Oracle数据库审计概述

针对SYSDBA的审计,Oracle提供了三种技术:

1、数据库审计用户的使用的特权,执行的命令和访问的表,以及登录状态

2、使用数据库触发器对发起基于值的审计;

3、细粒度审计可以追踪到对表中哪些行进行了访问;

 

当初始化参数文件AUDIT_SYS_OPERATIONS被设置为true时,SYSDBA和SYSOPER执行的语句将被记录到操作系统的审计文件中;

标准审计

在进行数据库审计前 AUDIT_TRAIL初始化参数文件需要被设置:

  • NONE:不执行审计
  • OS:审计文件被写入到操作系统中——the Application Log on windws, or the AUDIT_FILE_DEST directory on Uinx
  • DB:审计文件被写入到数据库的数据字典表中:SYS.AUD$
  • DB_EXTENDED
  • XML
  • XML_EXXTENDED

例:

audit create any trigger; --审计所有创建触发器的操作

auditselect any table by session;

audit insert on scott.emp whenever successful;--还有一个选项是WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL;

audit allon scott.emp;

audit session whenever not successful;--对用户登录进行审计; 

--查看系统产生的审计信息

select * fromdba_audit_trail;

其他产生的审计信息的视图还包括:

DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT,DBA_AUDIT_STATEMENT, DBA_AUDIT_SESSION

 

使用触发器来对值进行审计

A database trigger is a block of PL/SQL code that wil runautomaitcally whenever in INSERT, UPDATE, OR DELETE is executed against a table.

例:

CREATE ORREPLACE TRIGGER system.creditrating_audit

AFTERUPDAT OF creditrating

ON scott.customers

REFERENCINGNEW AS NEW OLD AS OLD

FOR EACHROW

BEGIN

IF :old.creditrationg!= :new.creditrating THEN

INSERT INTO system.creditrating_audit

VALUES(sys_context('userenv','os_user'),

sys_context('userenv','ip_address'),

:new.customer_id || 'credit rating changed from' || :old.creditrating ||' to ' || :new.creditrating);

END IF;

END;

/

 

细粒度审计Fine-Grained Auditing(FGA)

FGA isconfigured with the package DBMS_FGA

sql>execute dbms_fga.add_policy(-

object_schema=>'HR',-

object_name=>'EMPLOYEES',-

policy_name=>'POL1',-

audit_condition=>'department_id=80',-

audit_column=>'SALARY');

 

DBA_AUDIT_TRIALis used for standard database auditing;

DBA_FGA_AUDIT_TRAIL:is used for fine-grained auditing;

DBA_COMMON_AUDIT_TRAIL:is used for both;

To seethe results of auditing with triggers, you must create your own views thataddress your own tables;

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