句中缺宾语, 因此可用关系代词 that/which 来引导从句, 也可省略;
在句(2)中, 定语从句中缺时间状语, 因此需用关系副词when 来引导从句。
题组训练 用that, when, why, where, which 填空
[27]I want to know the date when you were born.
[28]I have forgotten the date that/which you told me.
[29]Do you know the reason why he is absent today?
[30]That is the reason that/which I want to know.
[31] (2013 北京, 27)Many countries are now setting up national parks where animals and plants can be protected.
[32]This is the factory that/which his father built.