PRO-001:微信短信发送技术准备

在Python语言中,有一个微信接口模块itchat,可以用来实现微信的一些功能,本主题专门使用itchat来实现一些应用:

  1. 掌握iChat的API结构;
  2. 应用iChat的API实现用户需求;

前提:安装iChat模块

    > pip install itchat

安装过程截图:

PRO-001:微信短信发送技术准备_第1张图片
Python3.6版本下,itchat模块安装过程

一、itchat的API结构

  使用dir函数可以获取itchat中的API信息;
  代码:

  import  itchat
  print(dir(itchat))

  上述代码在python交互编程模式下,与ipython中都可以使用。
  获取的API信息如下(从ipython中拷贝的):

['Core', 'VERSION', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__spec__', '__version__', 'add_friend', 'add_member_into_chatroom', 'auto_login', 'check_login', 'components', 'config', 'configured_reply', 'content', 'core', 'create_chatroom', 'delete_member_from_chatroom', 'dump_login_status', 'get_QR', 'get_QRuuid', 'get_chatrooms', 'get_contact', 'get_friends', 'get_head_img', 'get_mps', 'get_msg', 'instanceList', 'load_login_status', 'log', 'login', 'logout', 'msg_register', 'new_instance', 'originInstance', 'returnvalues', 'revoke', 'run', 'search_chatrooms', 'search_friends', 'search_mps', 'send', 'send_file', 'send_image', 'send_msg', 'send_raw_msg', 'send_video', 'set_alias', 'set_chatroom_name', 'set_logging', 'set_pinned', 'show_mobile_login', 'start_receiving', 'storage', 'update_chatroom', 'update_friend', 'upload_file', 'utils', 'web_init']

  根据字面意思,大致也知道上述函数的作用,具体的使用可以使用help函数获取。代码如下:

  help(itchat.login)

或者

  help('itchat.login')

获取的帮助结果如下:

Help on method login in module itchat.components.login:

login(enableCmdQR=False, picDir=None, qrCallback=None, loginCallback=None, exitCallback=None) method of itchat.core.Core instance
帮助输出截图

二、itchat的使用

1. 登录/登出

(1)登录函数

def login(self, enableCmdQR=False, picDir=None, qrCallback=None, loginCallback =None, exitCallback=None):
log in like web wechat does
    for log in
        - a QR code will be downloaded and opened
        - then scanning status is logged, it paused for you confirm
        - finally it logged in and show your nickName
    for options
        - enableCmdQR: show qrcode in command line
            - integers can be used to fit strange char length
        - picDir: place for storing qrcode
        - qrCallback: method that should accept uuid, status, qrcode
        - loginCallback: callback after successfully logged in
                    - if not set, screen is cleared and qrcode is deleted
        - exitCallback: callback after logged out
                    - it contains calling of logout
    for usage
        ..code::python

            import itchat
            itchat.login()

    it is defined in components/login.py
    and of course every single move in login can be called outside
             you may scan source code to see how
        - and modified according to your own demand

  使用代码

#coding=utf-8
import  itchat
itchat.login()

  login函数执行过程中会产生一个二维码图片,more存放在login运行的当前工作目录,并且使用工具打开。

PRO-001:微信短信发送技术准备_第2张图片
login登录运行过程

在用户使用手机扫描登录前,login处于阻塞状态;等扫描登录完成,会提示登录成功。登录成功后的输出:

PRO-001:微信短信发送技术准备_第3张图片
登录成功后的输出截图

  通过设置qrCallback与loginCallback可以控制登录过程,比如使用定制二维码显示,以及登录成功后的一些定制处理。qrCallback回调在长时间没有登录的情况,会被反复调用。
同时还可以使用命令行显示二维码,命令行模式下qrCallback参数设置后无效,在命令行(或者控制台)显示二维码注意:enableCmdQR参数可以设置为True或者False,也可以是整数,整数也是True,但可以指定二维码显示的宽度,某些平台下控制台一个字符占用2个字符,可以设置为2,这样二维码显示才会正常,否则显示不是太正常。
代码:

#命令行模式
itchat.login(enableCmdQR=2,loginCallback=login_cb)

  效果:

PRO-001:微信短信发送技术准备_第4张图片
命令行二维码

  可以将enableCmdQR赋值为负值改变命令行二维码的背景与前景色。

  还有一个auto_login函数也可以实现自动登录,该函数的声明如下:

auto_login(hotReload=False, statusStorageDir='itchat.pkl', enableCmdQR=False, picDir=None, qrCallback=None, loginCallback=None, exitCallback=None)

  第一个参数是掉线后,短时间内登录,不扫描二维码。

(2)登出函数

    def logout(self):
        ''' logout
            if core is now alive
                logout will tell wechat backstage to logout
            and core gets ready for another login
            it is defined in components/login.py
        '''
        raise NotImplementedError()

(3)登录状态检测

    def check_login(self, uuid=None):
        ''' check login status
            for options:
                - uuid: if uuid is not set, latest uuid you fetched will be used
            for return values:
                - a string will be returned
                - for meaning of return values
                    - 200: log in successfully
                    - 201: waiting for press confirm
                    - 408: uuid timed out
                    - 0  : unknown error
            for processing:
                - syncUrl and fileUrl is set
                - BaseRequest is set
            blocks until reaches any of above status
            it is defined in components/login.py
        '''

  如果uuid参数为None,默认是最后一次登录的uuid。

2. 信息获取

  与操作文件系统一样,登录后,就是微信信息获取,主要是好友信息,群信息,公众号信息等。
  好友、群聊、公众号信息提供常见的操作函数:

# 函数类型 说明
1   get_XXX  获取
2   update_XXX  更新
3   search_XXX  搜索
4   add_XXX  添加
5   delete_XXX  删除
6   set_XXX  修改

  下面我们仅仅列出get_XXXX相关的函数声明。
(1)get_contact获取群聊信息
  get_contact与get_chatrooms作用一样。

def get_contact(self, update=False):
    ''' fetch part of contact
        for part
            - all the massive platforms and friends are fetched
            - if update, only starred chatrooms are fetched
        for options
            - update: if not set, local value will be returned
        for results
            - chatroomList will be returned
        it is defined in components/contact.py
    '''
    raise NotImplementedError()

(2)get_friends获取好友

def get_friends(self, update=False):
    ''' fetch friends list
        for options
            - update: if not set, local value will be returned
        for results
            - a list of friends' info dicts will be returned
        it is defined in components/contact.py
    '''
    raise NotImplementedError()

(3)get_chatrooms获取群聊

def get_chatrooms(self, update=False, contactOnly=False):
    ''' fetch chatrooms list
        for options
            - update: if not set, local value will be returned
            - contactOnly: if set, only starred chatrooms will be returned
        for results
            - a list of chatrooms' info dicts will be returned
        it is defined in components/contact.py
    '''
    raise NotImplementedError()

(4)get_mps获取公众号

def get_mps(self, update=False):
    ''' fetch massive platforms list
        for options
            - update: if not set, local value will be returned
        for results
            - a list of platforms' info dicts will be returned
        it is defined in components/contact.py
    '''
    raise NotImplementedError()

(5)获取好友,群聊、公众号的例子

  #coding=utf-8
  import  itchat
  from  itchat.storage.templates import ContactList
  itchat.auto_login()
  print(itchat.get_contact())
  print(itchat.get_chatrooms())
  print(itchat.get_friends())
  print(itchat.get_mps())

  print(type(itchat.get_contact()))
  print(type(itchat.get_chatrooms()))
  print(type(itchat.get_friends()))
  print(type(itchat.get_mps()))

  获取的好友、群聊、公众号信息如下:

PRO-001:微信短信发送技术准备_第5张图片
获取的信息输出

  获取的信息返回的都是列表,列表的类型如下:




(6)ContactList类型定义

class ContactList(list):
    ''' when a dict is append, init function will be called to format that dict '''
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(ContactList, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.__setstate__(None)
    @property
    def core(self):
        return getattr(self, '_core', lambda: fakeItchat)() or fakeItchat
    @core.setter
    def core(self, value):
        self._core = ref(value)
    def set_default_value(self, initFunction=None, contactClass=None):
        if hasattr(initFunction, '__call__'):
            self.contactInitFn = initFunction
        if hasattr(contactClass, '__call__'):
            self.contactClass = contactClass
    def append(self, value):
        contact = self.contactClass(value)
        contact.core = self.core
        if self.contactInitFn is not None:
            contact = self.contactInitFn(self, contact) or contact
        super(ContactList, self).append(contact)
    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
        r = self.__class__([copy.deepcopy(v) for v in self])
        r.contactInitFn = self.contactInitFn
        r.contactClass = self.contactClass
        r.core = self.core
        return r
    def __getstate__(self):
        return 1
    def __setstate__(self, state):
        self.contactInitFn = None
        self.contactClass = User
    def __str__(self):
        return '[%s]' % ', '.join([repr(v) for v in self])
    def __repr__(self):
        return '<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__.split('.')[-1],
            self.__str__())

ContactList继承是是内置列表类型list。

3. 好友、群聊、公众号信息处理

(1)好友、群聊、公众号信息结构定义
  实际上上面代码返回的列表中元素类型是不同的,下面可以使用代码输出:

#coding=utf-8
import  itchat
from  itchat.storage.templates import ContactList
itchat.auto_login()
list_contact=itchat.get_contact()
list_chatrooms=itchat.get_chatrooms()
list_friends=itchat.get_friends()
list_mps=itchat.get_mps()

print(type( list_contact[0]))
print(type( list_chatrooms[0]))
print(type( list_friends[0]))
print(type( list_mps[0]))

  列表中类型分别是:




(2)Chatroom信息结构
  Chatroom最上层父类是dict类型,继承结构:

class Chatroom(AbstractUserDict)
class AbstractUserDict(AttributeDict)
class AttributeDict(dict)

根据字典的特点,信息的索引主要靠key,获取其key如下:

import  itchat

from itchat.storage.templates import  Chatroom
from itchat.storage.templates import User
from itchat.storage.templates import MassivePlatform


itchat.auto_login()
list_contact=itchat.get_contact()
list_chatrooms=itchat.get_chatrooms()
list_friends=itchat.get_friends()
list_mps=itchat.get_mps()

print(list_contact[0].keys())
print(list_chatrooms[0].keys())
print(list_friends[0].keys())
print(list_mps[0].keys())

  字典keys如下:

dict_keys(['MemberList', 'Uin', 'UserName', 'NickName', 'HeadImgUrl', 'ContactFlag', 'MemberCount', 'RemarkName', 'HideInputBarFlag', 'Sex', 'Signature', 'VerifyFlag', 'OwnerUin', 'PYInitial', 'PYQuanPin', 'RemarkPYInitial', 'RemarkPYQuanPin', 'StarFriend', 'AppAccountFlag', 'Statues', 'AttrStatus', 'Province', 'City', 'Alias', 'SnsFlag', 'UniFriend', 'DisplayName', 'ChatRoomId', 'KeyWord', 'EncryChatRoomId', 'IsOwner', 'IsAdmin', 'Self'])

(3)User信息结构
  User与Chatroom基本上一样。

class User(AbstractUserDict)
class AbstractUserDict(AttributeDict)
class AttributeDict(dict)

  User是字典key如下:

dict_keys(['MemberList', 'UserName', 'City', 'DisplayName', 'PYQuanPin', 'RemarkPYInitial', 'Province', 'KeyWord', 'RemarkName', 'PYInitial', 'EncryChatRoomId', 'Alias', 'Signature', 'NickName', 'RemarkPYQuanPin', 'HeadImgUrl', 'UniFriend', 'Sex', 'AppAccountFlag', 'VerifyFlag', 'ChatRoomId', 'HideInputBarFlag', 'AttrStatus', 'SnsFlag', 'MemberCount', 'OwnerUin', 'ContactFlag', 'Uin', 'StarFriend', 'Statues', 'WebWxPluginSwitch', 'HeadImgFlag'])

(4)MassivePlatform信息结构
   MassivePlatform与Chatroom基本上一样。

class MassivePlatform(AbstractUserDict)
class AbstractUserDict(AttributeDict)
class AttributeDict(dict)

   MassivePlatform是字典key如下:

dict_keys(['MemberList', 'Uin', 'UserName', 'NickName', 'HeadImgUrl', 'ContactFlag', 'MemberCount', 'RemarkName', 'HideInputBarFlag', 'Sex', 'Signature', 'VerifyFlag', 'OwnerUin', 'PYInitial', 'PYQuanPin', 'RemarkPYInitial', 'RemarkPYQuanPin', 'StarFriend', 'AppAccountFlag', 'Statues', 'AttrStatus', 'Province', 'City', 'Alias', 'SnsFlag', 'UniFriend', 'DisplayName', 'ChatRoomId', 'KeyWord', 'EncryChatRoomId', 'IsOwner'])

  下面是用户信息的获取:

#coding=utf-8
import  itchat

itchat.auto_login()
list_friends=itchat.get_friends()

one_user=list_friends[0]
for key in one_user:
    print(key,":",one_user[key])

下面是获取的的部分用户信息:

PRO-001:微信短信发送技术准备_第6张图片
微信用户本人信息

4. 用户信息接收

  接收消息采用的是类似事件处理的注册方式,一单某个函数注册以后(注册时函数需要与某个消息类型关联),当接收到相应类型的消息,该函数就调用。
(1)消息注册的方式
  消息的注册,使用的是python的装饰器技术,装饰器的定义如下:

    def msg_register(self, msgType, isFriendChat=False, isGroupChat=False, isMpChat=False):

  参数说明:

msgType: 指定该方法用于处理的消息类型
isFriendChar: 处理好友消息
isGroupChat: 处理群消息
isMpChat: 处理公众号消息

(2)消息的类型
  其中msgType的值支持如下集中:

消息类型 类型说明
TEXT  文本
PICTURE  图片
FRIENDS  好友
CARD  名片
MAP  位置
SHARING  共享
RECORDING  语音=VOICE
ATTACHMENT  附件
VIDEO  视频
VIOCE  音频= RECORDING
NOTE  消息撤回
SYSTEM  系统

上述消息类型的定义如下:

TEXT       = 'Text'
MAP        = 'Map'
CARD       = 'Card'
NOTE       = 'Note'
SHARING    = 'Sharing'
PICTURE    = 'Picture'
RECORDING  = VOICE = 'Recording'
ATTACHMENT = 'Attachment'
VIDEO      = 'Video'
FRIENDS    = 'Friends'
SYSTEM     = 'System'

  提示:在itchat的安装库文件content.py中定义。使用的时候,需要import itchat.content,省事的import方式:

  from itchat.content import *

  下面是一段接收所有类型的信息的代码:

#coding=utf-8
import  itchat
from itchat.content import *

@itchat.msg_register(msgType=INCOME_MSG,isFriendChat=True,isGroupChat=True,isMpChat=True)
def recv_msg(msg):
    print(msg);
#登录
itchat.auto_login()
#运行
itchat.run(debug=True)
#退出登录
itchat.logout()

  获得消息显示如下:

PRO-001:微信短信发送技术准备_第7张图片
获取没有经过分析的聊天信息

5. 用户信息类型与处理

  通过注册消息处理函数,实现异步回调的方式来接收聊天信息,传递过来的消息类型是:

class 'itchat.storage.messagequeue.Message'

  Message类与上面User本质也是一个字典类型,继承结构如下:

Message-> AttributeDict->dict

class Message(AttributeDict):
class AttributeDict(dict):

  不同类型的信息,其字典keys是不同的,就是内容有差别:

dict_keys(['MsgId', 'FromUserName', 'ToUserName', 'MsgType', 'Content', 'Status', 'ImgStatus', 'CreateTime', 'VoiceLength', 'PlayLength', 'FileName', 'FileSize', 'MediaId', 'Url', 'AppMsgType', 'StatusNotifyCode', 'StatusNotifyUserName', 'RecommendInfo', 'ForwardFlag', 'AppInfo', 'HasProductId', 'Ticket', 'ImgHeight', 'ImgWidth', 'SubMsgType', 'NewMsgId', 'OriContent', 'EncryFileName', 'User', 'Type', 'Text', 'SystemInfo'])

dict_keys(['Type', 'Text', 'SystemInfo', 'FromUserName', 'ToUserName', 'User'])

  下面是一个专门接收好友文本信息的代码:

#coding=utf-8
import  itchat
from itchat.content import *

@itchat.msg_register(msgType=INCOME_MSG,isFriendChat=True,isGroupChat=False,isMpChat=False)
def recv_msg(msg):
    print(msg['Type'])
    if msg['Type'] == TEXT :
        print(msg['Text'])

#登录
itchat.auto_login()
#运行
itchat.run(debug=True)
#退出登录
itchat.logout()

  接收到信息如下:

PRO-001:微信短信发送技术准备_第8张图片
简单的用户聊天信息接收,可以根据需要做更加复杂的处理

6. 用户信息发送

  发送用户消息,有两种方式:
(1)原生消息发送

def send_raw_msg(self, msgType, content, toUserName):
    ''' many messages are sent in a common way
        for demo
            .. code:: python

                @itchat.msg_register(itchat.content.CARD)
                def reply(msg):
                    itchat.send_raw_msg(msg['MsgType'], msg['Content'], msg['FromUserName'])

        there are some little tricks here, you may discover them yourself
        but remember they are tricks
        it is defined in components/messages.py
    '''
  def send(self, msg, toUserName=None, mediaId=None):
    ''' wrapped function for all the sending functions
        for options
            - msg: message starts with different string indicates different type
                - list of type string: ['@fil@', '@img@', '@msg@', '@vid@']
                - they are for file, image, plain text, video
                - if none of them matches, it will be sent like plain text
            - toUserName: 'UserName' key of friend dict
            - mediaId: if set, uploading will not be repeated
        it is defined in components/messages.py
    '''
    raise NotImplementedError()

(2)快捷发送函数

  #发送文本
  def send_msg(self, msg='Test Message', toUserName=None)
  #发送文件
  def send_file(self, fileDir, toUserName=None, mediaId=None)
  #发送图像
  def send_image(self, fileDir, toUserName=None, mediaId=None)
  #发送视频
  def send_video(self, fileDir=None, toUserName=None, mediaId=None):

  下面简单的展示一个发动短信的例子(其他视频,语音基本上类似)。

#coding=utf-8
import  itchat
import  time

#登录
itchat.auto_login()

#根据昵称找用户
user=itchat.search_friends(nickName='赵德柱')[0]

#每隔5秒给用户发一个短信
for i in range(10):
    itchat.send_msg(msg="辣鸡短信,不必理会!",toUserName=user['UserName'])
    time.sleep(5)

#退出登录
itchat.logout()

  上面代码可以改成个人好友信息测试。


资源

  本文使用的测试代码下载地址:【 下载 】

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