通常情况下,如果我们想要使用 RxJava 首先会想到的是使用Observable,如果要考虑到Backpressure的情况,在 RxJava2.x 时代我们会使用Flowable。除了Observable和Flowable之外,在 RxJava2.x 中还有三种类型的Observables:Single、Completable、Maybe。
类型 | 描述 |
---|---|
Observable |
能够发射0或n个数据,并以成功或错误事件终止。 |
Flowable |
能够发射0或n个数据,并以成功或错误事件终止。 支持Backpressure,可以控制数据源发射的速度。 |
Single |
只发射单个数据或错误事件。 |
Completable | 它从来不发射数据,只处理 onComplete 和 onError 事件。可以看成是Rx的Runnable。 |
Maybe |
能够发射0或者1个数据,要么成功,要么失败。有点类似于Optional |
从上面的表格可以看出,这五种被观察者类型中只有Flowable能支持Backpressure,如果有需要Backpressure的情况,还是必须要使用Flowable。
Single
从SingleEmitter的源码可以看出,Single 只有 onSuccess 和 onError 事件。
/**
* Copyright (c) 2016-present, RxJava Contributors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
* compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is
* distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
* the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
*/
package io.reactivex;
import io.reactivex.annotations.*;
import io.reactivex.disposables.Disposable;
import io.reactivex.functions.Cancellable;
/**
* Abstraction over an RxJava {@link SingleObserver} that allows associating
* a resource with it.
*
* All methods are safe to call from multiple threads.
*
* Calling onSuccess or onError multiple times has no effect.
*
* @param the value type to emit
*/
public interface SingleEmitter {
/**
* Signal a success value.
* @param t the value, not null
*/
void onSuccess(@NonNull T t);
/**
* Signal an exception.
* @param t the exception, not null
*/
void onError(@NonNull Throwable t);
/**
* Sets a Disposable on this emitter; any previous Disposable
* or Cancellation will be unsubscribed/cancelled.
* @param s the disposable, null is allowed
*/
void setDisposable(@Nullable Disposable s);
/**
* Sets a Cancellable on this emitter; any previous Disposable
* or Cancellation will be unsubscribed/cancelled.
* @param c the cancellable resource, null is allowed
*/
void setCancellable(@Nullable Cancellable c);
/**
* Returns true if the downstream cancelled the sequence.
* @return true if the downstream cancelled the sequence
*/
boolean isDisposed();
}
其中,onSuccess()用于发射数据(在Observable/Flowable中使用onNext()来发射数据)。而且只能发射一个数据,后面即使再发射数据也不会做任何处理。
Single的SingleObserver中只有onSuccess、onError,并没有onComplete。这是 Single 跟其他四种被观察者最大的区别。
Single.create(new SingleOnSubscribe() {
@Override
public void subscribe(@NonNull SingleEmitter e) throws Exception {
e.onSuccess("test");
}
}).subscribe(new Consumer() {
@Override
public void accept(@NonNull String s) throws Exception {
System.out.println(s);
}
}, new Consumer() {
@Override
public void accept(@NonNull Throwable throwable) throws Exception {
throwable.printStackTrace();
}
});
上面的代码,由于Observer中有两个Consumer,还可以进一步简化成
Single.create(new SingleOnSubscribe() {
@Override
public void subscribe(@NonNull SingleEmitter e) throws Exception {
e.onSuccess("test");
}
}).subscribe(new BiConsumer() {
@Override
public void accept(String s, Throwable throwable) throws Exception {
System.out.println(s);
}
});
Single 可以通过toXXX方法转换成Observable、Flowable、Completable以及Maybe。
Completable
Completable在创建后,不会发射任何数据。从CompletableEmitter的源码可以看到
/**
* Copyright (c) 2016-present, RxJava Contributors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
* compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is
* distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
* the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
*/
package io.reactivex;
import io.reactivex.annotations.*;
import io.reactivex.disposables.Disposable;
import io.reactivex.functions.Cancellable;
/**
* Abstraction over an RxJava {@link CompletableObserver} that allows associating
* a resource with it.
*
* All methods are safe to call from multiple threads.
*
* Calling onComplete or onError multiple times has no effect.
*/
public interface CompletableEmitter {
/**
* Signal the completion.
*/
void onComplete();
/**
* Signal an exception.
* @param t the exception, not null
*/
void onError(@NonNull Throwable t);
/**
* Sets a Disposable on this emitter; any previous Disposable
* or Cancellation will be disposed/cancelled.
* @param d the disposable, null is allowed
*/
void setDisposable(@Nullable Disposable d);
/**
* Sets a Cancellable on this emitter; any previous Disposable
* or Cancellation will be disposed/cancelled.
* @param c the cancellable resource, null is allowed
*/
void setCancellable(@Nullable Cancellable c);
/**
* Returns true if the downstream disposed the sequence.
* @return true if the downstream disposed the sequence
*/
boolean isDisposed();
}
Completable 只有 onComplete 和 onError 事件,同时 Completable 并没有map、flatMap等操作符,它的操作符比起 Observable/Flowable 要少得多。
我们可以通过fromXXX操作符来创建一个Completable。这是一个Completable版本的Hello World。
Completable.fromAction(new Action() {
@Override
public void run() throws Exception {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}).subscribe();
Completable 经常会结合andThen操作符
Completable.create(new CompletableOnSubscribe() {
@Override
public void subscribe(@NonNull CompletableEmitter emitter) throws Exception {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
emitter.onComplete();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
emitter.onError(e);
}
}
}).andThen(Observable.range(1, 10))
.subscribe(new Consumer() {
@Override
public void accept(@NonNull Integer integer) throws Exception {
System.out.println(integer);
}
});
在这里emitter.onComplete()执行完之后,表明Completable已经完全执行完毕,接下来是执行andThen里的操作。
打印结果如下:
1
2
3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
在Completable中,andThen有多个重载的方法,正好对应了五种被观察者的类型。
Completable andThen(CompletableSource next)
Maybe andThen(MaybeSource next)
Observable andThen(ObservableSource next)
Flowable andThen(Publisher next)
Single andThen(SingleSource next)
Completable 也可以通过toXXX方法转换成Observable、Flowable、Single以及Maybe。
在网络操作中,如果遇到更新的情况,也就是Restful架构中的PUT操作,一般要么返回原先的对象要么只提示更新成功。下面两个接口使用了Retrofit,分别是用于获取短信验证码和更新用户信息,其中更新用户信息如果用PUT会更符合Restful的API。
/**
* 获取短信验证码
* @param param
* @return
*/
@POST("v1/user-auth")
Completable getVerificationCode(@Body VerificationCodeParam param);
/**
* 用户信息更新接口
* @param param
* @return
*/
@POST("v1/user-update")
Completable update(@Body UpdateParam param);
在model类中大致会这样写。
/**
* Created by Tony Shen on 2017/7/24.
*/
public class VerificationCodeModel extends HttpResponse {
/**
* 获取验证码
* @param activity
* @param param
* @return
*/
public Completable getVerificationCode(AppCompatActivity activity, VerificationCodeParam param) {
return apiService
.getVerificationCode(param)
.compose(RxJavaUtils.completableToMain())
.compose(RxLifecycle.bind(activity).toLifecycleTransformer());
}
}
特别要注意的是getVerificationCode返回的是Completable而不是Completable
获取验证码成功则给出相应地toast提示,失败可以做出相应地处理。
VerificationCodeModel model = new VerificationCodeModel();
model.getVerificationCode(RegisterActivity.this,param)
.subscribe(new Action() {
@Override
public void run() throws Exception {
showShort(RegisterActivity.this,"发送验证码成功");
}
},new RxException(){
@Override
public void accept(@NonNull Throwable throwable) throws Exception {
throwable.printStackTrace();
......
}
});
Maybe
Maybe 是 RxJava2.x 之后才有的新类型,可以看成是Single和Completable的结合。
Maybe创建之后,MaybeEmitter 和 SingleEmitter 一样并没有onNext()方法,同样需要通过onSuccess()方法来发射数据。
Maybe.create(new MaybeOnSubscribe() {
@Override
public void subscribe(@NonNull MaybeEmitter e) throws Exception {
e.onSuccess("testA");
}
}).subscribe(new Consumer() {
@Override
public void accept(@NonNull String s) throws Exception {
System.out.println("s="+s);
}
});
打印出来的结果是
s=testA
Maybe也只能发射0或者1个数据,即使发射多个数据,后面发射的数据也不会处理。
Maybe.create(new MaybeOnSubscribe() {
@Override
public void subscribe(@NonNull MaybeEmitter e) throws Exception {
e.onSuccess("testA");
e.onSuccess("testB");
}
}).subscribe(new Consumer() {
@Override
public void accept(@NonNull String s) throws Exception {
System.out.println("s="+s);
}
});
打印出来的结果仍然是
s=testA
跟第一次执行的结果是一致的。
如果MaybeEmitter先调用了onComplete(),即使后面再调用了onSuccess()也不会发射任何数据。
Maybe.create(new MaybeOnSubscribe() {
@Override
public void subscribe(@NonNull MaybeEmitter e) throws Exception {
e.onComplete();
e.onSuccess("testA");
}
}).subscribe(new Consumer() {
@Override
public void accept(@NonNull String s) throws Exception {
System.out.println("s="+s);
}
});
这次就没有打印任何数据了。
我们对上面的代码再做一下修改,在subscribe()中也加入onComplete(),看看打印出来的结果会是这样的?因为SingleObserver中是没有onComplete()方法。
Maybe.create(new MaybeOnSubscribe() {
@Override
public void subscribe(@NonNull MaybeEmitter e) throws Exception {
e.onComplete();
e.onSuccess("testA");
}
}).subscribe(new Consumer() {
@Override
public void accept(@NonNull String s) throws Exception {
System.out.println("s=" + s);
}
}, new Consumer() {
@Override
public void accept(@NonNull Throwable throwable) throws Exception {
}
}, new Action() {
@Override
public void run() throws Exception {
System.out.println("Maybe onComplete");
}
});
这次打印的结果是
Maybe onComplete
通过查看Maybe相关的源码
@CheckReturnValue
@SchedulerSupport(SchedulerSupport.NONE)
public final Disposable subscribe(Consumer super T> onSuccess, Consumer super Throwable> onError,
Action onComplete) {
ObjectHelper.requireNonNull(onSuccess, "onSuccess is null");
ObjectHelper.requireNonNull(onError, "onError is null");
ObjectHelper.requireNonNull(onComplete, "onComplete is null");
return subscribeWith(new MaybeCallbackObserver(onSuccess, onError, onComplete));
}
我们可以得到,Maybe在没有数据发射时候subscribe会调用MaybeObserver的onComplete()。如果Maybe有数据发射或者调用了onError(),是不会再执行MaybeObserver的onComplete()。
我们也可以将 Maybe 转换成Observable、Flowable、Single,只需相应地调用toObservable()、toFlowable()、toSingle()。
接下来我们再来看看 Maybe 跟 Retrofit 是怎样结合使用的?
下面的网络请求,最初返回的类型是Flowable,但是这个网络请求并不是一个连续事件流,我们只会发起一次 Post 请求返回数据并且只收到一个事件。因此,可以考虑将 onComplete() 可以跟 onNext() 合并。在这里,尝试我们将Flowable改成Maybe。
@POST("v1/contents")
Maybe loadContent(@Body ContentParam param);
在model类中,我们大致会这样写。
public class ContentModel extends HttpResponse {
public List data;
/**
* 获取内容
* @param fragment
* @param param
* @param cacheKey
* @return
*/
public Maybe getContent(Fragment fragment,ContentParam param,String cacheKey) {
return apiService.loadContent(param)
.compose(RxLifecycle.bind(fragment).toLifecycleTransformer())
.compose(RxJavaUtils.maybeToMain())
.compose(RxUtils.toCacheTransformer(cacheKey,App.getInstance().cache));
}
......
}
其中,maybeToMain()方法是用Kotlin编写的工具方法,这些工具方法由Kotlin来编写会显得比较简单和清晰,特别是lambda表达式更加直观。
@JvmStatic
fun maybeToMain(): MaybeTransformer {
return MaybeTransformer{
upstream ->
upstream.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
.observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread())
}
}
最后是真正地使用model类,如果网络请求成功则将数据展示到recyclerview上,如果失败也会做出相应地处理。
model.getContent(this,param,cacheKey)
.subscribe(new Consumer() {
@Override
public void accept(@io.reactivex.annotations.NonNull ContentModel model) throws Exception {
adapter = new NewsAdapter(mContext, model);
recyclerview.setAdapter(adapter);
spinKitView.setVisibility(View.GONE);
}
}, new RxException() {
@Override
public void accept(@NonNull Throwable throwable) throws Exception {
throwable.printStackTrace();
spinKitView.setVisibility(View.GONE);
......
}
});
总结
RxJava 有五种不同类型的被观察者,合理地使用它们能够写出更简洁优雅的代码。这些被观察者在一定程度上也能够作一些相互转换。值得注意的是,只有Flowable是支持Backpressure的,其余四种都不支持。