英语学习笔记：2016-06-27

这几天总看到 Brexit 这个词，查了一下语源^[1]：

A blend of British, or Britain, and exit, this term dates back to 2012. The form Brixit appeared in Bagehot’s notebook on British politics, in The Economist of 21st June:

A Brixit looms

MY PRINT column this week considers the political implications in Britain of the deepening euro crisis:
[...]
The chances of Britain leaving the EU in the next few years are higher than they have ever been. A Brixit looms for several reasons.

But the form Brexit had been used in a tweet sent on 15th May by British Influence, a think tank that advocates a more active role for Britain in Europe and in the world:

Stumbling towards the Brexit – Britain, a referendum and an ever-closer reckoning

Brexit, or Brixit, was probably coined on the pattern of the earlier Grexit, a blend of Greek, or Greece, and exit, meaning the potential withdrawal of Greece from the eurozone (the economic region formed by those countries in the European Union that use the euro as their national currency).

Grexit was coined by Ebrahim Rahbari and Willem H. Buiter, economists at Citigroup Inc., an American multinational investment banking and financial services corporation, in Rising Risks of Greek Euro Area Exit (6th February 2012):

We raise our estimate of the likelihood of Greek exit from the eurozone (or ‘Grexit’) to 50% over the next 18 months from earlier estimates of ours which put it at 25-30%.

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上周分享的时候被指出最早去美国的那批英国人是清教徒（Puritans），而不是新教徒（Protestants），所以补充一下这块的知识：

The Puritans were never a formally defined sect or religious division within Protestantism, and the term "Puritan" itself was rarely used to describe people after the turn of the 18th century. Some Puritan ideals became incorporated into the Church of England, such as the formal rejection of Roman Catholicism; some fell out of favor, such as the beliefs in demonic possession; some were absorbed into the many Protestant sects that emerged in the late 17th and early 18th centuries in the Americas and Britain. The Congregationalist tradition, widely considered to be a part of the Reformed tradition, claims descent from the Puritans.

然后去美国的五月花号的船员属于分离派清教徒（Pilgrims），用清教徒的描述也不是很确切：

Some Puritans are known as "non-separating Puritans": those who were not satisfied with the Reformation of the Church of England but who remained within it, advocating further reforms. This group disagreed among themselves about how much further reformation was possible or even necessary. Some thought that the Church of England was so corrupt that true Christians should separate from it altogether; they are known as "separating Puritans" or simply "Separatists". The term "Puritan" in the wider sense includes both groups. Separatists had no particular Church title. Many of the Mayflower Pilgrims were referred to only as Separatists.

The Puritans were a group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries, which sought to purify the Church of England of what they considered to be Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the church was only partially reformed. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some of the returning clergy exiled under Mary I shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England.

总而言之：到美国的 Pilgrims 属于 Puritans（也就是 separating Puritans），而 Puritans 属于 Protestants

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以前听说过哲学的三大分类是：形而上学、认知论、价值论，但是 wikipedia 上的分类则是：

• Metaphysics and epistemology
• Value theory
• Science, logic and mathematics
• History of Western philosophy
• Philosophical traditions

有一个非常长的分类清单：http://consc.net/taxonomy.html 可以暂时当手册用

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1. http://wordhistories.com/2016/02/19/brexit/ ↩