05 How GOOD are you Opinion
你的意见有多好
Opinion is a word that is often used carelessly today. It is used to refer to matters of taste, belief, and judgment. This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn't attach too much importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most do attach great importance to it. "I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours" and "Everyone's entitled to his or her opinion" are common expressions. In fact, anyone who would challenge another's opinion is likely to be branded intolerant.
意见 是今天经常被粗心地使用的一个词。它被用来指品味，信仰和判断的事情。如果人们不太重视意见，这种随意使用可能会引起混淆。不幸的是，大多数人都非常重视。“我对我的看法享有的权利和你对你的看法一样多”，“每个人都有权得到他或她的意见”都是常见的表达方式。事实上，任何挑战他人意见的人都可能被打上不容忍的标签。
Is that label accurate? Is it intolerant to challenge another's opinion? It depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind. For example, you may ask a friend,"What do you think of the new Buicks?" And he may reply, "In my opinion, they're ugly." In this case, it would not only be intolerant to challenge his statement but foolish, for it's obvious that by opinion he means his personal preference, a matter of taste. And as the old saying goes, "It's pointless to argue about matters of taste."
该标签是否准确？难以质疑他人的意见吗？这取决于你心目中的意见定义。例如，你可能会问一个朋友，“你怎么看新款的别克？”他可能会回答：“在我看来，他们很丑。”在这种情况下，挑战他的陈述不仅是不宽容的，而且是愚蠢的，因为很显然，他认为他的意思是他的个人 喜好 ，一个品味。正如那句老话：“谈论品味的事情毫无意义。”
However, consider this very different use of the term. A newspaper reports that the Supreme Court has delivered its opinion in a controversial case. Obviously the justices did not state their personal preferences, their mere likes and dislikes. They stated their considered judgment,painstakingly arrived at after thorough inquiry and deliberation.
但是，考虑这个术语的这种完全不同的用法。一家报纸报道说，最高法院已经在一个有争议的案件中发表了意见。很明显，法官没有说明他们的个人偏好，他们的喜欢和不喜欢。他们表达了他们经过 深思熟虑的判断， 经过彻底深入的调查和深思熟虑之后，辛苦地到了。
Most of what is referred to as opinion falls somewhere between these two extremes. It is not an expression of taste. Nor is it careful judgment. Yet it may contain elements of both. It is a view or belief more or less casually arrived at, with or without examination of the evidence.
大部分被称为意见的事件都处于这两个极端之间。这不是品味的表达。它也不是审慎的判决。但它可能包含两者的元素。这是一种或多或少随便到达的观点或信念，无论是否经过证据的检验。
Is everyone entitled to his or her opinion? In a few country this is not only permitted but guaranteed. In Great Britain, for example, there is still a Flat Earth Society.As the name implies, the members of this organization believe that the earth is not spherical but flat. In this country, too, each of us is free to take as bizarre a position as we please about any matter we choose. When the telephone operator announces, "That'll be ninety-five cents for the first three minutes," you may respond, "No, it won't – it'll be twenty-eight cents." When the service station attendant notifies you, "Your oil is down a quart," you may reply, "Wrong – it's up three."
每个人都有权发表他或她的意见吗？在一些国家，这不仅是允许的，而且是有保证的。例如在英国，仍然有一个平面地球社会。顾名思义，这个组织的成员认为地球不是球形而是平坦的。在这个国家，我们每个人都可以随心所欲地选择我们喜欢的任何事物。当电话运营商宣布“前三分钟将达到95美分”时，你可能会回答：“不，它不会 - 它会达到二十八美分。”当加油站服务员通知你“你的石油价格下跌了一夸脱”时，你可能会回答：“错了 - 现在涨了三点。”
Being free to hold an opinion and express it does not, of course guarantee favorable consequences.The operator may hang up on you. The service station attendant may threaten you with violence.
自由表达意见并表示意见，当然不能保证有利的后果。运营商可能会挂断你电话。加油站服务员可能会以暴力威胁你。
Acting on our opinions carries even less assurance. Consider the case of the California couple who took their eleven-year-old diabetic son to a faith healer. Secure in their opinion that the man had cured the boy, they threw away his insulin. Three days later the boy died. They remained unshaken in their belief, expressing the opinion that God would raise the boy from the dead. The police arrested them, charging them with manslaughter. The law in such matters is both clear and reasonable. We are free to act on our opinions only so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others.
根据 我们的意见行动可能会更缺乏保证。考虑一下加利福尼亚夫妇的情况，他们将11岁的糖尿病儿子送给了一位信仰治疗师。在他们安心的认为这个男人治好了男孩后，他们扔掉了他的胰岛素。三天后，这个男孩去世了。他们仍然坚信自己的信念，表达了上帝会将这个男孩从死里复活的观点。警方逮捕了他们，并对他们判定过失杀人罪。这方面的法律既清楚又合理。只有在我们表达行动我们自己看法不伤害别人的前提下才可以自由。
OPINIONS CAN BE MISTAKEN
意见有可能是错的
It is tempting to conclude that, if we are free to believe something, it must have some validity. That, however, is not the case. Free societies are based on the wise observation that people have an inalienable right to think their own thoughts and make their own choices. But this fact in no way suggests that the thoughts they think and the choices they make will be reasonable.
我们很容易得出这样的结论：如果我们可以自由地相信某件事情，那它肯定有一定的效力。但是，情况并非如此。自由社会的基础是明智的观察，即人们有不可剥夺的权利来思考自己的想法并作出自己的选择。但是，这一事实决不表明他们的想法和他们做出的选择是合理的。
Evidence that opinions can be mistaken is all around us. The weekend drinker often has the opinion that as long as he doesn't drink during the week, he is not an alcoholic. The person who continues driving with the oil light flashing on the dashboard may have the opinion that the problem being signaled can wait until next month's service appointment. The student who quits school at age sixteen may have the opinion that an early entry into the job market ultimately improves job security. Yet however deeply and sincerely such opinions are held, they are wrong.
意见可能是错误的证据在我们身边比比皆是。周末的饮酒者经常认为，只要他在一周内不喝酒，他就不是酒鬼。在仪表板上闪着油光的情况下继续驾驶的人可能会认为发出信号的问题可能可以等到下个月的服务预约。在十六岁时退学的学生可能会认为早日进入就业市场最终会提高工作保障。然而，无论这种观点如何深刻和真诚，都是错误的。
Research shows that people can be mistaken even when they are making a special effort to judge objectively. Sometimes their errors are caused by considerations to subtle they are unaware of them. For example, before Taster's Choice coffee was introduced,it was tested and sampled with three different labels – brown, yellow, and red.People who sampled the coffee in the container with the brown label reported that it was too strong and kept them awake at night. People who sampled the yellow-labeled coffee found it weak and watery. Those who sampled the red-labeled coffee judged it just the right strength and delicious. All this even though the coffee in all the jars was exactly the same.The people had been subconsciously influenced by the color of the label!
研究表明，即使客观地做出特殊的判断，人们也可能会犯错。有时他们的错误是由于微妙的考虑而引起的，他们不知道它们。例如，在推出Taster's Choice咖啡之前，它已经过三种不同的标签 - 棕色，黄色和红色的测试和采样。那些在带有棕色标签的容器中抽取咖啡的人报告说，它过于强壮并且在晚上保持清醒。抽样了黄色标签的咖啡的人发现它微弱而且含水。那些抽取红色标签的咖啡的人认为这是正确的力量和美味。尽管所有罐子里的咖啡都是一模一样的。 人们已经潜意识地被标签的颜色所影响！
EVEN EXPERTS CAN BE WRONG
即使专家也可能是错误的
History records numerous occasions when the expert opinion has been the wrong opinion.In ancient times the standard medical opinion was that headaches were caused by demons inside the skull. The accepted treatment ranged opening the skull to let the demons out to giving medicines derived from cow's brain and goat dung. (The American Indians preferred beaver testicles.)
专家意见也会出错误，这样的历史记录很多。在古代，标准的医学观点是头痛是由头骨内的恶魔引起的。被接受的治疗包括打开头骨让恶魔跑出来，从牛脑和山羊粪中提取药物。（美洲印第安人喜欢海狸睾丸。）
When the idea of inoculating people against such diseases as smallpox first arrived in the colonies in the early 1900s, most authorities regarded it as nonsense. Among them were Benjamin Franklin and a number of the men who later founded Harvard Medical School. Against the authorities stood a relatively unknown man who didn't even have a medical degree, Zabdiel Boylston, whose opinion was proved right? Not the experts' but Zabdiel Boylston's.
当人们接种人类抗天花等疾病的想法首次在20世纪初抵达殖民地时，大多数权威都认为这是无稽之谈。其中有本杰明富兰克林和一些后来成立哈佛医学院的男子。反对权威的是一个相对来说还不知名的男人，他甚至没有医学学位，Zabdiel Boylston，他的观点被证明是正确的？不是专家正确，而是Zabdiel Boylston的。
In 1890 a Nobel prize-winning bacteriologist, Dr. Robert Koch, reported that he had found a substance that would cure tuberculosis. When it was injected into patients,though, it was found to cause further illness and even death.
1890年，一位诺贝尔奖得主细菌学家罗伯特科赫博士报告说，他发现了一种治疗结核病的物质。然而，当它被注射到患者体内时，发现会导致进一步的疾病甚至死亡。
In 1904 psychologist G. Stanley Hall expressed his professional opinion that when women engage in strenuous mental activity, particularly with men, they experience a loss of mammary function and interest in motherhood, as well as decreased fertility. If they subsequently have children, the children will tend to be sickly.
1904年，心理学家斯坦利·霍尔（G. Stanley Hall）表达了他的专业观点，即当妇女进行剧烈的心理活动时，特别是和男性一起，她们经历了对母亲的乳房功能和兴趣丧失，以及生育力下降。如果他们随后有孩子，孩子会患病。
Between 1919 and 1922 the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City bought seventeen gold vessels that experts determined were authentic treasures from a 3,500-year-old Egyptian tomb. In 1982 they were discovered to be twentieth-century fakes.
1919年至1922年间，纽约市大都会艺术博物馆购买了17艘金器，专家认定这些器皿是来自一座拥有3，500年历史的埃及古墓的真品。1982年，他们被发现是二十世纪的假货。
In 1928 a drug called thorotrast was developed and used to outline certain organs of the body so that clearer X rays could be taken. Nineteen years later, doctors learned that even small doses of the drug caused cancer.
1928年，一种名为thorotrast（二氧化钍）的药物被开发出来，用于勾画身体的某些器官，以便拍摄更清晰的X射线。十九年后，医生们得知即使是小剂量的这个药物也会引起癌症。
In 1959 a sedative called thalidomide was placed on the market. Many physicians prescribed it for pregnant women. Then, when a large number of babies were born deformed, medical authorities realized that thalidomide was to blame.
1959年，一种名为沙利度胺的镇静剂被投放市场。许多医生为孕妇处方这个药。然后，当大量婴儿出生畸形时，医疗机构意识到沙利度胺是应该负责的。
Psychiatrists of ten agree on the symptoms of particular mental disorders and have little difficulty reaching very similar professional opinions about particular cases. In some cases, however, those opinions may not be completely trustworthy. One man,Garrett Trapnell, has committed numerous crimes without ever spending a day in prison. His secret? He learned how to fool psychiatrists by playing the role of a paranoid schizophrenic, getting judged incompetent and assigned to mental institution, and then escaping. When he revealed his trickery, of course, some psychiatrist claimed he really was insane and his story merely sounded believable. But soon afterward the possibility that he was correct was underlined when three men and five women conducted an experiment to determine whether the sane could be distinguished from the insane in psychiatric hospitals. They succeeded in faking symptoms of mental disorders and were admitted to a number of mental hospitals in five eastern and western states.
精神科医生经常就特定精神障碍的症状达成一致意见，并且很难就特定病例达成非常相似的专业意见。然而，在某些情况下，这些意见可能不完全可信。一个人，Garrett Trapnell犯下了无数罪行，却从未在狱中度过一天的时间。他的秘密？他学会了如何通过扮演偏执型精神分裂症的角色来愚弄精神病学家，使其被判定为无能，并被分配到精神病院，然后逃跑。当他揭示他的诡计时，当然，一些精神病学家声称他确实疯了，他的故事听起来只是不可信的。但不久之后，当三名男性和五名女性进行了一项实验，以确定精神病医院中的精神正常病人是否能够与精神病患者区别开来时，他认为Garrett Trapnell是正确的可能性得到了强调。他们成功伪造了精神障碍症状，并被五个东部和西部州的一些精神病院接纳。
KINDS OF ERROR
错误的种类
There are four general kinds of error that can corrupt anyone's opinions. Francis Bacon classified them as follows: (1) errors or tendencies to error common among all people by virtue of their being human, (2) errors that come from human communication and the limitations of language, (3) errors in the general fashion or attitude of an age, (4) errors posed to an individual by a particular situation.
有四种常见的错误会破坏任何人的意见。弗朗西斯培根将它们分类如下：（1）所有人因为他们是人类而在共同的错误中出现的错误或倾向;（2）来自人类交流和语言限制的错误;（3）以一般方式出现的错误;一个年龄的态度，（4）特定情况下对个人造成的错误。
Some people, of course, are more prone to errors than others. John Locke observed that these people fall into three groups. He described them as follows:
当然，有些人比其他人更容易犯错误。约翰洛克观察到这些人分为三组。他描述如下：
Those who seldom reason at all,but think and act as those around them do – parents, neighbors, the clergy, or anyone else they admire and respect. Such people want to avoid the difficulty that accompanies thinking of themselves.
那些很少进行推理思考，而是想象和行动像他们周围的人们 - 父母，邻居，神职人员，或他们所敬仰和尊重的任何人。这样的人想要避免自己思考的困难。
Those who are determined to let passion rather than reason govern their lives. Those people are influenced only by reasoning that supports their prejudices.
那些决心让激情胜过理性决定他们的生活的人。这些人只受到支持他们偏见的推理的影响。
Those who sincerely follow reason,but lack sound, overall good sense, and so do not look at all sides of an issue. They tend to talk with one type of person, read one type of book, and so are exposed to only one viewpoint.
那些真诚追随理性，但缺乏健全的感觉的人，而且还不看问题的各个方面。他们倾向于与一种类型的人谈话，阅读一种类型的书，因此仅暴露于一种观点。
To Locke's list we should add one more type – people who never bother to reexamine an opinion once it has been formed. These people are often the most error-prone of all, for they forfeit all opportunity to correct mistaken opinions when new evidence arises.
对于洛克的名单，我们应该增加一种类型 - 即一旦形成意愿就再也不会重新审视意见的人。这些人往往是最容易出错的人，因为当新证据出现时，他们会放弃纠正错误观点的一切机会。
INFORMED VERSUS UNINFORMED OPINION
通知的和未通知的意见
If experts can, like the rest of us, be wrong, why are their views more highly valued than the views of nonexperts? Many people wonder about this, and some conclude that it is a waste of time to consult the experts. Let's look at some situation and see if this conclusion is reasonable.
如果像我们其他人一样，专家们可能会错，为什么他们的观点比非专业人士的观点更有价值？许多人对此感到疑惑，有些人得出结论认为咨询专家是浪费时间。我们来看看一些情况，看看这个结论是否合理。
What are the effects of hashish on those who smoke it? We could ask a person who never saw or smelled it, let alone smoked it. It would, of course, make better sense to get the opinion of a smoker or to take a poll of a large number of smokers. Better still would be the opinion of one or more trained observers, research scientists who have conducted studies of the effects of hashish smoking. (At least one such group, a team of army doctors, has found that heavy use of hashish leads to severe lung damage. Also, if the smoker is predisposed to schizophrenia, it can cause long-lasting episodes of that disorder.)
大麻对那些吸大麻的人有什么影响？我们可以问一个从未见过或闻过它的人，更不用说抽它了。当然，获得吸烟者的意见或对大量吸烟者进行民意测验会更有意义。更好的是一个或多个 受过训练的 观察员，即研究大麻吸食影响的研究科学家的意见。 （至少有一个这样的团队，军队医生团队发现大量使用大麻会导致严重的肺损伤，而且，如果吸大麻者易患精神分裂症，则可能导致该病的长期持续发作。）
A giant quasar is positioned on what may be the edge of our universe, 10 billion light years away from us. (To calculate the distance in miles, just multiply the speed of light,186,000 miles per second, times the number of seconds in a day, 86,400; net, multiply that answer times the number of days in a year, 365; finally, multiply that answer by 10,000,000,000.) The pinpoint of light viewed by the astronomers has been streaking through space for all those years and has just reached us. The quasar may very well have ceased to exist millions and millions of years ago. Did it? It may take millions and millions of years before we can say. If we wanted to find out more about this quasar or about quasars in general, we could stop someone on a street corner and ask about it,and that person would be free to offer an opinion. But it would be more sensible to ask an astronomer.
一个巨型类星体位于我们距离我们100亿光年的宇宙边缘。 （要计算以英里为单位的距离，只需将光速186,000英里每秒乘以一天中的秒数86,400;将该答案乘以一年中的天数365;最后乘以那就回答了1亿个。）天文学家所看到的光线在这些年里一直在空间中徘徊，刚刚到达了我们。类星体很可能已 不复存在 数百万年前。是么？我们可以说，可能需要数百万年。如果我们想了解更多关于这个类星体或者一般类星体的信息，我们可以拦住某个街角的人询问它，并且该人可以自由发表意见。但如果问一位天文学家会更明智。
Can a whale communicate with another whale? If so, how far can he transmit his message?Would our auto mechanic have an opinion on this matter? Perhaps. And so might our grocer, dentist, banker. But no matter how intelligent these people are,chances are their opinions about whales are not very well informed. The people whose opinions would be valuable would be those who have done some research with whales. (They would tell us that the humpback whales can make a variety of sounds. In addition to clicking noises, they make creaking and ganging and squeaking noises. They've been found to make these sounds for as long as several minutes at a time, at an intensity of 100 to 110 decibels, and for a distance of 25,000 miles.)
鲸鱼可以与另一只鲸鱼交流吗？如果是的话，他可以传送多少信息？我们的汽车修理工会对这个问题有意见吗？也许。我们的杂货店，牙医，银行家也是如此。但是不管这些人有多聪明，他们对鲸鱼的看法都不是很了解。那些认为有价值的人会是那些与鲸鱼做过一些研究的人。 （他们会告诉我们座头鲸可以发出各种各样的声音，除了点击声音之外，它们还会发出吱吱声，gang and声和吱吱嘎嘎的声音，他们已经发现这些声音的时间长达几分钟，强度为100到110分贝，距离为25,000英里。）
Similar examples could be cited from every field of knowledge: from antique collecting to ethics, from art to criminology. All would support the same view: that by examining the opinions of informed people before making up our minds, we broaden our perspective, see details we might not see by ourselves, and consider facts we would otherwise be unaware of. No one can know everything about everything;there is simply not enough time to learn. Consulting those who have given their special attention to the field of knowledge in question is therefore not a mark of dependence or irresponsibility but of efficiency and good sense.
类似的例子可以从各个知识领域引用：从古董收藏到伦理学，从艺术到犯罪学。所有人都会支持同样的观点：通过在下决定之前考察知情人的意见，我们拓宽了观点，查看了我们自己可能看不到的细节，并考虑了我们本来不知道的事实。没有人能够知道关于一切的一切; 因为没有足够的时间学习。因此，咨询那些特别关注有关知识领域的人，不是一种依赖或不负责任的标志，而是效率和合理的标志。
FORMING SOUND OPINIONS
形成有影响力的意见
It's natural for us to form opinions. We are constantly receiving sensory impressions and responding to them, first on the level of feelings, then on the level of thought. Even if we wanted to escape having opinions, we couldn't. nor should we want to. One of the things that makes human beings vastly more complex and interesting than trees or cows is their ability to form opinions.
我们很自然地形成意见。我们不断地接受感官印象并对它们作出反应，首先是感觉，然后是思考。即使我们想逃避意见，我们也不能。我们也不应该。使人类比树木或牛更加复杂和有趣的事情之一是他们形成意见的能力。
This ability has two sides, however, it can either lift us to wisdom or topple us to absurdity. Here are three helpful tips to ensure that your opinions will be sound:
这种能力有两面性，它可以使我们转向智慧，也可以把我们推向荒谬。这里有三个有用的提示，以确保您的意见是正确的：
Base your opinions on careful observation rather than on habit or impulse. In particular, use your critical thinking skills in forming them. From time to time, reexamine old opinions in the light of new knowledge. If you find that an opinion is no longer reasonable, modify it accordingly. Do not mistake familiarity for soundness. Once you've formed an opinion, it's bound to seem solid to you – the very act of forming it shapes it to your outlook. The test to apply is not how comfortable you feel having the opinion but how well it fits the reality it is supposed to represent.
将您的意见建立在仔细观察而不是习惯或冲动的基础上。特别是运用你的批判性思维技巧来形成它们。根据新的知识，不时重新审视旧的观点。如果您发现意见不合理，请相应修改。不要误解熟悉性就是有影响力。一旦你形成了一个观点，它肯定会对你有用 - 形成它的过程会塑造你的观点。检验他是否实际并不是你觉得有多么舒服，而是它与它应该代表的实际相符合程度。
APPLICATIONS
应用
Read the following dialogue carefully. Then decide whether anything said violates the ideas in the chapter. Identify any erroneous notions and explain in your own words how they are in error:
仔细阅读以下对话。然后决定是否有任何说法违反了本章的观点。找出任何错误的概念，并用自己的话来解释他们的错误：
Fred: There was this discussion in class today that really bugged me.
弗雷德 ：今天在课堂上进行的这个讨论确实给我带来了困扰。
Art: Yeah? What was it about?
艺术 ：是吗？这是关于什么的？
Fred: Teenage sex. The question was whether having sex whenever we please with whomever we please is harmful to teenagers. Some people said yes. Others said it depends on the circumstances.
弗雷德 ：青少年性。问题是是否只要我们满意地与任何我们喜欢的人发生性行为对青少年是有害的。有人说是的。其他人则表示这取决于具体情况。
Art: What did you say?
艺术 ：你怎么说的？
Fred: I said it doesn't do any harm to anybody, that parents use that story to scare us. Then the teacher asked me what evidence I had to back up my idea.
弗雷德 ：我说这对任何人都没有坏处，父母用这个故事来吓唬我们。然后老师问我有什么证据来支持我的想法。
Art: What did you tell him?
艺术 ：你告诉他什么？
Fred: I said I didn't need any evidence because it's my opinion. Sex is a personal matter, I said, and I've got a right to think anything I want about it. My opinions are as good as anybody else's.
弗雷德 ：我说我不需要任何证据，因为这是我的看法。我说，性是一个私人问题，我有权利想到我想要的任何事情。我的意见和其他人一样好。
2、Think of an instance in which you or someone you know formed an opinion that later proved incorrect. State the opinion and explain in what way it was incorrect.
想一想你或你认识的人形成了一个后来证明不正确的观点。陈述意见并以何种方式解释它是不正确的。
3、Each of the following issues is controversial – that is, it tends to excite strong disagreement among people. State and support your opinion about each issue, applying what you learned in this chapter.
以下每一个问题都是有争议的 - 也就是说，它往往会激起人们之间的强烈不同意见。陈述并支持你对每个问题的看法，运用你在本章中学到的知识。
In divorce cases, what guidelines should the courts use in deciding which parent gets custody of the children?
在离婚案件中，法院应该使用哪些指导方针来决定哪一方获得抚养权？
Until what age should children be spanked (if indeed they should be spanked at all)?
到什么年龄儿童应该挨打（如果确实应该打屁股）？
Should the minimum drinking age be sixteen in all states?
所有州的最低饮酒年龄应该是16岁？
In what situation, if any, should the United States make the first strike with nuclear weapons?
在什么情况下，美国是否应该用核武器进行第一次打击？
Do evil spirits exist? If so, can they influence people's actions?
邪灵是否存在？如果是这样，他们能影响人们的行为吗？
Does the end ever justify the means?
结果是否有理由证明手段？
4、A high school junior invited his thirty-five-year-old neighbor, the mother of four children, to his prom. The woman was married and her husband approved of the date. However, the school board ruled that the boy would be denied admission to the dance if he took her. What your opinion of the board's decision?
一名高三学生邀请他的三十五岁邻居 - 四个孩子的母亲参加他的舞会。该女士已婚并且她的丈夫批准了该约会。然而，校董事会裁定，如果他带这个母亲出席，他将被拒绝参加舞会。你对董事会的决定有何看法？
5、Group discussion exercise: Read the following dialogue carefully. Then discuss it with two or three of your classmates. Determine which opinion of the issue is more reasonable. Be sure to base your decision on evidence rather than mere preference.
小组讨论练习：仔细阅读以下对话。然后与你的两个或三个同学讨论。确定哪个问题的意见更合理。一定要以你的决定为依据，而不仅仅是偏好
Background Note: A Rochester, New York Lawyer has issued a court challenge to the practice of charging women half-price for drinks during"ladies' nights" at bars. He argues that the practice is a form of sex discrimination against men.
背景说明：纽约罗切斯特律师事务所已向法院提出起诉，在酒吧里的规定在女士夜夜晚向女士收取半价饮料。他认为，这种做法是对男人的一种歧视形式。
Henrietta: That lawyer must be making a joke against feminism. He can't be serious.
Henrietta ：那位律师必须开玩笑反对女权主义。他不是认真的。
Burt: Why not? It's clearly a case of discrimination.
伯特 ：为什么不呢？这显然是一种歧视。
Henrietta: Look, we both know why ladies' nights are scheduled in bars: as a gimmick to attract customers. The women flock to the bars to get cheap drinks, and the men flock there because the women are there.It's no different from other gimmicks, such as mud-wrestling contests and"two for the price of one" cocktail hours.
亨丽埃塔 ：看，我们都知道为什么女士们的夜晚会安排在酒吧里：作为吸引顾客的噱头。女人们涌入酒吧喝便宜的饮料，男人们聚集在那里，因为女人们在那里。这与其他噱头没有什么不同，比如摔跤比赛和“两个选一个鸡尾酒”的鸡尾酒时间一样。
Burt: Sorry, Hank. It's very different from two-for-one cocktail hours, where a person of either sex can buy a cocktail at the same price. Ladies' nights set a double standard based on sex and that's sex discrimination, pure and simple.
伯特 ：对不起，汉克。这与两对一的鸡尾酒时间非常不同，在这两个鸡尾酒小时，任何一个人都可以以相同的价格购买鸡尾酒。女士之夜设定了基于性别的双重标准，这就是纯粹和简单的性别歧视。
Henrietta: so now you're a great foe of discrimination. How come you're not complaining that men haven't got an equal opportunity to participate half-naked in mud-wrestling contest? And why aren'tyou protesting the fact that women are paid less for doing the same jobs men do? You're a phony, Burt, and you make me sick.
亨丽埃塔 ：所以现在你是一个性别歧视的伟大敌人。你怎么不抱怨男人没有平等的机会参加半裸的泥巴比赛？你为什么不抗议女性为男性做同样的工作而付出更少的报酬呢？你是个虚假的人，伯特，你让我恶心。
Burt: Name calling is not a sign of a strong intellect. And why you should get so emotional over some lawyer's protest, I can't imagine. I guess it goes to show that women are more emotional than men.
伯特 ：人身攻击并不是强大智力的标志。为什么你对一些律师的抗议感到如此激动，我无法想象。我想这表明女性比男性更感性。
今天生词150个
有一段关于精神病被利用逃脱法律责任的例子刚好跟少文老师书中的例子一致。很多中文熟悉的表达发现了英文表达。
逐渐在学习逻辑上找到了兴趣和好的反馈。
这个系列是对超越感觉：批判性思考指南 07版做的翻译练习，如果觉得有帮助可以点链接购买第九版中文，英文原版在这里Beyond Feelings：A Guide to Critical Thinking （英语）